ASTM D1388-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
5.2 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing woven fabrics than knit fabrics.
5.3 The Cantilever Test Option is the preferred procedure because it is simpler to perform. It is, however, not suitable for very limp fabrics or those that show a marked tendency to curl or twist at a cut edge.
5.4 The Heart Loop Test Option is suitable for fabrics that show a tendency to curl or twist.
5.5 Both options can provide a correlation with a subjective evaluation of a given fabric type. That is, a higher number represents a stiffer fabric.
5.6 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage.
5.7 No evidence has been found showing that bending length is dependent on the width. The tendency for spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided.
1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D1388 − 14
StandardTest Method for
1
Stiffness of Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D3776Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
Fabric
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness
D4850Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural
Methods
rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided.
1.1.1 Option A—CantileverTest,employingtheprincipleof
3. Terminology
cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
bending length, cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, flexural
wovenfabrics,airbagfabrics,blankets,nappedfabrics,knitted
rigidity, machine direction, MD, stiffness.
fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise
Terminology D123.
treated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4. Summary of Test Method Options
standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
4.1 Option A, Cantilever Test—A specimen is slid at a
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specified rate in a direction parallel to its long dimension, until
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
its leading edge projects from the edge of a horizontal surface.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
The length of the overhang is measured when the tip of the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
specimen is depressed under its own mass to the point where
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the line joining the top to the edge of the platform makes a
0.724 rad (41.5°) angle with the horizontal. From this mea-
2. Referenced Documents
sured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: calculated.
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
4.2 Option B, Heart Loop Test—A strip of fabric is formed
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
into a heart-shaped loop. The length of the loop is measured
D2904Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
when it is hanging vertically under its own mass. From this
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
measured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are
3
drawn 2008)
calculated.
D2906Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
3
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for
Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally
acceptance testing.
approved in 1956. Discontinued 1995 and reinstated as D1388–96. Last previous
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
edition approved in 2012 as D1388–08(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D1388-14.
2
reportedtestresultswhenusingthistestmethodforacceptance
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
the ASTM website.
3
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1388 − 14
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test 6.1.1.1 Indicator, inclined at an angle of 0.724 6 0.01 rad
specimens
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1388 − 08 (Reapproved 2012) D1388 − 14
Standard Test Method for
1
Stiffness of Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity
is calculated. Two procedures are provided.
1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics,
layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
3
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (Withdrawn 2008)
3
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bending length, cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, flexural rigidity,
machine direction, MD, stiffness.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method Options
4.1 Option A, Cantilever Test—A specimen is slid at a specified rate in a direction parallel to its long dimension, until its leading
edge projects from the edge of a horizontal surface. The length of the overhang is measured when the tip of the specimen is
depressed under its own mass to the point where the line joining the top to the edge of the platform makes a 0.724 rad (41.5°) angle
with the horizontal. From this measured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are calculated.
4.2 Option B, Heart Loop Test—A strip of fabric is formed into a heart-shaped loop. The length of the loop is measured when
it is hanging vertically under its own mass. From this measured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are calculated.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012July 1, 2014. Published August 2012August 2014. Originally approved in 1956. Discontinued 1995 and reinstated as D1388 – 96.
Last previous edition approved in 20082012 as D1388D1388–08(2012).–08. DOI: 10.1520/D1388-08R12.10.1520/D1388-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1388 − 14
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current
estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test
...
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