ASTM D6216-98
(Practice)Standard Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications
Standard Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying continuous opacity monitors. It includes design and performance specifications, test procedures, and quality assurance requirements to ensure that continuous opacity monitors meet minimum design and calibration requirements, necessary in part, for accurate opacity monitoring requirements in regulatory environmental opacity monitoring applications subject to 10% or higher opacity standards.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 6216 – 98
Standard Practice for
Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with
Design and Performance Specifications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ISO/DIS 9004 Quality Management and Quality System
Elements-Guidelines
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying con-
ANSI/NCSL Z 540-1-1994 Calibration Laboratories and
tinuous opacity monitors. It includes design and performance
Measuring Equipment - General Requirements
specifications, test procedures, and quality assurance require-
NIST 260-116 - Filter calibration procedures
ments to ensure that continuous opacity monitors meet mini-
mum design and calibration requirements, necessary in part,
3. Terminology
for accurate opacity monitoring measurements in regulatory
3.1 For terminology relevant to this practice, see Terminol-
environmental opacity monitoring applications subject to 10 %
ogy D 1356D 1356.
or higher opacity standards.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 This practice applies specifically to the original manu-
facturer, or to those involved in the repair, remanufacture, or
Analyzer Equipment
resale of opacity monitors.
3.2.1 opacity, n—measurement of the degree to which
1.3 Test procedures that specifically apply to the various
particulate emissions reduce (due to absorption, reflection, and
equipment configurations of component equipment that com-
scattering) the intensity of transmitted photopic light and
prise either a transmissometer, an opacity monitor, or complete
obscure the view of an object through ambient air, an effluent
opacity monitoring system are detailed in this practice.
gas stream, or an optical medium, of a given pathlength.
1.4 The specifications and test procedures contained in this
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Opacity (Op), expressed as a percent,
practice exceed that of the United States Environmental
is related to transmitted light, (T) through the equation:
Protection Agency (USEPA). For each opacity monitor or
Op5~1–T!~100!. (1)
monitoring system that the manufacturer demonstrates confor-
mance to this practice, the manufacturer may issue a certificate
3.2.2 opacity monitor, n—an instrument that continuously
that states that that opacity monitor or monitoring system
determines the opacity of emissions released to the atmo-
conforms with all of the applicable design and performance
sphere.
requirements of 40 CFR 60, Appendix B, Performance Speci-
3.2.2.1 Discussion—An opacity monitor includes a trans-
fication 1 except those for which tests are required after
missometer that determines the in-situ opacity, a means to
installation.
correctopacitymeasurementstoequivalentsingle-passopacity
valuesthatwouldbeobservedatthepathlengthoftheemission
2. Referenced Documents
outlet, and all other interface and peripheral equipment neces-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sary for continuous operation.
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
3.2.2.2 Discussion—An opacity monitor may include the
Atmospheres
following: ( 1) sample interface equipment such as filters and
2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Document:
purge air blowers to protect the instrument and minimize
40 CFR 60 Appendix B, Performance Specification 1
contamination of exposed optical surfaces, (2) shutters or other
2.3 Other Documents:
devices to provide protection during power outages or failure
of the sample interface, and ( 3) a remote control unit to
1 facilitate monitoring the output of the instrument, initiation of
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D-22 on Sampling
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1998. Published April 1998. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03. floor, New York, NY 10036.
3 5
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Office, Washington, DC 20402. MD 20899.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D6216–98
zero and upscale calibration checks, or control of other Analyzer Zero Adjustments and Devices
capacity monitor functions.
