ASTM C285-10(2015)e1

Standard Test Methods for Sieve Analysis of Wet-Milled and Dry-Milled Porcelain Enamel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The fineness of the frit has a direct bearing on many of its properties, such as fusibility, tearing, gloss, opacity, suspension in the slip, and ease of spraying.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the fineness of frit in wet- or dry-milled porcelain enamels and other ceramic coatings for metals by means of the No. 200 (75-μm) or No. 325 (45-μm) sieve.  
1.2 The two methods appear as follows:
Sections  
Method A—Referee Method
Method B—Routine Method  
4 to 9
10 to 14  
1.3 Method A is intended for use where a referee method of higher accuracy is required, while Method B is intended to meet the needs of normal enamel plant production control operations where a rapid, simplified method of sieve testing is required. The accuracy of the simplified method has proved to be entirely adequate for this use. The simplified test, however, is not recommended where high accuracy is required.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2015
• ICS: 25.220.50 - Enamels
• Technical Committee: B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
• Drafting Committee: B08.12 - Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: C285 − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Methods for
Sieve Analysis of Wet-Milled and Dry-Milled Porcelain
Enamel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C285; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Sections 4 and 10 corrected editorially in May 2015.
INTRODUCTION
These test methods provide a rapid means of determining the fineness of glass frit in wet- or
dry-milled porcelain enamel coating materials by sieve analysis. Fineness is a key predicator of
fusibility, tearing, gloss, opacity, suspension in the slip, and ease of spraying because of the direct
relationship to surface area.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
fineness of frit in wet- or dry-milled porcelain enamels and E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
other ceramic coatings for metals by means of the No. 200 Sieves
(75-µm) or No. 325 (45-µm) sieve.
3. Significance and Use
1.2 The two methods appear as follows:
3.1 The fineness of the frit has a direct bearing on many of
Sections
itsproperties,suchasfusibility,tearing,gloss,opacity,suspen-
Method A—Referee Method 4to9 sion in the slip, and ease of spraying.
Method B—Routine Method 10 to 14
METHOD A—REFEREE METHOD
1.3 MethodAis intended for use where a referee method of
higher accuracy is required, while Method B is intended to
4. Apparatus
meet the needs of normal enamel plant production control
4.1 Balance—The balance or scale shall be of at least 500-g
operations where a rapid, simplified method of sieve testing is
capacity, and accurate to 0.1 g.
required. The accuracy of the simplified method has proved to
be entirely adequate for this use. The simplified test, however,
4.2 Sieves—The sieves shall conform to Specification E11.
is not recommended where high accuracy is required.
They shall include the No. 40 (425-µm) sieve and also the No.
200 (75-µm) or the No. 325 (45-µm) sieve, or both.ANo. 325
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sieve shall be used when the fineness is such that, from a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sample containing 100 g of dry solids, less than2gis retained
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
on a No. 200 sieve. An 8-in. (203-mm) full-height sieve is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
recommended. This height is preferred because there is less
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tendencytofloodorsplash,andalsobecauseitfitscommercial
automatic tapping and shaking machines. All sieves used for
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on
Metallic and Inorganic Coatingsand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B08.12 on Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C285–10. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C0285-10R15. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C285 − 10 (2015)
testing shall be standardized initially and after every 50 tests inclination at a rate of about 150 times per minute, and strike
against a reference sieve tested by the National Bureau of against the palm of the other hand at the top of each stroke.
Standards and bearing its precision seal.The correction for the After every 25 strokes, turn the sieve about one sixth of a
sieveusedinthistestshallbedeterminedbysievingtestsmade revolution in the same direction. Continue the operation until
in conformity with the procedure of this test method. Identical not more than 0.05 g passes through the sieve in 1 min of
samplesshallbesievedthroughthereferencesieveandthetest continuous sieving. Weigh the portion of the sample retained
sieve. Test materials shall be chosen so that 5 to 10% of the on the sieve to the nearest 0.1 g.
material will be retained on the reference sieve.The difference
6.3 Machine Sieving—If a mechanically operated sieve
between the percentage residue on the reference sieve and that
shaker is used, vary the time during which the sieve (with pan
on the test sieve is the amount of correction which shall be
and cover attached) and the sample are shaken, and note the
algebraically added to, or subtracted from, the correction for
length of time necessary to operate the sieve shaker in order to
the reference sieve to obtain the final correction (Note 1). The
get the same result as that obtained with hand sieving.
No. 40 sieve need not be calibrated.
Calibrate the machine-sieving operation in terms of hand
sieving.
NOTE 1—For example, when comparing the reference sieve with a test
sieve, should 8.5 g be retained on the reference sieve and 7.5 g on the test
sieve, the total correction for the test sieve would then be 8.5−7.5, 7. Procedure for Dry-Milled Enamel
or+1.0.
7.1 TransferthesamplequantitativelytotheNo.200or325
4.3 Dryer—A suitable means for drying the sieves and slip
sieve. Complete the sieving and weighing operation in accor-
sample, without exceeding a temperature of 250°F (122°C),
dance with 5.2 or 5.3. Make tests in duplicate.
shall be provided. No dryer is needed for sieve tests of
8. Calculation and Report
dry-milled enamel.
8.1 Using the average of duplicate runs, report the fineness
4.4 Mechanically Operated Sieve Shaker— The mechanical
of the frit in percentage by mass (to the nearest 0.1%) of the
shakingdeviceshallbesuchastoproducealateralandvertical
drysolidscontentofthesampleretainedontheNo.200or325
motion of the sieve, accompanied by a jarring action so as to
sieve. The weight in grams is equivalent to weight percentage.
keep the sample moving continuously over the surface of the
sieve. If a machine shaker is to be used, the thoroughness of
9. Precision and Bias
sieving shall be tested by comparing and calibrating with the
9.1 Precision—It is generally accepted within the porcelain
hand method of sieving, as described in Section 6.
enamelindustrythatduplicatetestsrunbythesameoperatorin
the same laboratory should show a precision of 60.5 or less.
