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ASTM D4332-01e2

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing

Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides for standard and special conditioning and testing atmospheres that may be used to simulate particular field conditions that a container, package, or packaging component may encounter during its life or testing cycle.
1.2 This practice describes procedures for conditioning these containers, packages, or packaging components so that they may reach equilibrium with the atmosphere to which they may be exposed.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2001
ICS
55.020 - Packaging and distribution of goods in general
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4332-01e1 - Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D4332-01(2006) - Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6295/D6295M-98(2019) - Standard Test Method for Dispensability of Light–Duty Pressure–Sensitive Film Tape (Withdrawn 2023)
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7932-17 - Standard Specification for Printed, Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Labels for Use in Extreme Distribution Environments
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6804-19 - Standard Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM E171/E171M-11(2020) - Standard Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Packaging
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5909-20 - Standard Test Method for Drying Time of Oxidative-Drying Printing Inks by Squalene Resistance
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D3330/D3330M-04(2018) - Standard Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM F3300-23 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Flexible Packaging Films Using a Reciprocating Weighted Stylus
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7790-19 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Plastic Packagings Containing Liquids for United Nations (UN) Drop Testing
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1133-86(2022) - Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Packaged Laboratory Apparatus for United States Government Procurements
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D3811/D3811M-21a - Standard Test Method for Unwind Force of Pressure-Sensitive Tapes
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM F2824-10(2020) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5264-98(2019) - Standard Practice for Abrasion Resistance of Printed Materials by the Sutherland Rub Tester
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4728-17(2022) - Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001

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ASTM D4332-01e2 - Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for TestingASTM D4332-01e2 - Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
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ASTM D4332-01e2 - Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e2
Designation:D4332–01
Standard Practice for
Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging
1
Components for Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4332; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—The approval and publish dates in footnote 1 were corrected editorially in August 2001.
2
e NOTE—Table 2 was editorially corrected in August 2006.
1. Scope 2.3 Forest Products Laboratory:
Moisture Content vs. Relative Humidity Chart Content vs.
1.1 This practice provides for standard and special condi-
4
Relative Humidity Chart
tioning and testing atmospheres that may be used to simulate
particular field conditions that a container, package, or pack-
3. Terminology
agingcomponentmayencounterduringitslifeortestingcycle.
3.1 Termsanddefinitionsusedinthispracticemaybefound
1.2 This practice describes procedures for conditioning
in Terminology D 996, Terminology E41, or Specification
these containers, packages, or packaging components so that
E 171.
they may reach equilibrium with the atmosphere to which they
may be exposed.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Many materials from which containers and packages are
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
made, especially cellulosic materials, undergo changes in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
physicalpropertiesasthetemperatureandtherelativehumidity
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(RH) to which they are exposed are varied. Therefore, the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
package should be placed and kept in a specified atmosphere
for a length of time such that subsequent measurements of
2. Referenced Documents
2
physical properties will be meaningful and reproducible.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 The conditions described in this practice are either
D 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Products
historically accepted standard conditions or special laboratory
for Testing
conditions chosen to represent particular phases of the distri-
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
bution environment. These special conditions do not necessar-
ments
ily duplicate actual field conditions, but tend to simulate them
E41 Terminology Relating To Conditioning
and have effects on packages and materials which may be
E 171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning and
related to their field performance.
Testing Flexible Barrier Materials
E 337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
5. Atmospheric Conditions
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
5.1 PreconditioningAtmosphere—20 to 40°C (68 to 104°F)
peratures)
and 10 to 35 % relative humidity.
2.2 ISO Standard:
5.2 StandardConditioningAtmosphere—23 61°C(73.4 6
2233 Packaging—Complete, Filled Transport Packages:
2°F) and 50 6 2 % relative humidity.
3
Conditioning for Testing
NOTE 1—Average values must fall within these limits. Short-term
fluctuations and measurement limitations may cause individual measure-
1
ments to vary up to 62°C (63.6°F) and 65 % relative humidity without
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.23 on Natural Environment significant impairment of test precision.
Test Methods.
NOTE 2—The standard conditioning in the United States is different
Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published May 2001. Originally
than in many other countries that use the ISO 2233 preferred conditions
published as D 4332 – 84. Last previous edition D 4332 – 00.
(G) of 20°C (68°F) and 65 % relative humidity.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Available from Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. WI 53726.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
e2
D4332–01
TABLE 2 Preferred Atmospheres Listed in ISO 2233
5.3 Special Atmospheres—The special standard atmo-
spheric conditions shown in Table 1 may be selected when Condition Temperature, °C (F) Relative Humidity, %
appropriate.
B −35 6 3 (−31† 6 6) not specified
E20 6 2(68 6 4) 65
NOTE 3—Temp
...