3.2.8 dust compensation, n—a method or procedure for
3.2.3 opacity monitor model, n—a specific transmissometer
systematically adjusting the output of a transmissometer to
or opacity monitor configuration identified by the specific
account for reduction in transmitted light reaching the detector
measurement system design, including: (1) the use of specific
(apparent increase in opacity) that is specifically due to the
light source, detector(s), lenses, mirrors, and other optical
accumulation of dust (that is, particulate matter) on the
components, (2) the physical arrangement of optical and other
exposed optical surfaces of the transmissometer.
principal components, (3) the specific electronics configuration
3.2.8.1 Discussion—The dust compensation is determined
and signal processing approach, ( 4) the specific calibration
relative to the previous occasion when the exposed optics were
check mechanisms and drift/dust compensation devices and
cleaned and the dust compensation was reset to zero. The
approaches, and (5) the specific software version and data
determination of dust accumulation on surfaces exposed to the
processing algorithms, as implemented in a particular manu-
effluent must be limited to only those surfaces through which
facturing process, at a particular facility and subject to an
the light beam passes under normal opacity measurement and
identifiable quality assurance system.
the simulated zero device or equivalent mechanism necessary
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Changing the retro-reflector material for the dust compensation measurement.
or the size of the retro-reflector aperture is not considered to be
3.2.8.2 Discussion—The dust accumulation for all of the
a model change unless it changes the basic attributes of the optical surfaces included in the dust compensation method
optical system.
must actually be measured. Unlike zero drift, which may be
either positive or negative, dust compensation can only reduce
3.2.4 opacity monitoring system, n—the entire set of equip-
the apparent opacity. A dust compensation procedure can
ment necessary to monitor continuously the in-stack opacity,
correct for specific bias and provide measurement results
average the emission measurement data, and permanently
equivalent to the clean window condition.
record monitoring results.
3.2.8.3 Discussion—The opacity monitor must provide a
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Anopacitymonitoringsystemincludes
means to display the level of dust compensation. Regulatory
at least one opacity monitor with all of its associated interface
requirements may impose a limit on the amount of dust
and peripheral equipment and the specific data recording
compensation that can be applied and require that an alarm be
system (including software) employed by the end user. An
activated when the limit is reached.
opacity monitoring system may include multiple opacity moni-
3.2.9 external zero device, n—an external device for check-
tors and a common data acquisition and recording system.
ing the zero alignment of the transmissometer by simulating
3.2.5 optical density (OD), n—a logarithmic measure of the
the zero opacity condition for a specific installed opacity
amount of incident light attenuated.
monitor.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—OD is related to transmittance and
3.2.10 simulated zero device, n—an automated mechanism
opacity as follows:
withinthetransmissometerthatproducesasimulatedclearpath
OD 5 log ~1/T!52log ~T!52log ~12Op!, (2)
10 10 10
condition or low level opacity condition.
3.2.10.1 Discussion—The simulated zero device is used to
where Op is expressed as a fraction.
check zero drift daily or more frequently and whenever
3.2.6 transmittance, n—the fraction of incident light within
necessary (for example, after corrective actions or repairs) to
a specified optical region that passes through an optical
assess opacity monitor performance while the instrument is
medium.
installed on the stack or duct.
3.2.7 transmissometer, n—an instrument that passes light
3.2.10.2 Discussion—The proper response to the simulated
throughaparticulate-ladeneffluentstreamandmeasures in situ
zero device is established under clear path conditions while the
the optical transmittance of that light within a specified
transmissometer is optically aligned at the installation path-
wavelength region.
length and accurately calibrated. The simulated zero device is
3.2.7.1 Discussion—Single-pass transmissometers consist
then the surrogate, clear path calibration value, while the
ofalightsourceanddetectorcomponentsmountedonopposite
opacity monitor is in service.
endsofthemeasurementpath.Double-passinstrumentsconsist
3.2.10.3 Discussion—Simulated zero checks do not neces-
of a transceiver (including both light source and detector
sarily assess the optical alignment, the reflector status (for
components) and a reflector mounted on opposite ends of the
double-pass systems), or the dust contamination level on all
measurement path.
optical surfaces. (See also 6.9.1.)
