ASTM D1388-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
5.2 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing woven fabrics than knit fabrics.
5.3 The Cantilever Test Option is the preferred procedure because it is simpler to perform. It is, however, not suitable for very limp fabrics or those that show a marked tendency to curl or twist at a cut edge.
5.4 The Heart Loop Test Option is suitable for fabrics that show a tendency to curl or twist.
5.5 Both options can provide a correlation with a subjective evaluation of a given fabric type. That is, a higher number represents a stiffer fabric.
5.6 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage.
5.7 No evidence has been found showing that bending length is dependent on the width. The tendency for spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided.
1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D1388-14 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias. 5.2 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing woven fabrics than knit fabrics. 5.3 The Cantilever Test Option is the preferred procedure because it is simpler to perform. It is, however, not suitable for very limp fabrics or those that show a marked tendency to curl or twist at a cut edge. 5.4 The Heart Loop Test Option is suitable for fabrics that show a tendency to curl or twist. 5.5 Both options can provide a correlation with a subjective evaluation of a given fabric type. That is, a higher number represents a stiffer fabric. 5.6 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage. 5.7 No evidence has been found showing that bending length is dependent on the width. The tendency for spe... SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided. 1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass. 1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically. 1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias. 5.2 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing woven fabrics than knit fabrics. 5.3 The Cantilever Test Option is the preferred procedure because it is simpler to perform. It is, however, not suitable for very limp fabrics or those that show a marked tendency to curl or twist at a cut edge. 5.4 The Heart Loop Test Option is suitable for fabrics that show a tendency to curl or twist. 5.5 Both options can provide a correlation with a subjective evaluation of a given fabric type. That is, a higher number represents a stiffer fabric. 5.6 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage. 5.7 No evidence has been found showing that bending length is dependent on the width. The tendency for spe... SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided. 1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass. 1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically. 1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ASTM D1388-14 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 59.080.30 - Textile fabrics. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D1388-14 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D1388-08(2012), ASTM F2320-18(2022), ASTM D6575/D6575M-22, ASTM D4850-23, ASTM F2150-19, ASTM D1048-22, ASTM D5446-08(2019), ASTM F3260-18, ASTM F3510-21, ASTM D6828-02(2019), ASTM F2733-21, ASTM F1891-19, ASTM D4032-08(2016). Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase ASTM D1388-14 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ASTM standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1388 − 14
StandardTest Method for
Stiffness of Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D3776Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
Fabric
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness
D4850Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural
Methods
rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided.
1.1.1 Option A—CantileverTest,employingtheprincipleof
3. Terminology
cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
bending length, cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, flexural
wovenfabrics,airbagfabrics,blankets,nappedfabrics,knitted
rigidity, machine direction, MD, stiffness.
fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise
Terminology D123.
treated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4. Summary of Test Method Options
standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
4.1 Option A, Cantilever Test—A specimen is slid at a
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specified rate in a direction parallel to its long dimension, until
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
its leading edge projects from the edge of a horizontal surface.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
The length of the overhang is measured when the tip of the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
specimen is depressed under its own mass to the point where
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the line joining the top to the edge of the platform makes a
0.724 rad (41.5°) angle with the horizontal. From this mea-
2. Referenced Documents
sured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are
2.1 ASTM Standards: calculated.
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
4.2 Option B, Heart Loop Test—A strip of fabric is formed
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
into a heart-shaped loop. The length of the loop is measured
D2904Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
when it is hanging vertically under its own mass. From this
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
measured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are
drawn 2008)
calculated.
D2906Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for
Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally
acceptance testing.
approved in 1956. Discontinued 1995 and reinstated as D1388–96. Last previous
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
edition approved in 2012 as D1388–08(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D1388-14.
reportedtestresultswhenusingthistestmethodforacceptance
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
the ASTM website.
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1388 − 14
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test 6.1.1.1 Indicator, inclined at an angle of 0.724 6 0.01 rad
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are (41.5 6 0.5°) below the plane of the platform surface.
from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens 6.1.1.2 Movable Slide, consisting of a metal bar not less
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each than25by200mm(1by8in.)byapproximately3mm( ⁄8in.)
