iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D4446-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Anti-Swelling Effectiveness of Water-Repellent Formulations and Differential Swelling of Untreated Wood When Exposed to Liquid Water Environments

Standard Test Method for Anti-Swelling Effectiveness of Water-Repellent Formulations and Differential Swelling of Untreated Wood When Exposed to Liquid Water Environments

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of water-repellent compositions for retarding dimensional changes in coated wood submerged in water. It can also be used to measure the differential swelling of untreated wood when exposed to liquid water environments. The compositions tested are designed to be mixed until uniform and applied by brush, roller, dip or spray to an exterior wood surface.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2002
ICS
79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.42 - Architectural Coatings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4446-84(1995)e1 - Standard Test Method for Anti-Swelling Effectiveness of Water-Repellent Formulations and Differential Swelling of Untreated Wood When Exposed to Liquid Water Environments
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D4446-05 - Standard Test Method for Anti-Swelling Effectiveness of Water-Repellent Formulations and Differential Swelling of Untreated Wood When Exposed to Liquid Water Environments
Effective Date
15-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6763-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002

Buy Standard

ASTM D4446-02 - Standard Test Method for Anti-Swelling Effectiveness of Water-Repellent Formulations and Differential Swelling of Untreated Wood When Exposed to Liquid Water EnvironmentsASTM D4446-02 - Standard Test Method for Anti-Swelling Effectiveness of Water-Repellent Formulations and Differential Swelling of Untreated Wood When Exposed to Liquid Water Environments
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM D4446-02 - Standard Test Method for Anti-Swelling Effectiveness of Water-Repellent Formulations and Differential Swelling of Untreated Wood When Exposed to Liquid Water Environments
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4446–02
Standard Test Method for
Anti-Swelling Effectiveness of Water-Repellent Formulations
and Differential Swelling of Untreated Wood When Exposed
1
to Liquid Water Environments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 The swelling differences of untreated wood species
when subjected to water immersion can also be determined by
1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate the effective-
this test method.
ness of water-repellent compositions for retarding dimensional
3.3 This method is a basic screening test and thus provides
changesincoatedwoodsubmergedinwater.Itcanalsobeused
an initial determination of the anti-swelling efficiency of water
to measure the differential swelling of untreated wood when
repellents. It is a qualitative method designed to provide a
exposed to liquid water environments.The compositions tested
reproducible means of establishing: (1) the anti-swelling effi-
are designed to be mixed until uniform and applied by brush,
ciency of water-repellent formulations, and (2) the relative
roller, dip or spray to an exterior wood surface.
swelling of untreated wood species when both are exposed to
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
liquid water environments.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 Conditioning Room or Chamber, having a controlled
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
temperature of 80 6 5°F (276 3°C), and a controlled relative
2. Summary of Method humidity of 65 6 5 %.This room is used to establish a uniform
moisture content in the test specimens. In all studies the
2.1 Wood samples in the form of elongated slats that
temperature and relative humidity selected by the investigator
represent the timber species or product/treatment combination
must be stated and must remain constant throughout a given
to be evaluated are exposed in soak containers. The elongated
conditioning and test period.
slats are immersed in the water-repellent formulation, condi-
4.2 Balance, sensitive to at least 0.01 g.
tioned with appropriate weighing, then subjected to immersion
4.3 Treating Tank (Fig. 1).
in distilled water for a prescribed period. The untreated slats
4.4 Swellometer, as illustrated in Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4.
omit the immersion in the water-repellent formulation. The
swelling resulting from immersion for the selected time period
5. Test Specimens
is determined by reading a dial gage calibrated in increments of
5.1 Wood used for these tests must be straight-grained,
0.001 in. (0.025 mm).
flat-sawn, clear, kiln-dried Ponderosa pine sapwood or other
2.2 A water repellent efficiency of 60 % is required to pass
suitable species. Cut the parent boards in a manner to give
this test.
1 1
specimens ⁄4 in. (6 mm) in the longitudinal dimension, 1 ⁄2 in.
3. Significance and Use (38 mm) in the radial dimension, and 10 in. (254 mm) in the
tangential dimension. Cut with a sharp, fine-toothed saw to
3.1 This test method is useful in determining the relative
obtain as smooth a surface as possible without sanding.
anti-swelling efficiency of various water-repellent formulations
Number each specimen for identification and reference.
when applied to wood. It is the initial means of estimating the
5.1.1 Selection of Ponderosa pine sapwood can be assured
ability of water-repellent treated wood to perform satisfactorily
by the following quick chemical test: (1) prepare a solution of
when exposed to liquid water environments.
5 g of benzidine in 25 g of hydrochloric acid and 970 g of
water, and (2) prepare a second solution consisting of a 10 %
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint concentration of sodium nitrite in water. When the test is to be
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
made, pour equal amounts of the two solutions together and
Subcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings.
then apply to the wood surface by means of brushing or
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002. Published November 2002. Originally
e1
published as D 4446 – 95. Last previous edition D 4446 – 95 .
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4446–02
FIG. 1 Treating Tank—Five Samples Tested Simultaneously
FIG. 2 Single Tes
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D6763-16(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents

