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ASTM E2102-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater

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1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means of measuring mass loss and ignitability, for screening purposes, from essentially planar materials, products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating, with or without an external ignitor. This test method is intended for screening purposes only.
1.2 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test method are those associated with mass loss from the specimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustained flaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, determined using thermopile measurements detailed in Annex A2.
1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test are best used for comparisons between materials with some similarities in composition or structure.
1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat release depends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and no universal formula exists for calculation of heat release using mass loss measurements (see also additional limitations in 5.7).
1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in Test Method E1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applications standards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The referenced test methods permit measurements of added fire-test-response characteristics.
1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by this test method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the material, product, or assembly.
1.6 This fire-test-response method does not provide information on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions other than those conditions specified in this test method. For additional limitations of this test method, see 5.7.
1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. See also Section 7.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2000
ICS
13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.21 - Smoke and Combustion Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2102-04 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
Effective Date
01-Feb-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2707-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration of Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impingement Exposure
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000

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ASTM E2102-00 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant HeaterASTM E2102-00 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
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ASTM E2102-00 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: E 2102 – 00
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening
Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The screening fire-test-response method described in this standard uses a radiant energy source
similar to that used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E 1354. However, the test method apparatus
is much simpler, because it excludes measurements of oxygen consumption or of smoke obscuration,
which are incorporated into the cone calorimeter to measure heat and smoke release. A fire-test-
response standard describes a test method from which one or more fire-test-response characteristics
can be measured, as a result of exposure to a prescribed source of heat or flame, under controlled
conditions. There are many occasions, typically for initial research and development, when there is a
need for screening samples of materials, products, or assemblies, using a simple test. This allows the
user to verify whether certain fire-test-response characteristics of the sample fall within the expected
margins. Screening tests, as related to fire, are described in fire terminology as fire-response tests
performed to determine whether a material, product, or assembly (a) exhibits any unusual fire-related
characteristics, (b) has certain expected fire-related characteristics, or (c) is capable of being
preliminarily categorized according to the fire characteristic in question. Screening tests addressing
fire properties should be chosen so that the energy input (as heat or flame) is representative of that in
the fire test method for which screening is desired.
1. Scope universal formula exists for calculation of heat release using
mass loss measurements (see also additional limitations in 5.7).
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means of
1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this
measuring mass loss and ignitability, for screening purposes,
test method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in Test
from essentially planar materials, products, or assemblies
Method E 1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applications
(including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels of
standards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The referenced test
radiant heating, with or without an external ignitor. This test
methods permit measurements of added fire-test-response char-
method is intended for screening purposes only.
acteristics.
1.2 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obtained
1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by this
from this test method are those associated with mass loss from
test method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and
the specimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustained
thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the
flaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, deter-
material, product, or assembly.
mined using thermopile measurements detailed in Annex A2.
1.6 This fire-test-response method does not provide infor-
1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from
mation on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire
this test are best used for comparisons between materials with
conditions other than those conditions specified in this test
some similarities in composition or structure.
method. For additional limitations of this test method, see 5.7.
1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat release
1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see
depends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and no
IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for
information only.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame
Combustion Products.
under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2000. Published March 2001.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2102–00
all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the 2.2 ISO Standards:
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
ISO 3261 Fire Tests–Vocabulary
1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently
ISO 5657 , Fire Tests–Reaction to Fire–Ignitability of
hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property
Building Products
shall be employed in conducting these tests. This test method
ISO 5660-1 Fire Tests–Reaction to Fire–Rate of Heat Re-
may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.
lease from Building Products (Cone calorimeter method)
See also Section 7.
ISO 9705 Fire Tests–Full Scale Room Test for Surface
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Products
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ISO 13943 Fire Safety Vocabulary
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.3 British Standards:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
BS 476, Part 15, Fire Tests– Reaction to Fire–Rate of Heat
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Release from Building Products (Cone calorimeter
method)
2. Referenced Documents
BS 6809 Method of Calibration of Radiometers for Use in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Fire Testing
D 5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread and
Mass Loss Testing of Insulating Materials Contained in
3. Terminology
Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in a
2 3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this test
Vertical Cable Tray Configuration
method refer to the terminology contained in Terminology
D 6113 Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to
E 176, ISO 3261 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the
Determine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulat-
definitions given in Terminology E 176 shall prevail.
ing Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber
2 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Cables
3.2.1 assembly, n—a unit or structure composed of a com-
E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards
bination of materials or products, or both.