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two thick and having a mass of 270 6 5 g (0.6 6 0.01 lb).
laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis- 6.1.1.3 Scale and Reference Point, to measure the length of
ticalanalysisandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe the overhang.
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its 6.1.1.4 Specimen Feed Unit, motorized (see Fig. 1) set to
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the 120 mm/min (4.75 in./min) 65%, or manual equivalent.
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid- 6.1.2 Cutting Die—25 61mmby200 61mm(1 6 0.04
eration to the known bias. in. by 8 6 0.04 in.).
5.2 Ingeneral,theseproceduresaremoresuitablefortesting 6.2 Option B—Heart Loop Tester.
woven fabrics than knit fabrics. 6.2.1 Clamp and Stand, for hanging the specimen.
6.2.2 Scale,suitablymountedonthestandformeasuringthe
5.3 The Cantilever Test Option is the preferred procedure
length of the specimen loop and calibrated either in cm (in.) or
becauseitissimplertoperform.Itis,however,notsuitablefor
directly in bending length.
very limp fabrics or those that show a marked tendency to curl
or twist at a cut edge.
NOTE 1—If a constant strip length is adopted, the scale may be
calibrated to read directly in units of bending length.
5.4 The Heart Loop Test Option is suitable for fabrics that
6.2.3 Brass Bars, two, 25 × 75 × 3 6 0.1 mm
show a tendency to curl or twist.
(1×3×0.1256 0.005 in.).
5.5 Both options can provide a correlation with a subjective
6.2.4 Pressure Sensitive Tape.
evaluation of a given fabric type. That is, a higher number
6.2.5 Jig, constructed to allow positioning of the two bars
represents a stiffer fabric.
withtheirinneredgesparallelandatadistancefromeachother
5.6 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage.
equal to the selected strip length.
5.7 No evidence has been found showing that bending
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
length is dependent on the width. The tendency for specimens
to curl or twist will affect the result, because of the rigidity 7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
providedattheedge.Consequently,thewiderthestrip,theless randomlyselectthenumberofrollsorpiecesoffabricdirected
important is the edge effect. in an applicable material specification or other agreement
between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or
6. Apparatus
pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In the
absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls
6.1 Option A—Cantilever Bending Tester (Fig. 1).
specified in Table 1.
6.1.1 Horizontal Platform, with a minimum area of 38 by
200 mm (1.5 by 8 in.) and having a smooth low-friction, flat
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
surface such as polished metal or plastic. A leveling bubble
purchaserandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween
rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll
shall be incorporated in the platform.
orpieceoffabrictoprovideasamplingplanwithameaningfulproducer’s
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
Apparatus is available commercially.
swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
m(1yd)alongthemachinedirectionfromeachrollorpiecein
the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will
excludefabricfromtheouterwrapoftherollortheinnerwrap
around the core of the roll of fabric, or any end piece.
7.3 Direction of Test—Consider the long dimension of the
specimen as the direction of test.
7.4 Number of Test Specimens—From each laboratory sam-
plingunit,takefourspecimensfromthemachinedirectionand
TABLE 1 Number of Rolls, or Pieces, of Fabric in the Lot Sample
Number of Rolls or Pieces
Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample
in Lot, Inclusive
1to3 all
4to24 4
25 to 50 5
over 50 10 % to a max of 10 rolls or pieces
FIG. 1 Example of a Motorized Cantilever Test Apparatus
D1388 − 14
NOTE 5—The bending length using the heart loop option is not entirely
four specimens from the cross-machine direction as applicable
independent of the strip length. In general, the bending length rises with
to a material specification or contract order.
the strip length up to a value that remains relatively constant as the strip
7.5 Cutting Test Specimens—Cut the specimens to be used
length is further increased.An additional rise may further be encountered
for much longer strip lengths. Whenever possible, compare fabrics in the
for the measurement of machine direction with the longer
range where bending length is independent of strip length.
dimensionparalleltothemachinedirection.Cutthespecimens
to be used for the measurement of the cross-machine direction
8. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration
with the longer dimension parallel to the cross-machine direc-
tion. Label to maintain specimen identity. 8.1 Option A—Cantilever Test:
7.5.1 Take specimens, representing a broad distribution
8.1.1 Set the tester on a table or bench with the horizontal
across the width and length, preferably along the diagonal of platform and inclined reference lines. Adjust the platform to
thelaboratorysample,andnonearertheedgethanone-tenthits
horizontal as indicated by the leveling bubble.
width.Ensurespecimensarefreeoffolds,creases,orwrinkles.
