ASTM D4547-15
(Guide)Standard Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
Standard Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide describes sample collection and handling procedures designed to minimize losses of VOCs. The principal mechanisms for the loss of VOCs from materials during collection, handling and storage are volatilization and biodegradation. Susceptibility of various VOCs to these two loss mechanisms is both compound and matrix specific. In general, compounds with higher vapor pressures are more susceptible to volatilization than compounds with lower vapor pressures. Also, aerobically degradable compounds are generally more susceptible to biodegradation than anaerobically degradable compounds. In some cases, the formation of other compounds not originally present in the material can occur. Loss or gain of VOCs leads to analytical results that are unrepresentative of field conditions.
5.2 Ancillary information concerning sample collection, handling and storage for VOC analysis is provided in Appendix X1, Appendix X2, and Appendix X3. These appendixes and cited references are recommended reading for those unfamiliar with the many challenges presented during the collection, handling and storage of samples for VOC analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes recommended procedures for the collection, handling, and preparation of solid waste, soil, and sediment samples for subsequent determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This class of compounds includes low molecular weight aromatics, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, acetates, nitriles, acrylates, ethers, and sulfides with boiling points below 200° Celsius (C) that are insoluble or slightly soluble in water.
1.2 Methods of sample collection, handling, storage, and preparation for analysis are described.
1.3 This guide does not cover the details of sampling design, laboratory preparation of containers, and the analysis of the samples.
1.4 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D4687.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4547 − 15
Standard Guide for
1
Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
1.1 This guide describes recommended procedures for the
D5058 Practices for Compatibility of Screening Analysis of
collection, handling, and preparation of solid waste, soil, and
Waste
sediment samples for subsequent determination of volatile
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
organic compounds (VOCs).This class of compounds includes
D5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
low molecular weight aromatics, hydrocarbons, halogenated
lated to Waste Management Activities: Development of
hydrocarbons, ketones, acetates, nitriles, acrylates, ethers, and
Data Quality Objectives
sulfides with boiling points below 200° Celsius (C) that are
D6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-
insoluble or slightly soluble in water.
pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
1.2 Methods of sample collection, handling, storage, and
D6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environ-
preparation for analysis are described.
mental Site Characterizations
1.3 Thisguidedoesnotcoverthedetailsofsamplingdesign, D6418 Practice for Using the Disposable En Core Sampler
for Sampling and Storing Soil for Volatile OrganicAnaly-
laboratory preparation of containers, and the analysis of the
samples. sis
D6640 Practice for Collection and Handling of Soils Ob-
1.4 Itisrecommendedthatthisguidebeusedinconjunction
tained in Core Barrel Samplers for Environmental Inves-
with Guide D4687.
tigations
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.2 Federal Standard:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Title 49 Transportation, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR),
standard.
Part 172, List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable
3
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Quantities
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1 sample, n—a portion of material taken from a larger
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
quantity for the purpose of estimating properties or composi-
tion of the larger quantity. (D5681)
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 subsample, n—a portion of a sample taken for the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
purpose of estimating properties or composition of the whole
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
sample. (D6051)
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
3.2.1 Discussion—A subsample, by definition, is also a
Barrel Sampling of Soils
sample.
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
Drive Sampling of Soils
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 This guide addresses the use of tools for sample collec-
tion and transfer, conditions for sample storage, sample
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
preservation, and two common means of sample preparation
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on
foranalysis.Specialattentionisgiventoeachstepfromsample
Sampling Techniques.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally
collectiontoanalysistolimitthelossofVOCsbyvolatilization
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4547 - 09. DOI:
and biodegradation. The sample collected and analyzed should
10.1520/D4547-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
the ASTM website. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4547 − 15
be representative of the matrix material sampled. The two unfamiliar with the many challenges presented during the
methods cited for the preparation of samples for VOC analysis collection, handling and storage of samples for VOC analysis.
are methanol extraction and vapor partitioning (that is, purge-
and-trap, headspace, and vacuum distillation). The method of
6. Selection of Sample Preparation Method for VOC
sample prepar
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4547 − 09 D4547 − 15
Standard Guide for
1
Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic Compounds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide describes recommended procedures for the collection, handling, and preparation of solid waste, soil, and
sediment samples for subsequent determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This class of compounds includes low
molecular weight aromatics, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, ketones, acetates, nitriles, acrylates, ethers, and sulfides
with boiling points below 200° Celsius (C) that are insoluble or slightly soluble in water.
1.2 Methods of sample collection, handling, storage, and preparation for analysis are described.
1.3 This guide does not cover the details of sampling design, laboratory preparation of containers, and the analysis of the
samples.
1.4 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D4687.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of Soils
D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
D5058 Practices for Compatibility of Screening Analysis of Waste
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
D5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data Quality
Objectives
D6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities
D6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations
D6418 Practice for Using the Disposable En Core Sampler for Sampling and Storing Soil for Volatile Organic Analysis
D6640 Practice for Collection and Handling of Soils Obtained in Core Barrel Samplers for Environmental Investigations
E856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived Fuel
3
(Withdrawn 2011)
2.2 Federal Standard:
3
Title 49 Transportation, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 172, List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities
3. Terminology
3.1 sample, n—a portion of material taken from a larger quantity for the purpose of estimating properties or composition of the
larger quantity. (E856D5681)
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on Sampling Techniques.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009Sept. 1, 2015. Published August 2009October 2015. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20062009 as
D4547 - 06.D4547 - 09. DOI: 10.1520/D4547-09.10.1520/D4547-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4547 − 15
3.2 subsample, n—a portion of a sample taken for the purpose of estimating properties or composition of the whole sample.
(D6051)
3.2.1 Discussion—
A subsample, by definition, is also a sample.
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 This guide addresses the use of tools for sample collection and transfer, conditions for sample storage, sample preservation,
and two common means of sample preparation for analysis. Special attention is given to each step from sample collection to
analysis to limit the loss of VOCs by
...
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