E 535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Stan-
3.2.2 composite, n—a combination of materials which are
dards
generally recognized as distinct entities, for example coated or
E 603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
laminated materials.
E 638 Test Method for Calibration of Heat Transfer Rate
3.2.3 continuous (as related to data acquisition), adj—
Calorimeters Using a Narrow-Angle Blackbody Radiation
conducted at data collection intervals of5sor less.
Facility
3.2.4 essentially flat surface, n—surface where the irregu-
E 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
larity from a plane does not exceed 6 1 mm.
Rates for Materials and Products
3.2.5 exposed surface, n—that surface of the specimen
E 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
subjected to the incident heat.
Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
3.2.6 flashing, n—existence of flame on or over the surface
sumption Calorimeter
of the specimen for periods of less than 1 s.
E 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate
3.2.7 irradiance (at a point of a surface), n—ratio of the
of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or
radiant flux incident on a small but measurable element of
Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption
surface containing the point, by the area of that element.
Calorimeter
3.2.7.1 Discussion—Convective heating is negligible in the
E 1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Real Scale Uphol-
horizontal specimen orientation. In the vertical orientation, it is
stered Furniture
small, but not negligible. Despite this contribution from
E 1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of Real Scale Mat-
convective heating, the term “irradiance” is used instead of
tresses
“heat flux” throughout this test method as it best indicates the
E 1623 Test Method for Determining Fire and Thermal
essentially radiative mode of heat transfer.
Parameters of Materials, Products and Systems Using and
3.2.8 material, n—single substance, or uniformly dispersed
Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)
mixture, for example metal, stone, timber, concrete, mineral
E 1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate
fiber, or polymer.
and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wallcov-
3.2.9 orientation, n—the plane in which the exposed face of
ering Composites Using a Cone Calorimeter
the specimen is located during testing.
E 1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Real Scale Stacked
3.2.9.1 Discussion—For this standard, the specimen orien-
Chairs
tation may only be either vertical or horizontal.
IEEE/ASTM SI-10, International System of Units (SI) The
Modernized Metric System
Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,
CH-1211; Geneva 20, Switzerland or American National Standards Institute, 11
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02. West 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10046
3 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07. Available from British Standards Institution, PO Box 4033, Linford Wood,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03. Milton Keynes, MK 14 6LE, United Kingdom
E2102–00
3.2.10 sample, n—an amount of the material, product, or propensity for the material, product, or assembly to become
assembly, to be tested, which is representative of the item as a involved and contribute to fire spread or growth; however this
whole. method does not assess the smoke or combustion products
3.2.11 specimen, n—representative piece of the product released.
which is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment. 5.1.4 The apparatus used for this test method is suitable to
3.2.11.1 Discussion—This may include an air gap. assess the critical heat flux for ignition of the materials,
3.2.12 sustained flaming, n—the existence of flame on or products, or assemblies tested, by assessing ignitability at
over the surface of the specimen for a period of4sor more. various heat fluxes (see Appendix X3 for guidance).
3.2.13 time to ignition, n—time between the start of the test 5.2 Values determined by this test are specific to the
and the presence of a flame on or over most of the specimen specimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherent
surface for a period of at least 4 s. fundamental properties of the material, product, or assembly
3.2.14 time to sustained flaming, n—time to ignition. tested. Thus, closely repeatable or reproducible experimental
3.2.15 transitory flaming, n—the existence of flame on or results are not to be expected from this test method when tests
over the surface of the specimen for periods of between 1 and are conducted for a given material, product, or assembly, while
4s. introducing variations in properties such as specimen thickness
or density.