ABSTRACT
This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains. The different conditions that affect coatings are presented in details. The balance of properties must be considered when establishing the requirements and selecting the tests. The different test methods in determining the liquid coating properties are enumerated and discussed. The different methods in determining the coating application and film formation are presented and discussed in details. The different test methods of determining the appearance of dry films are presented. The different test method of determining the dry coating properties are presented in details. The different test methods and practices in performing the chemical analysis of exterior woods are presented in details. Although many of the recommended test methods attempt to simulate conditions under which coatings are applied and used, it is not possible to duplicate accurately all possible conditions. Testing materials, including appropriate controls, under field conditions is recommended for the final evaluation of suitability.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains and clear water repellents. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains and clear water repellents. The properties that can be examined or, in some cases, the relevant test procedures are listed in 2.1 and 2.2.
Note 1: The term “opaque stain” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that obscures the grain and color of the wood, but not its surface texture; also called solid color or solid hide.
Note 2: The term “semitransparent” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not fully obscure the grain or the texture of the wood.
Note 3: The term “clear” is defined as a transparent composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not obscure the grain or texture of the wood.  
1.1.1 Discussion—When applied to woods that differ in color, there is a color difference between stained substrates.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4445-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Fungicides for Controlling Sapstain and Mold on Unseasoned Lumber (Laboratory Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful as a screening procedure for selecting fungicides or formulations for more rigorous field evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This (laboratory) test method is used for determining the minimum concentration of fungicide, or formulation of fungicides, that is effective in preventing biodeterioration by sapstain fungi and molds in selected species of wood under optimum laboratory conditions.  
Note 1: From the results of this test, commercial treating solution concentrations cannot be estimated without further field tests.  
1.2 The requirements for test materials and procedures are discussed in the following order:    
Section  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Apparatus  
6  
Reagents  
7  
Wood  
8  
Test Fungi  
9  
Culture Media  
10  
Preparation of Inoculum  
11  
Preparation of Test Chambers  
12  
Treatment of Samples  
13  
Inoculation and Incubation  
14  
Evaluation of the Test  
15  
Report  
16  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5536-17(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Forest Trees for Determination of Clear Wood Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers procedures of sampling for obtaining small, clear wood specimens which, when tested in accordance with Test Methods D143 and, in conjunction with full-size product tests, will provide mechanical properties for use in deriving design properties for lumber, panels, poles, house logs, and other products.  
4.2 Data obtained by testing specimens sampled in accordance with these methods also provide information on the influence on mechanical properties of such factors as density, locality of growth, position in cross section, height in the tree, and moisture content.  
4.3 Cruciform sampling is of principal value when information is desired on the influence on mechanical properties of height in the tree; of age or radial position in the tree; of rate of growth; the change from sapwood to heartwood; the relationships between mechanical properties and factors such as specific gravity; and making general comparisons between species for purposes of rating or selecting species for specific end-use products. Cruciform sampling does not provide unbiased estimates of mean values, percentile or other descriptive statistics, or a means of associating statistical confidence with estimates of descriptive statistics.  
4.4 Double sampling is used when it is desired to improve or update existing estimates of mechanical property values that are the basis for establishing allowable design stresses for stress-graded lumber, plywood, poles and piling, and other wood products. The method involves predicting one property by carefully observing a well-correlated auxiliary property that is presumably easier or cheaper to measure. A sample estimate of the auxiliary property is obtained with a high degree of precision by representatively sampling the population. A smaller independent sample or a subsample of the large sample is used to establish a relationship between the auxiliary property and the property for which an estimate is desired. As applied to sampling a f...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice offers two alternative physical sampling procedures: cruciform sampling and random sampling. The choice of procedure will depend upon the intended use for the test results, the resources available for sampling and testing, and the availability of existing data on the mechanical properties and specific gravity of the species of interest.  
1.2 A third procedure, double sampling, is included primarily by reference. This procedure applies the results of cruciform or random samples through correlation to improve or update property values.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6763-16(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents

ABSTRACT
This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains. The different conditions that affect coatings are presented in details. The balance of properties must be considered when establishing the requirements and selecting the tests. The different test methods in determining the liquid coating properties are enumerated and discussed. The different methods in determining the coating application and film formation are presented and discussed in details. The different test methods of determining the appearance of dry films are presented. The different test method of determining the dry coating properties are presented in details. The different test methods and practices in performing the chemical analysis of exterior woods are presented in details. Although many of the recommended test methods attempt to simulate conditions under which coatings are applied and used, it is not possible to duplicate accurately all possible conditions. Testing materials, including appropriate controls, under field conditions is recommended for the final evaluation of suitability.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing exterior wood stains and clear water repellents. This includes both water borne and solvent borne semitransparent and opaque stains and clear water repellents. The properties that can be examined or, in some cases, the relevant test procedures are listed in 2.1 and 2.2.
Note 1: The term “opaque stain” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that obscures the grain and color of the wood, but not its surface texture; also called solid color or solid hide.
Note 2: The term “semitransparent” is defined as a pigmented composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not fully obscure the grain or the texture of the wood.
Note 3: The term “clear” is defined as a transparent composition intended for use on wooden surfaces to produce a uniform finish that does not obscure the grain or texture of the wood.  
1.1.1 Discussion—When applied to woods that differ in color, there is a color difference between stained substrates.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E69-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated Wood by the Fire-Tube Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a relative measurement of the combustibility of fire-retardant-treated wood specimens based on their percentage loss in weight under controlled fire exposure conditions (1).3 In addition, other possible data include rate of weight loss, time of flaming and afterglowing, increase in temperature, and maximum vertical flame progress.  
4.2 This test method is not sufficiently large scale to evaluate the suitability of a given treated product for building construction, but it is a convenient method to use for purposes of development or as a quality-control test during manufacture.  
4.3 This test method gives a procedure for sampling and preparation of test specimens from a lot of treated material in which complete penetration is a requirement. A procedure is also given for the sampling of charges at a treating plant for purposes of quality control of the treatment process.  
4.4 This test method has proven useful for evaluating comparative fire performance effectiveness of fire-retardant chemicals and treatment formulations for wood and wood products (2-5).  
4.5 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the anticipated end-use conditions are changed, it is possible that this test method will not predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers fire-tube test procedures for fire tests for combustible properties of wood treated to reduce flammability. This test method relates to properties of treated wood, as such, rather than to the performance of a fabrication used as an element of construction. Performance under this test method shall be as prescribed in requirements applicable to materials intended for specific uses.  
1.2 This test method is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.3 The SI values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D198-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The flexural properties established by this test method provide:  
6.1.1 Data for use in development of grading rules and specifications;  
6.1.2 Data for use in development of design values for structural members;  
6.1.3 Data on the influence of imperfections on mechanical properties of structural members;  
6.1.4 Data on strength properties of different species or grades in various structural sizes;  
6.1.5 Data for use in checking existing equations or hypotheses relating to the structural behavior;  
6.1.6 Data on the effects of chemical or environmental conditions on mechanical properties;  
6.1.7 Data on effects of fabrication variables such as depth, taper, notches, or type of end joint in laminations; and  
6.1.8 Data on relationships between mechanical and physical properties.  
6.2 Procedures are described here in sufficient detail to permit duplication in different laboratories so that comparisons of results from different sources will be valid. Where special circumstances require deviation from some details of these procedures, these deviations shall be carefully described in the report (see Section 11).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber and wood-based products in structural sizes by various testing procedures.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections    
Flexure  
4 – 11  
Compression (Short Specimen)  
13 – 20  
Compression (Long Specimen)  
21 – 28  
Tension  
29 – 36  
Torsion  
37 – 44  
Shear Modulus  
45 – 52  
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    29 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    29 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E661-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Performance of Wood and Wood-Based Floor and Roof Sheathing Under Concentrated Static and Impact Loads