5. Sample
Failure to duplicate determinations within this limit indicates
5.1 Wet-Milled Enamel—Select a sample of slip representa-
the necessity for repetition of the test. The precision of
tive of
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C285 − 10 C285 − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Methods for
Sieve Analysis of Wet-Milled and Dry-Milled Porcelain
Enamel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C285; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Sections 4 and 10 corrected editorially in May 2015.
INTRODUCTION
These test methods provide a rapid means of determining the fineness of glass frit in wet- or
dry-milled porcelain enamel coating materials by sieve analysis. Fineness is a key predicator of
fusibility, tearing, gloss, opacity, suspension in the slip, and ease of spraying because of the direct
relationship to surface area.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the fineness of frit in wet- or dry-milled porcelain enamels and other ceramic
coatings for metals by means of the No. 200 (75-μm) or No. 325 (45-μm) sieve.
1.2 The two methods appear as follows:
COLSPEC/colnum="1"
Sections
Method A—Referee Method 4 to 9
Method B—Routine Method 10 to 14
1.3 Method A is intended for use where a referee method of higher accuracy is required, while Method B is intended to meet
the needs of normal enamel plant production control operations where a rapid, simplified method of sieve testing is required. The
accuracy of the simplified method has proved to be entirely adequate for this use. The simplified test, however, is not recommended
where high accuracy is required.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
3. Significance and Use
3.1 The fineness of the frit has a direct bearing on many of its properties, such as fusibility, tearing, gloss, opacity, suspension
in the slip, and ease of spraying.
METHOD A—REFEREE METHOD
4. Apparatus
4.1 Balance—The balance or scale shall be of at least 500-g capacity, and accurate to 0.1 g.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.12
on Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010May 1, 2015. Published May 2010May 2015. Originally approved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
C285 – 88C285 – 10. (2005). DOI: 10.1520/C0285-10.10.1520/C0285-10R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C285 − 10 (2015)
4.2 Sieves—The sieves shall conform to Specification E11. They shall include the No. 40 (425-μm) sieve and also the No. 200
(75-μm) or the No. 325 (45-μm) sieve (sieve, Note 1), or both. A No. 325 sieve shall be used when the fineness is such that, from
a sample containing 100 g of dry solids, less than 2 g is retained on a No. 200 sieve. An 8-in. (203-mm) full-height sieve is
recommended. This height is preferred because there is less tendency to flood or splash, and also because it fits commercial
automatic tapping and shaking machines. All sieves used for testing shall be standardized initially and after every 50 tests against
a reference sieve tested by the National Bureau of Standards and bearing its precision seal. The correction for the sieve used in
this test shall be determined by sieving tests made in conformity with the procedure of this test method. Identical samples shall
be sieved through the reference sieve and the test sieve. Test materials shall be chosen so that 5 to 10 % of the material will be
retained on the reference sieve. The difference between the percentage residue on the reference sieve and that on the test sieve is
the amount of correction which shall be algebraically added to, or subtracted from, the correction for the reference sieve to obtain
the final correction (Note 21). The No. 40 sieve need not be calibrated.
NOTE 1—Tyler Standard Sieves of 35, 200, and 325 mesh correspond, respectively, to ASTM sieves No. 40, 200, and 325 (U.S. Standard Sieve Series
numbers).
NOTE 1—For example, when comparing the reference sieve with a test sieve, should 8.5 g be retained on the reference sieve and 7.5 g on the test sieve,
the total correction for the test sieve would then be 8.5 − 7.5, or + 1.0.
4.3 Dryer—A suitable means for drying the sieves and slip sample, without exceeding a temperature of 250°F (122°C), shall
be provided. No dryer is needed for sieve tests of dry-milled enamel.
4.4 Mechanically Operated Sieve Shaker— The mechanical shaking device shall be such as to produce a lateral and vertical
motion of the sieve, accompanied by a jarring action so as to keep the sample moving continuously over the surface of the sieve.
If a machine shaker is to be used, the thoroughness of sieving shall be tested by comparing and calibrating with the hand method
of sieving, as described in Section 6.
5. Sample
5.1 Wet-Milled Enamel—Select a sample of slip representative of the material to be tested. Protect samples from evaporation.
Determine the water content of the slip by drying a representative 100-g sample of slip to constant weight at a temperature not
exceeding 250°F (122°C). Pass the sample through a No. 40 sieve before weighing, and discard the material retained on the sieve.
Sample the slip after stirring by weighing out to the nearest 0.1 g, a quantity calculated to contain 100 g of dry solids.
5.2 Dry-Milled Enamel—Select a sample representative of the material to be tested and containing 100 g of dry solids, weighed
to the nearest 0.1 g.
6. Procedure for Wet-Milled Enamel
6.1 Wet Sieving—Transfer the weighed sample to the No. 200 or No. 325 sieve. Wash the sample through the sieve with a gentle
flow of water from a rubber hose until the water passing through the sieve appears clear and free of cloudiness. This usually
requires 2 min. Exercise care to prevent any loss of sample because of splashing or overflowing. Dry the sieve with its residue until
the residue easily moves about as a dry powder when the sieve is shaken. Complete the sieving and weighing operation in
accordance with 6.2 or 6.3. Make tests in duplicate.
6.2 Hand Sieving—Hold the sieve, with pan and cover attached, in one hand at an angle of about 20° from the horizontal. Move
the sieve up and down in the plane of inclination at a rate of about 150 times per minute, and strike against the palm of the other
hand
...