4. Summary of Test Method
5.3 No incident irradiance is specified in this test method.
4.1 This test method employs a conically-shaped The instrument is capable of generating irradiances ranging up
electrically-heated radiant-energy source, positioned so as to
to 100 kW/m . The choice of irradiance is a function of the
produce an irradiance level of up to 100 kW/m , averaged over application of the material, product, or assembly to be tested,
the center of the exposed surface of an essentially planar
and of the fire scenario the user is investigating. However, the
specimen. An external spark ignitor is available, if required. method is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10
This test method is used to determine continuously the mass
kW/m (see 5.7.3).
lost during the combustion process, using a load cell, for
5.4 The method used for optionally measuring heat release,
screening purposes. Ignitability is also assessed by the test
a thermopile, is not as accurate as the conventional oxygen
method.
consumption calorimetry method, used in the cone calorimeter,
4.1.1 Optionally, the test method is capable of obtaining an
Test Method E 1354, in its applications standards, such as Test
estimate of the heat released by the specimen during the
Method E 1474 and E 1740, or in intermediate scale or a large
burning process, using a thermopile housed above the burning
scale calorimetry test methods, such as Test Methods E 1623,
specimen (See Annex A2). Determinations of heat release
E 1537, E 1590 or D 5537 (see also Annex A2). On the other
using a similar radiant-energy source and oxygen consumption
hand the thermopile method of assessing heat release has been
calorimetry, are made with the cone calorimeter, Test Method
used extensively because of its simplicity, including Test
E 1354.
Method E 906, and other applications discussed in Guide
4.2 The specimen is essentially planar, 100 mm by 100 mm
E 603.
(3.9 by 3.9 in.) in size, at a thickness not exceeding 25 mm (1 5.5 Testing of composites and dimensionally unstable ma-
in.) and is mounted within a holder.
terials requires special procedures (see 8.4 and 8.5).
5.6 Testing in the vertical orientation is feasible with the test
5. Significance and Use
method, but not recommended, as it has been shown to have
5.1 This test method provides a means for screening mate-
the potential to lead to serious measurement errors on time to
rials, products, or assemblies, for the mass loss, and ignitability
ignition.
they exhibit under specified heat flux exposure conditions. As
5.7 Limitations
an option, the test method is also suitable for screening for the
5.7.1 No universal formula exists for calculation of heat
heat released, by using a thermopile method (See Annex A2).
release as a function of mass loss. If heat release data are
5.1.1 Terminology E 176, on fire standards, states that
desired, calibration curves must be developed by the user, and
fire-test-response characteristics include ease of ignition and
they are specific to the material, product, or assembly tested.
mass loss (both measured in this test method), as well as flame
5.7.2 If during the test of one or more of the three replicate
spread, smoke generation, fire endurance, and toxic potency of
test specimens, any of the following unusual behavior occurs:
smoke.
(1) molten material overflows the specimen holder trough, (2)
5.1.2 The mass loss rate of a material, pr
...

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5.3 This test method also provides measures of other fire-test-response characteristics, including smoke obscuration (as the rate of smoke release, total smoke released, or optical density of smoke), combustion gas release (as concentrations of combustion gases), and mass loss, which are important to making decisions on fire safety.  
5.4 In the majority of fires, the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: (1) as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and (2) to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are also indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere, but are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures; however, fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.  
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. The test method is thus applicable to mattresses in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, health-care facilities, old age convalescent and board and care homes, and college dormitories and residence halls.  
5.6 One ...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 This test method provides a means of determining the burning behavior of mattresses used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire test responses when the test specimen, a mattress or mattress with foundation, is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 This is a test method for mattresses or mattresses with foundations.  
1.4 Test data are obtained describing the burning behavior, following application of a specific ignition source, from ignition until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.5 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of mattresses under fire conditions other than those specified in this test method. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See 5.12 for further information.  
1.6 The rate of heat release of burning test specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See 5.12.4 for further information.  
1.7 Other measurements are the production of light-obscuring smoke and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases. See 5.12.5 for further information.  
1.8 The burning behavior is documented visually by photographic or video recordings.  
1.9 Units—Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.10 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.12 This stan...