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures outlined will provide data that can be used to evaluate the structural performance, under concentrated loads, of roof and floor sheathing, separate from the effects of the framing, under simulated conditions representative of those in actual service.  
5.2 The procedures are intended to be applied to roof or floor sheathing materials installed directly to framing. They are not intended for the evaluation of the framed assembly as a whole.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the resistance to deflection and damage of floor and roof sheathing used in site-built construction subjected to concentrated static loads as well as impact loads from nonrigid blunt objects. It is applicable to wood and wood-based panels and boards, but is not intended to cover profiled metal decks, nor precast or cast-in-place slabs. Surface indentation is not evaluated separately from deflection.  
1.2 Three applications are covered: roof sheathing, subfloors, and single floors. Roof sheathing is tested in both a dry and a wet condition, while subfloors and single floors are both tested in a dry condition, as well as a condition of having dried out after being wet. These moisture conditions are those commonly experienced with site-built construction.  
Note 1: Where it is anticipated that sheathing will be subjected only to dry conditions during construction and use, or else to greater moisture exposure than is indicated in 7.3.2, the corresponding exposure conditions may be modified by agreement between the interested parties. For example, shop-built construction may be tested dry only, although the possibility of exposure to high humidity or leaks and flooding during use should be considered.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D3200-74(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification and Test Method for Establishing Recommended Design Stresses for Round Timber Construction Poles

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the physical characteristics of round timber construction poles to be used either treated or untreated.  
1.2 This test method covers basic principles for establishing recommended design stress values for round timber construction poles that are applicable to the quality described.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D1666-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Conducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base Panel Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of different wood-based panel materials under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different products with respect to woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of prime importance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, routing/shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which are common wood-working operations used in the manufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to two general classes of materials:  
1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and  
1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle panels.  
1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.  
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel. Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.  
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements are anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    17 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    17 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5124-96(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Testing and Use of a Random Number Generator in Lumber and Wood Products Simulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Computer simulation is known to be a very powerful analytical tool for both practitioners and researchers in the area of wood products and their applications in structural engineering. Complex structural systems can be analyzed by computer with the computer generating the system components, given the probability distribution of each component. Frequently the components are single boards for which a compatible set of strength and stiffness properties are needed. However, the entire structural simulation process is dependent upon the adequacy of the standard uniform number generator required to generate random observations from prescribed probability distribution functions.  
4.2 The technological capabilities and wide availability of microcomputers has encouraged their increased use for simulation studies. Tests of random number generators in commonly available microcomputers have disclosed serious deficiencies (1).3 Adequacy may be a function of intended end-use. This practice is concerned with generation of sets of random numbers, as may be required for simulations of large populations of material properties for simulation of complex structures. For more demanding applications, the use of packaged and pretested random number generators is encouraged.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice gives a minimum testing procedure of computer generation routines for the standard uniform distribution. Random observations from the standard uniform distribution, RU, range from zero to one with every value between zero and one having an equal chance of occurrence.  
1.2 The tests described in this practice only support the basic use of random number generators, not their use in complex or extremely precise simulations.  
1.3 Simulation details for the normal, lognormal, 2-parameter Weibull and 3-parameter Weibull probability distributions are presented.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See specific warning statement in 5.5.3.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off