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ASTM C562-91(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Moisture in a Graphite Sample

Standard Test Method for Moisture in a Graphite Sample

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is feasible only for the volatile moisture present on the graphite due to adsorption from the atmosphere and is not intended to give representative moisture data for graphite that has been exposed to liquid water contamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a practical determination for the percentage of moisture in a graphite sample.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2005
ICS
71.060.10 - Chemical elements
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.F0 - Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C562-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Moisture in a Graphite Sample
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Replaced By
ASTM C562-91(2010)e1 - Standard Test Method for Moisture in a Graphite Sample
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM F2191/F2191M-13(2020)e1 - Standard Specification for Packing Material, Graphitic or Carbon Braided Yarn
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Referred By
ASTM C561-23 - Standard Test Method for Ash in a Graphite Sample
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005

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ASTM C562-91(2005) - Standard Test Method for Moisture in a Graphite Sample
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation:C562–91(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
1
Moisture in a Graphite Sample
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C562; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 5. Apparatus
1.1 This test method provides a practical determination for 5.1 Alumina Ceramic or Platinum Crucible or Dish, suit-
the percentage of moisture in a graphite sample. able for holding sample (subsequently called sample holder).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the 5.2 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to 60.0002 g.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5.3 Drying Oven, air convection type, capable of being
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- controlled to 110 6 2°C (2306 4°F).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 5.4 Desiccator, charged with indicating desiccant.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6. Sampling
2. Referenced Documents
6.1 Samples may be solid or particulate. Solid bodies may
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: be sampled by removing one or more solid pieces from the
C561 Test Method for Ash in a Graphite Sample body by, for example, sawing, turning, milling, or fracturing.
Particulate samples may be generated from solid bodies by
3. Significance and Use
drilling, using a carbide drill to minimize contamination, or by
3.1 This test method is feasible only for the volatile mois- other crushing and grinding methods.
ture present on the graphite due to adsorption from the
7. Procedure
atmosphere and is not intended to give representative moisture
data for graphite that has been exposed to liquid water 7.1 Tare a dried sample holder using an analytical balance.
contamination. Weigh a 25 to 50-g sample into the tared sample holder and
reweigh both. (Perform all weighings to a precision of
4. Interferences
60.002 g.)
4.1 Final weights (and therefore percent moisture values)
7.2 Place the sample holder containing the sample in a
may be influenced by the following: drying oven maintained at 110 6 2°C (230 6 4°F) for 2 h.
4.1.1 Type and condition of desiccant.
Remove from the oven and immediately place in the desicca-
4.1.2 Ambient relative humidity at the time of the test. tor. When the sample has reached room temperature, remove
4.1.3 Timing and procedure for moving samples from des-
from the desiccator and weigh immediately.
iccator to the balance. 7.3 Repeat the procedure prescribed in 7.2 until a constant
4.1.4 Adsorptivity of the graphite sample relative to the
weight of 60.002 g is achieved.
adsorptivity of the desiccant used. 7.4 The dried sample may be reserved for ash determina-
4.1.5 Residency time in the desiccator.
tion. (See Test Method C561.)
8. Calculation
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
8.1 Calculate the percentage of moisture as follows:
...

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ASTM C562-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in a Graphite Sample

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4.1 This test method is applicable only for determination of the volatile moisture content resulting from adsorption of water vapor from the atmosphere, and is not intended to give representative moisture data for graphite that has been exposed to liquid water contamination.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a practical estimate of nonburnable residues in commercially available graphite materials. The ash values determined by this test method are of use in comparing the relative purity of various grades of graphite. To facilitate use, this test method institutes simplifications that preclude the ability to determine absolutely the ash values of the test graphite material due to uncontrolled sources of trace contamination.  
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5.1 Two- and three-parameter formulations exist for the Weibull distribution. This practice is restricted to the two-parameter formulation. An objective of this practice is to obtain point estimates of the unknown Weibull distribution parameters by using well-defined functions that incorporate the failure data. These functions are referred to as estimators. It is desirable that an estimator be consistent and efficient. In addition, the estimator should produce unique, unbiased estimates of the distribution parameters (6). Different types of estimators exist, such as moment estimators, least-squares estimators, and maximum likelihood estimators. This practice details the use of maximum likelihood estimators.  
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1.2 This test method covers the rate of oxidative weight loss per exposed nominal geometric surface area, or per initial weight of machined test specimens of standard size and shape, or both. The test is valid in the temperature range where the rate of air oxidation of graphite and manufactured carbon is limited by reaction kinetics.  
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5.1 The molten salt reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material and fluoride molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it is important to assess the effect of impregnation of molten salt on the properties of the as-manufactured graphite material.  
5.2 The purpose of this guide is to report considerations that should be included in the preparation of graphite specimens representative of that after exposure to a molten salt environment. The degree to which the molten salt will infiltrate the graphite will depend upon a number of factors, including the type of graphite and the type and extent of porosity, the properties of the molten salt, the impregnation pressure and temperature, and the duration of the exposure of the graphite to the molten salt.  
5.3 The user of this guide will need to select impregnation parameters sufficiently representative of those in a molten salt reactor based on parameters provided by the designer. Alternatively, the user may select a standard set of impregnation conditions to allow comparisons across a range of graphites.  
5.4 This guide is not intended to be prescriptive. A typical apparatus and associated procedure are described. Some indication of the sensitivity of the procedure to graphite type and impregnation conditions is given in He, et al.5  
5.5 There are four major practical issues that must be addressed during the impregnation process:  
5.5.1 The density of molten salt is greater than that of graphite. A specially designed tool is required to submerge graphite samples in the molten salt during the impregnation process.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the impregnation of graphite with molten salt under a consistent pressure and temperature. Such procedures are necessary if the user wishes to prepare graphite specimens for testing that represent material that has been exposed to a molten salt environment in a molten salt nuclear reactor. The user will need to ensure that impregnation temperature and pressure conditions reflect those pertaining to the molten salt environment, noting that the properties of the material will change once it becomes irradiated.
Note 1: The term impregnation is used throughout this guide as this is the correct term for the described process. Other terms such as infiltration and intrusion may be encountered by the user in other texts and the term intrusion is commonly used to describe penetration of open porosity in graphite in a molten salt reactor environment.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.  
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Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Molten Salt Reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material, and molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it may be necessary to measure the various strengths of the manufactured graphite materials after impregnation with molten salt and before exposure to the reactor environment in a range of test configurations in order for designers or operators to assess their performance.
Note 1: Depending upon the salt selected for the reactor, there may be some chemical reaction between the salt and the graphite that could affect properties. The user should establish, prior to following this guide, that any interactions between the molten salt and graphite are understood and any implications for the validity of the strength tests have been assessed.  
5.2 For gas-cooled reactors, the strength of a graphite specimen is usually measured at room temperature. However, for molten salt reactors, the operating temperature of the reactor must be higher than the melting temperature of the salt, and so the salt will be in solid state at room temperature. Consequently, room temperature measurements may not be representative of the performance of the material at its true operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to measure the strength at an elevated temperature where the salt is in liquid form.
Note 2: Users should be aware that a small increase in graphite strength is expected with increasing temperature. Testing at the plant operating temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty.  
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Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Carbon and graphite can usually support higher loads in compression than in any other mode of stress. This test, therefore, provides a measure of the maximum load-bearing capability of carbon and graphite objects.
SCOPE
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