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ASTM D7790-19(2023)(Guide)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide direction for uniform conditioning methodology when conducting special preparations of plastic packagings as prescribed for conducting United Nations (UN) drop test. This guide provides a uniform approach for conditioning of plastic packaging intended for liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods).  
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4.3 49 CFR 178.603(c) state that special conditioning for drop testing is required for all plastic drums, plastic jerricans, plastic boxes (other than expanded polystyrene boxes), composite packagings (plastic material), and combination packagings with plastic inner packagings (other than plastic bags intended to contain solids or articles). It further states that drop testing shall be conducted when the temperature of the test sample (packagings and contents) has been reduced to –18 °C or lower. Test liquids shall be kept in the liquid state, if necessary, by the addition of antifreeze. Water/antifreeze solutions with a minimum 0.95 specific gravity for testing at –18 °C or lower are considered acceptable test liquids. These conditioning requirements also apply to IBCs and Large Packagings. Refer to 49 CFR §178.810(b)(4) and §178.965(c), respectively.  
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1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized method and a set of basic instructions for special preparation conditioning of drop test samples being subjected to United Nations (UN) performance-oriented packaging certification as required by United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN).  
1.2 This guide provides guidance on conditioning test samples for drop testing plastic Non-Bulk Packaging, Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC), and Large Packaging designs intended for liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods) as required by 49 CFR §178.603(c)(1), §178.810(b)(4), and §178.965(c), respectively. This guide also provides the minimum information that should be documented when conducting special preparation conditioning.  
1.3 The user of this guide shall be trained in accordance with 49 CFR §172.700 and other applicable hazardous materials regulations including: the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), and carrier rules such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers the requirements for the commercial preservation, packaging, packing (exterior container), unitization, and marking for supplies and equipment. It provides for multiple handling and shipment by any mode, and storage periods of a minimum of one year in enclosed facilities without degradation or damage to the product within the container. It also provides for package quantities suitable for redistribution without additional repackaging or marking. Planned storage that exceeds one year requires more than minimum requirements for physical and mechanical protection.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to Department of Defense shipments for:  
4.2.1 Items intended for immediate use;  
4.2.2 Items for not-mission-capable supply;  
4.2.3 Items intended for depot operational consumption;  
4.2.4 Small parcel shipments (CONUS), not-for-stock; and  
4.2.5 Direct vendor deliveries (CONUS ONLY).  
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ASTM D8135-17(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Substitute, Non-hazardous, Particulate Solid Filling Substances for Packagings Subjected to the United Nations Performance Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Regulations prescribing the test procedures for hazardous materials packaging allow for the substitution of non-hazardous fill materials for packaging performance tests with certain limitations prescribed and guidance offered (see 49 CFR 178.602(c)). This regulatory guidance has proven to be flexible enough, in common industry practice, to produce variations in the selection of fill materials for package performance tests sufficient to cause inconsistent and non-repeatable test results. This variation creates significant problems in product liability, packaging selection and regulatory enforcement in this highly regulated industry. Use of this guide should enhance uniformity in test procedures.  
5.2 Consistent and repeatable test results coupled with clear test fill product descriptions will enhance transportation safety by simplifying packaging selection. This will also increase the general level of confidence that package testing, manufacture, and use are being guided by sound, generally accepted engineering principles. It also aids in clarifying expectations between the packaging industry and the regulatory authorities.  
5.3 The guide will be used by packaging manufacturers and packaging test labs to create packaging test plans that meet customer needs and conform to the HMR. In addition, for the user of a packaging, certain information about the type and physical characteristics of the material used to test the packaging must be available in the test report and/or notification instruction to allow evaluation of whether a particular packaging was tested with a substitute material appropriate for the hazardous material to be shipped.
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1.1 The purpose of this guide is to clarify the selection, use, and description criteria of non-hazardous particulate solid substitutes used to replace hazardous materials for the purpose of performance testing packagings. This includes identification of the physical parameters of substitute non-hazardous solid test fill materials that may affect packaging performance and test results and should be considered when selecting and describing a test fill material that conforms to the requirements of the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR). This guide is intended for use with package testing procedures for particulate solid materials that have flow characteristics. It is not intended for use with hazardous articles.  
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This guide identifies the key information required to ensure that selected packaging will pass the United Nations (UN) packaging certification at the level that is appropriate for its intended use. This guide covers test procedures for transportation of hazardous material packagings for net masses except those used for infectious substances, radioactive materials, cylinders, and other receptacles for gases and does not replace domestic or international requlatory requirements for hazardous material packagings. The UN performance tests are based on the degree of hazard posed by the proposed materials to be packaged which are also assigned to a specific packing group. Only packaging designs that meet the UN performance standards are to be marked with a UN mark. Tests include drop test, leakproofness test, stack test, vibration test, pressure differential test, hydrostatic pressure test, and cobb water absorption test.