8.1.2 Verify that the bend angle indicator is at the 0.724 rad
Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc. on the specimens when
(41.5°) angle marked on the scale.
handling.
7.5.2 Cantilever Test—Cut test specimens 25 by 200 mm,
9. Conditioning
61mm(1by8in. 6 0.04 in.).
9.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap-
7.5.3 Heart Loop Test—No standard size for the test speci-
proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for
men is required. Cut test specimens 50 mm (2 in.) longer than
preconditioning textiles as directed in Practice D1776, unless
the selected strip length to allow for clamping at the ends. See
otherwise directed in a material specification or contract order.
Table 2.
9.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens to mois-
7.5.3.1 Select a specimen width at least 25 mm (1 in.) and
ture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for
no more than 75 mm (3 in.) with respect to the tendency of the
testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776 or, if applicable,
fabric to curl. For fabrics having a slight tendency to curl, a 25
in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be
61mm(1 6 0.04 in.) wide specimen has been found to be
performed,unlessotherwisedirectedinamaterialspecification
satisfactory.As the tendency to curl becomes greater, increase
or contract order.
the width up to a maximum of 75 mm (3 in.).
7.5.3.2 Make several trial tests using various strip lengths
selected from Table 2. Select a suitable strip length for a 10. Procedure
corresponding loop length from Table 2, such that the bending
10.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-
length is relatively independent of strip length.
sphere for testing textiles, which is 21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F) and
65 6 2% relative humidity, unless otherwise directed in a
NOTE 3—Strip length is the circumferential length of the unclamped
portion of the specimen.
material specification or contract order.
NOTE 4—Specimen strip widths greater than 75 mm (3 in.) have not
10.2 Option A—Cantilever Test:
been investigated and are not recommended since reliability of results are
questionable.
10.2.1 Remove the movable slide. Place the specimen on
thehorizontalplatformwiththelengthofthespecimenparallel
to the platform edge.Align the edge of the specimen with the
TABLE 2 Table of Bending Lengths
line scribed on the right-hand edge of the horizontal platform.
Bending Length, cm
Loop Length,
NOTE 6—When known, place the specimen face-side up.
15-cm Strip 20-cm Strip 25-cm Strip
cm
Length Length Length
10.2.2 Place the movable slide on the specimen, being
4.0 2.19 . .
care
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1388 − 08 (Reapproved 2012) D1388 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Stiffness of Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity
is calculated. Two procedures are provided.
1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics,
layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (Withdrawn 2008)
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bending length, cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, flexural rigidity,
machine direction, MD, stiffness.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method Options
4.1 Option A, Cantilever Test—A specimen is slid at a specified rate in a direction parallel to its long dimension, until its leading
edge projects from the edge of a horizontal surface. The length of the overhang is measured when the tip of the specimen is
depressed under its own mass to the point where the line joining the top to the edge of the platform makes a 0.724 rad (41.5°) angle
with the horizontal. From this measured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are calculated.
4.2 Option B, Heart Loop Test—A strip of fabric is formed into a heart-shaped loop. The length of the loop is measured when
it is hanging vertically under its own mass. From this measured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are calculated.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012July 1, 2014. Published August 2012August 2014. Originally approved in 1956. Discontinued 1995 and reinstated as D1388 – 96.
Last previous edition approved in 20082012 as D1388D1388–08(2012).–08. DOI: 10.1520/D1388-08R12.10.1520/D1388-14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1388 − 14
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current
estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of
commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias
between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two
parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type
in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results
from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen
by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
5.2 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing woven fabrics than knit fabrics.
5.3 The Cantilever Test Option is the preferred procedure because it is simpler to perform. It is, however, not suitable for very
limp fabrics or those that show a marked tendency to curl or twist at a cut edge.