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ASTM
ASTM E2965-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials or products that emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materials with a total heat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat release rates of more than 200 kW/m2 for periods extending more than 10 s. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke production. These properties are determined on small size test specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario.  
5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heat release when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external igniter.  
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method E1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimen holder, test specimen orientation, a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly to ensure complete collection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1), and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materials and products that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components, such as test specimens that yield a peak heat release of 2 and total heat release of 2.
Note 1: PMMA is typically used to check the general operation of a Cone Calorimeter. PMMA should not be used with this standard as the heat release rate is too high.  
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of test specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development (an optional measurement) is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.  
1.4 Test specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes generated by a conical radiant heater. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The test specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation.  
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.  
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, and development and research. Examples of material test specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applic...

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ASTM
ASTM E3048-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Time to Burn-Through Using the Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL) Radiant Panel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the time to burn-through and the time to ignition of materials, products, and assemblies.  
5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.  
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.  
5.5 Representative materials and thicknesses shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.  
5.6 This method can also be used for research and development of various material types to be included in larger-scale fire test assemblies (for example, Test Methods E119).  
5.7 Test Limitations:  
5.7.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.  
5.7.2 Report observations of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of heat flux with an external igniter.  
1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability and time to burn-through of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Heat, smoke, and mass loss rate are not within the scope of this test method, but are addressed by Test Method E1623.  
1.3.1 This test method uses the same burner as that described in Test Method E1623. Two burner types are described (Burner A and Burner B).  
1.4 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux up to 50 kW/m2 in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen.  
1.5 This test method has been developed for evaluations, design, or research and development of materials, products, or assemblies, or for code compliance. The specimen shall be tested in thicknesses and configurations representative of actual end product or system uses.  
1.6 Limitations of the test method are listed in 5.7.  
1.7 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific information about hazards is given in Section 7.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1537-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a specimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniture specimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations of oxygen depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, and in particular in A4.1.2.  
5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics are measured, namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as they are also important in making decisions on fire safety.  
5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures, but fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.  
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholstered furniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health care facilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.  
5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flow rate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the case in California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximates the ignition propensity of five cru...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the burning behavior of upholstered furniture used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when the specimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well-ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior from a specific ignition source until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditions other than those conditions specified. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See X1.6 for further information.  
1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 for further information.  
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for further information.  
1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photographic or video recordings, whenever possible.  
1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is the SI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its us...

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ASTM
ASTM E1474-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.  
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development.  
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.  
5.4 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.  
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heat fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.  
1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.  
1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3020-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ignition Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A variety of standard test methods, specifications, and regulations have been issued by a number of different standards developing organizations and regulatory authorities that contain ignition sources used to assess fire-test-response characteristics associated with flaming and non-flaming ignition. This practice describes such ignition sources and provides information on the standard method in which they are described.  
5.2 The ignition source to be chosen for any specific use needs to be relevant to the fire hazard associated with the intended application. Neither the scope of the standard containing the ignition source nor any other aspect of the standard has any bearing on the use of the ignition source for another application.  
5.3 This practice is not expected to be a fully comprehensive list of ignition sources. If additional ignition sources are identified they can be added to the practice.  
5.4 This practice does not describe test specimen preparation or detailed testing procedures for the materials or products.  
5.5 This practice does not address limitations associated with the ignition sources described in this practice.  
5.6 This practice does not necessarily address the latest edition of any standard referenced.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a series of ignition sources that have been used and that are potentially applicable to assessing fire-test-response characteristics resulting from the ignition of materials, products, or assemblies.  
1.2 This practice does not identify which of the ignition sources described is applicable to any specific use since that is a function of the associated fire hazard (see also 5.2).  
1.3 This practice is not necessarily comprehensive and it is possible that other applicable ignition sources exist (see also 5.3).  
1.4 This practice describes both flaming and non-flaming ignition sources, since the outcome of a non-flaming ignition can be the eventual flaming ignition of these materials or products (see also 4.2).  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 This practice contains notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard in referee decisions. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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