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ASTM D4728-17(2022)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.
Note 1: Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-11).2  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 6.  
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ASTM D4332-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Many materials from which containers and packages are made, especially cellulosic materials, undergo changes in physical properties as the temperature and the relative humidity (RH) to which they are exposed are varied. Therefore, the package should be placed and kept in a specified atmosphere for a length of time such that subsequent measurements of physical properties will be meaningful and reproducible.  
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1.1 This practice provides for standard and special conditioning and testing atmospheres that may be used to simulate particular field conditions that a container, package, or packaging component may encounter during its life or testing cycle.  
1.2 This practice describes procedures for conditioning these containers, packages, or packaging components so that they approach or reach equilibrium with the atmosphere to which they may be exposed. This standard is commonly used for conditioning when conducting transit simulation tests.  
1.3 Practice D685 should be used as the relevant conditioning standard when quantification of box compression strength at standard atmosphere conditions is required.  
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ASTM D5445-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Packages are often marked with handling instructions in the language of the country of origin. While this may safeguard the consignment to some extent, it is of little value for goods consigned to, or through, countries using different languages, and of no value at all if people unloading the packages are illiterate. Pictorial symbols offer the most likely means of conveying the consignor’s intention and their adoption will, therefore, undoubtedly reduce loss and damage through incorrect handling. The use of pictorial symbols does not provide any guarantee of satisfactory handling; proper protective packaging is therefore of primary importance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a set of symbols to be used for marking of packages or containers to indicate special handling and storage requirements.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4003-98(2019)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods provide a measure of a shipping container's ability to protect a product from failure due to horizontal impacts. These measures are based on controlled levels of shock input and may be used for arriving at the optimum design of a container or system to protect a product against a specified level of shipping environment hazard.  
4.2 These test methods provide a measure of a packaged product's ability to withstand the various levels of shipping environment hazards. These measures may be used to prescribe a mode of shipping and handling that will not induce damage to the packaged product or to define the required levels of protection that must be provided by its packaging.  
4.3 Test Method A is intended to simulate the rail car coupling environment. Refer to Methods D5277 for simulating the standard draft gear portion of that environment.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are intended to determine the ability of a package or product to withstand laboratory simulated horizontal impact forces.  
1.2 The horizontal impacts used in these test methods are programmed shock inputs that represent the hazards as they occur in the shipping and handling environments. The environmental hazards may include rail switching impacts, lift truck marshalling impacts, and so forth. The following test methods apply:  
1.2.1 Method A, Rail Car Switching Impact—This test method simulates the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail car switching, with the use of a rigid bulkhead on the leading edge of the test carriage, to simulate the end wall of a railcar and shock programming devices to produce representative shock pulses. With the use of backloading, this test method may also be used to simulate compressive forces experienced by lading loads during rail car switching. It is suitable for tests of individual containers or systems as they are shipped in rail cars. It may also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of pallet patterns to determine the effect of interaction between containers during rail switching operation impacts.  
1.2.2 Method B, Marshalling Impact Tests of Unit Loads—This test method assesses the ability of unit loads to withstand the forces encountered during marshalling or loading operations.  
1.3 The test levels may be varied to represent the mode on shipping and handling used for the item under test.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6344-04(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the ability of packaging to resist the force of concentrated impacts from outside sources, such as those encountered in various modes of transportation and handling. These impacts may be inflicted by adjacent freight jostling against the package in a carrier vehicle, by accidental bumps against other freight when loaded or unloaded from vehicles, by packages bumping against one another during sorting on conveyors or chutes, or many other circumstances.  
4.2 This test method is intended to determine the ability of packaging to protect contents from such impacts, and to evaluate if there is sufficient clearance or support or both between the package wall and its contents.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment for testing complete filled transport packages for resistance against concentrated low-level impacts typical of those encountered in the distribution environment. The test is most appropriate for packages such as thin fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes or stretch-wrapped packaging.  
1.2 The test result is a pass/fail determination, based on acceptance criteria previously established, and a record of the energy dissipated by the complete filled transport package during a low level concentrated impact.
Note 1: This test method discusses the conduct of the test from a prescribed height that either meets or does not meet specific acceptance criteria. It may be possible to conduct this type of testing using modified procedures that provide a numerical response. These might include an incremental test where the drop height (or mass) is increased until a specific failure occurs or an up-and-down or staircase procedure used to find the average height to failure.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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