5.4 The Heart Loop Test Option is suitable for fabrics that show a tendency to curl or twist.
5.5 Both options can provide a correlation with a subjective evaluation of a given fabric type. That is, a higher number
represents a stiffer fabric.
5.6 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage.
5.7 No evidence has been found showing that bending length is dependent on the width. The tendency for specimens to curl
or twist will affect the result, because of the rigidity provided at the edge. Consequently, the wider the strip, the less important is
the edge effect.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Option A—Cantilever Bending Tester (Fig. 1).
6.1.1 Horizontal Platform, with a minimum area of 38 by 200 mm (1.5 by 8 in.) and having a smooth low-friction, flat surface
such as polished metal or plastic. A leveling bubble shall be incorporated in the platform.
6.1.1.1 Indicator, inclined at an angle of 0.724 6 0.01 rad (41.5 6 0.5°) below the plane of the platform surface.
6.1.1.2 Movable Slide, consisting of a metal bar not less than 25 by 200 mm (1 by 8 in.) by approximately 3 mm ( ⁄8 in.) thick
and having a mass of 270 6 5 g (0.6 6 0.01 lb).
6.1.1.3 Scale and Reference Point, to measure the length of the overhang.
6.1.1.4 Specimen Feed Unit, motorized (see Fig. 1) set to 120 mm/min (4.75 in./min) 65 %, or manual equivalent.
6.1.2 Cutting Die—25 6 1 mm by 200 6 1 mm (1 6 0.04 in. by 8 6 0.04 in.).
6.2 Option B—Heart Loop Tester.
6.2.1 Clamp and Stand, for hanging the specimen.
Apparatus is available commercially.
FIG. 1 Example of a Motorized Cantilever Test Apparatus
D1388 − 14
6.2.2 Scale, suitably mounted on the stand for measuring the length of the specimen loop and calibrated either in cm (in.) or
directly in bending length.
NOTE 1—If a constant strip length is adopted, the scale may be calibrated to read directly in units of bending length.
6.2.3 Brass Bars, two, 25 × 75 × 3 6 0.1 mm (1 × 3 × 0.1256 0.005 in.).
6.2.4 Pressure Sensitive Tape.
6.2.5 Jig, constructed to allow positioning of the two bars with their inner edges parallel and at a distance from each other equal
to the selected strip length.
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed in an
applicable material specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or pieces of fabric
to be the primary sampling units. In the absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls specified in Table 1.
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability between rolls
or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll or piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk,
consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1 m (1 yd)
along the machine direction from each roll or piece in the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will exclude fabric
from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap around the core of the roll of fabric, or any end piece.
7.3 Direction of Test—Consider the long dimension of the specimen as the direction of test.
7.4 Number of Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit, take four specimens from the machine direction and four
specimens from the cross-machine direction as applicable to a material specification or contract order.
7.5 Cutting Test Specimens—Cut the specimens to be used for the measurement of machine direction with the longer dimension
parallel to the machine direction. Cut the specimens to be used for the measurement of the cross-machine direction with the longer
dimension parallel to the cross-machine direction. Label to maintain specimen identity.
7.5.1 Take specimens, representing a broad distribution across the width and length, preferably along the diagonal of the
laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one-tenth its width. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles. Avoid
getting oil, water, grease, etc. on the specimens when handling.
7.5.2 Cantilever Test—Cut test specimens 25 by 200 mm, 61 mm (1 by 8 in. 6 0.04 in.).
7.5.3 Heart Loop Test—No standard size for the test specimen is required. Cut test specimens 50 mm (2 in.) longer than the
selected strip length to allow for clamping at the ends. See Table 2.
7.5.3.1 Select a specimen width at least 25 mm (1 in.) and no more than 75 mm (3 in.) with respect to the tendency of the fabric
to curl. For fabrics having a slight tendency to curl, a 25 6 1 mm (1 6 0.04 in.) wide specimen has been found to be satisfactory.
As the tendency to curl becomes greater, increase the width up to a maximum of 75 mm (3 in.).
7.5.3.2 Make several trial tests using various strip lengths selected from Table 2. Select a suitable strip length for a
corresponding loop length from Table 2, such that the bending length is relatively independent of strip length.