3.2.7.2 Discussion—For the purposes of this practice, the
3.2.11 zero alignment, n—the process of establishing the
transmissometer includes the following mechanisms (1) means
quantitativerelationshipbetweenthesimulatedzerodeviceand
to verify the optical alignment of the components and (2)
the actual clear path opacity responses of a transmissometer.
simulated zero and upscale calibration devices to check cali-
3.2.12 zero compensation, n—an automatic adjustment of
bration drifts when the instrument is installed on a stack or
the transmissometer to achieve the correct response to the
duct.
simulated zero device.
3.2.7.3 Discussion—Transmissometers are sometimes re- 3.2.12.1 Discussion—The zero compensation adjustment is
ferred to as opacity analyzers when they are configured to fundamental to the transmissometer design and may be inher-
measure opacity. ent to its operation (for example, continuous adjustment based
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D6216–98
oncomparisontoreferencevalues/conditions,useofautomatic control of specific components or adjustment of the opacity
control mechanisms, rapid comparisons with simulated zero monitor response in a manner consistent with the manufactur-
and upscale calibration drift check values, and so forth) or it er’s design of the instrument and its intended operation.
may occur each time a calibration check cycle (zero and 3.2.18.1 Discussion—Examples of intrinsic adjustments in-
upscale calibration drift check) is performed by applying either clude automatic gain control used to maintain signal ampli-
analog or digital adjustments within the transmissometer. tudes constant with respect to some reference value, or the
3.2.12.2 Discussion—For opacity monitors that do not dis- technique of ratioing the measurement and reference beams in
tinguish between zero compensation and dust compensation, dual beam systems. Intrinsic adjustments are either non-
the accumulated zero compensation may be designated as the elective or are configured according to factory recommended
dust compensation. Regulatory requirements may impose a procedures; they are not subject to change from time to time at
limit on the amount of dust compensation that can be applied the discretion of the end user.
and require that an alarm be activated when the limit is 3.2.19 upscale calibration device, n—an automated mecha-
reached. nism (employing a filter or reduced reflectance device) within
3.2.13 zero drift, n—the difference between the opacity the transmissometer that produces an upscale opacity value.
monitor response to the simulated zero device and its nominal
3.2.19.1 Discussion—Theupscalecalibrationdeviceisused
value (reported as percent opacity) after a period of normal
tochecktheupscaledriftofthemeasurementsystem.Itmaybe
continuous operation during which no maintenance, repairs, or
used in conjunction with the simulated zero device (for
external adjustments to the opacity monitor took place.
example, filter superimposed on simulated zero reflector) or a
3.2.13.1 Discussion—Zero drift may occur due to changes parallel fashion (for example, zero and upscale (reduced
in the light source, changes in the detector, variations due to
reflectance) devices applied to the light beam sequentially).
internal scattering, changes in electronic components, or vary- (See also 6.9.2.)
ing environmental conditions such as temperature, voltage or
other external factors. Depending on the design of the trans-
Opacity Monitor Location Characteristics
missometer, particulate matter (that is, dust) deposited on
3.2.20 installation pathlength, n—the installation flange-to-
optical surfaces may contribute to zero drift. Zero drift may be
flangeseparationdistancebetweenthetransceiverandreflector
positive or negative.
for a double-pass transmissometer or between the transmitter
and receiver for a single-pass transmissometer.
Calibrations and Adjustments
3.2.21 monitoring pathlength, n—the effective single pass
3.2.14 attenuator, n—a glass or grid filter that reduces the
depth of effluent between the receiver and the transmitter of a
transmittance of light.
single-pass transmissometer, or between the transceiver and
3.2.15 calibrationdrift,n—thedifferencebetweentheopac-
reflector of a double-pass transmissometer at the installation
ity monitor response to the upscale calibration device and its
location.
nominal value after a period of normal continuous operation
3.2.22 emission outlet pathlength, n—the physical path-
during which no maintenance, repairs, or external adjustments
length (single pass depth of effluent) at the location where
to the opacity monitor took place.
emissions are released to the atmosphere.
3.2.15.1 Discussion—Calibration drift may be determined
3.2.22.1 Discussion—For circular stacks, the emission o
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