NOTE 3—Strip length is the circumferential length of the unclamped portion of the specimen.
NOTE 4—Specimen strip widths greater than 75 mm (3 in.) have not been investigated and are not recommended since reliability of results are
questionable.
NOTE 5—The bending length using the heart loop option is not entirely independent of the strip length. In general, the bending length rises with the
strip length up to a value that remains relatively constant as the strip length is further increased. An additional rise may further be encountered for much
longer strip lengths. Whenever possible, compare fabrics in the range where bending length is independent of strip length.
8. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration
8.1 Option A—Cantilever Test:
8.1.1 Set the tester on a table or bench with the horizontal platform and inclined reference lines. Adjust the platform to
horizontal as indicated by the leveling bubble.
8.1.2 Verify that the bend angle indicator is at the 0.724 rad (41.5°) angle marked on the scale.
TABLE 1 Number of Rolls, or Pieces, of Fabric in the Lot Sample
Number of Rolls or Pieces
Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample
in Lot, Inclusive
1 to 3 all
4 to 24 4
25 to 50 5
over 50 10 % to a max of 10 rolls or pieces
D1388 − 14
TABLE 2 Table of Bending Lengths
Bending Length, cm
Loop Length,
15-cm Strip 20-cm Strip 25-cm Strip
cm
Length Length Length
4.0 2.19 . .
4.2 2.07 . .
4.4 1.99 . .
4.6 1.86 3.44 5.43
4.8 1.76 3.30 5.16
5.0 1.65 3.17 4.91
5.2 1.56 3.03 4.71
5.4 1.45 2.90 4.53
5.6 1.35 2.80 4.36
5.8 1.25 2.67 4.20
6.0 1.14 2.57 4.06
6.2 1.04 2.47 3.92
6.4 0.93 2.37 3.80
6.6 0.81 2.26 3.67
6.8 0.69 2.16 3.56
7.0 0.53 2.06 3.45
7.2 . 1.96 3.34
7.4 . 1.86 3.21
7.6 . 1.76 3.12
7.8 . 1.66 3.02
8.0 . . 2.91
8.2 . . 2.82
8.4 . . 2.72
9. Conditioning
9.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to approximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for
preconditioning textiles as directed in Practice D1776, unless otherwise directed in a material specification or contract order.
9.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing
textiles as directed in Practice D1776 or, if applicable, in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be performed, unless
otherwise directed in a material
...
The ASTM D1388-14 standard, titled "Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics," provides a comprehensive approach for measuring the stiffness properties of various fabrics. Its significance and use are critical for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, as both test options offered-Cantilever Test and Heart Loop Test-are acknowledged to deliver acceptable between-laboratory precision, thus ensuring reliability in industries that handle fabric materials. One of the noteworthy strengths of this standard is its dual test method framework. The Cantilever Test, being simpler, is particularly advantageous for most woven fabrics, while the Heart Loop Test is adept for fabrics that exhibit tendencies to curl or twist. This duality allows users to select a test method tailored to the specific fabric characteristics, enhancing versatility in application. Furthermore, both tests yield a higher numerical value that correlates with increased fabric stiffness, providing manufacturers and consumers with a clear and quantifiable measure of fabric properties. The standard also addresses potential disputes in acceptance testing by recommending comparative tests between disputing laboratories. This emphasis on statistical analysis fosters transparency and trust between purchasers and suppliers, ensuring the integrity of test results and facilitating a resolution framework should discrepancies arise. Another critical aspect of the ASTM D1388-14 standard is its application across a diverse range of fabric types, including woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, and layered materials. This broad applicability makes it a valuable resource for industries beyond textiles, such as automotive and home furnishings, where fabric stiffness profoundly impacts performance and functionality. Moreover, the standard recognizes that factors such as storage conditions may influence fabric stiffness, thus encouraging users to consider environmental variables in their assessments. The provision stating that no correlations have been established between bending length and fabric width adds further clarity to the testing process, ensuring standardization in the methodology. In terms of relevance, ASTM D1388-14 remains a vital document in the field of fabric testing. Its ability to deliver consistent, reliable results across a vast spectrum of fabric types reinforces its importance in the commercial landscape, where the quality and performance of fabrics are crucial. By adhering to this standard, stakeholders can ensure that they are meeting industry expectations and enhancing product quality in a competitive market.
Le document ASTM D1388-14, intitulé "Méthode d'essai standard pour la rigidité des tissus", établit des procédures essentielles pour la mesure des propriétés de rigidité des tissus. Cette norme est particulièrement pertinente pour les essais d’acceptation des envois commerciaux, car elle repose sur des estimations actuelles de la précision inter-laboratoires, acceptables et largement reconnues dans l'industrie. La portée de la norme inclut deux options de test: l'Option A, Test Cantilever, et l'Option B, Test Heart Loop. Chacune de ces méthodes aborde la mesure de la rigidité de manière distincte, offrant ainsi un choix de procédures qui répond aux diverses caractéristiques des matériaux testés. L'Option Cantilever est recommandée pour sa simplicité, bien qu'inadaptée aux tissus très souples ou à tendance à se tordre, tandis que l'Option Heart Loop est conçue pour ces types de tissus, ce qui démontre la flexibilité et l'adaptabilité de la norme. Un des points forts de cette norme est sa capacité à fournir des résultats qui peuvent être corrélés avec une évaluation subjective des tissus, ce qui est crucial pour les utilisateurs souhaitant établir des critères de rigidité standardisés. La possibilité de corrélation entre les résultats de l’essai et l’évaluation visuelle des tissus permet aux fabricants et aux acheteurs de s’accorder sur des standards communs. De plus, la norme aborde des enjeux pratiques tels que la gestion des différends potentiels liés aux résultats des tests. En cas de divergence, elle recommande la conduite de tests comparatifs pour identifier et corriger d'éventuels biais statistiques, associée à l'utilisation d'une assistance statistique compétente. Cela montre l'engagement de la norme envers la fiabilité et l'intégrité des tests effectués. Cette norme s'applique à une vaste gamme de tissus, y compris les tissus tissés, les tissus pour airbags, les couvertures, et bien d'autres, ce qui la rend extrêmement pertinente dans divers secteurs industriels. En outre, bien que des valeurs en unités SI soient spécifiées comme standard, la reconnaissance des unités coutumières américaines démontre une prise en compte des pratiques industrielles variées. En résumé, la norme ASTM D1388-14 représente un outil indispensable pour le secteur textile, offrant une méthode normalisée pour évaluer la rigidité des tissus tout en s’adaptant à des conditions variées et en soutenant l'intégrité des résultats de tests.
ASTM D1388-14 표준은 직물의 강성을 측정하는 방법을 규정하는 중요한 문서입니다. 이 표준의 범위는 다음과 같은 다양한 직물의 강성 특성을 측정하는 데 중점을 두고 있습니다. 이 표준은 면, 합성섬유, 및 특수 직물까지 폭넓게 적용 가능하여 상업 배송물의 수용 테스트에 이상적입니다. 이 표준의 강점 중 하나는 다양한 테스트 옵션을 제공하는 것입니다. 옵션 A인 Cantilever Test는 직물이 자신의 중량에 의해 구부러지는 원리를 활용하여 수행됩니다. 옵션 B인 Heart Loop Test는 직물 스트립이 수직으로 매달렸을 때 형성되는 루프의 원리를 이용합니다. 이 두 가지 방법은 상업적인 직물의 수용 테스트에 대해 서로 호환되는 결과를 제공합니다. 이 표준은 직직물의 테스트에 더 적합하다고 언급되어 있으며, 각 방법은 다른 직물 특성에 따라 선택적으로 사용될 수 있습니다. 특히 Cantilever Test는 수행하기가 더 간편하지만, 나무가 부드러운 직물이나 가장자리가 말리거나 비틀림 경향이 있는 직물에는 적합하지 않습니다. 반면에 Heart Loop Test는 이런 특성을 가진 직물에 적합하다는 장점이 있습니다. 또한, ASTM D1388-14는 직물의 강도가 저장 조건에 따라 변할 수 있음을 시사합니다. 이는 사용자에게 직물의 사용 및 유지 관리에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공합니다. ASTM D1388-14는 안전 및 건강에 대한 모든 우려 사항을 다루지는 않지만, 사용자는 이 표준을 사용할 때 적절한 안전 및 건강 관행을 마련하고 규제 제한의 적용 가능성을 결정해야 합니다. 결론적으로, ASTM D1388-14는 직물의 강성을 평가하는 데 있어 신뢰할 수 있는 방법을 제공하며, 산업 전반에 걸쳐 널리 사용되고 있어 직물의 강도 테스트 시 필수적인 표준으로 자리잡고 있습니다.
ASTM D1388-14は、生地の剛性特性を測定するための標準試験方法を提供する重要な文書です。本標準の範囲は、さまざまなファブリックに適用されるものであり、特に織物、エアバッグ生地、毛布、起毛ファブリック、編み生地、重ね生地、およびパイルファブリックを含みます。このため、業界全体での適用性が高く、多様な素材の試験に対応しています。 本標準の強みは、剛性を測定するための二つの手法、すなわち「カンチレバー試験」と「ハートループ試験」を提供している点です。カンチレバー試験は、簡便さから特に推奨されており、一般的な織物の試験に非常に適しています。一方、ハートループ試験は、カールやねじれの傾向があるファブリックに適しています。この二つのオプションにより、生地の剛性を精確に評価するための幅広い選択肢を提供していることが、業界での評価を高めています。 さらに、本試験方法は商業出荷の受け入れ試験においても広く使用されており、その研究結果は相互のラボ間での精度の高い比較を可能にします。もし、異なる試験結果に関する争いが発生した場合には、比較試験を実施し、統計的なバイアスを評価することが推奨されています。これにより、公平な商取引が維持される仕組みが整っています。 また、結果の解釈においても、剛性が高いほど数値が高くなるという相関を提供し、ユーザーが主体的にファブリックの評価を行うことを可能にしています。このように、ASTM D1388-14はファブリックの試験における明確なガイドラインを示し、業界内での品質保証に寄与しています。各種生地の特性評価を行う際に、本標準を基にすることで、より一層信頼性の高い結果を得ることができます。
Die ASTM D1388-14 ist ein maßgebliches Dokument für die Prüfung der Steifigkeit von Textilien. Der Umfang dieser Norm umfasst verschiedene Testmethoden zur Messung der Steifigkeitsmerkmale von Stoffen, die für eine breite Palette von Materialien, einschließlich gewebter Stoffe, Airbag-Stoffe, Decken und gestrickte Stoffe, anwendbar sind. Zu den Stärken dieser Norm gehört die detaillierte Beschreibung von zwei Testverfahren: der Cantilever-Testoption und der Heart Loop-Testoption. Der Cantilever-Test ist für seine Einfachheit bekannt und eignet sich besonders für gewebte Stoffe, während der Heart Loop-Test für Materialien geeignet ist, die zur Verformung neigen. Beide Optionen ermöglichen es, eine objektive Bewertung der Steifigkeit durch subjektive Eindrücke zu korrelieren - je höher die Zahl, desto steifer der Stoff. Ein weiterer positiver Aspekt ist die Berücksichtigung der Präzision zwischen verschiedenen Laboren. Die Norm fordert bei Streitigkeiten über Testergebnisse eine vergleichende Analyse, was die Transparenz und Vertrauenswürdigkeit der Ergebnisse erhöht. Es wird empfohlen, statistische Unterstützung zu suchen, um mögliche Verzerrungen zu analysieren und entsprechende Maßnahmen zu ergreifen. Die Relevanz der ASTM D1388-14 liegt in ihrer breiten Anwendbarkeit auf verschiedene Stoffarten und denjenigen, die auch treatments wie Beschichtungen oder Harzbehandlungen unterzogen wurden. Dadurch wird sichergestellt, dass die Norm für die realen Bedingungen der Stoffverarbeitung und -nutzung von Bedeutung ist. Abschließend kann gesagt werden, dass die ASTM D1388-14 eine umfassende und praxisorientierte Richtlinie zur Bestimmung der Steifigkeit von Textilien darstellt, die sowohl für Hersteller als auch für Verbraucher in der Textilindustrie von Bedeutung ist.
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