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ASTM E2303-11

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation Processing Facilities

Standard Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation Processing Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is one of a set of guides and practices that provide recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing. In order to understand and effectively use this and other dosimetry standards, consider first “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing,” ASTM Practice E2628, which describes the basic requirements that apply when making absorbed dose measurements in accordance with the ASTM E10.01 series of dosimetry standards. In addition, ASTM Practice E2628 provides guidance on the selection of dosimetry systems and directs the user to other standards that provide information on individual dosimetry systems, calibration methods, uncertainty estimation and radiation processing applications.
Radiation processing is carried out under fixed path conditions where (a) a process load is automatically moved through the radiation field by mechanical means or (b) a process load is irradiated statically by manually placing product at predetermined positions before the process is started. In both cases the process is controlled in such a manner that the process load position(s) and orientation(s) are reproducible within specified limits.
Note 2—Static irradiation encompasses irradiation of the process load using either manual rotation, no rotation or automated rotation.
Some radiation processing facilities that utilize a fixed conveyor path for routine processing may also characterize a region within the radiation field for static radiation processing, sometimes referred to as “Off Carrier” processing.
Many radiation processing applications require a minimum absorbed dose (to achieve a desired effect or to fulfill a legal requirement), and a maximum dose that can be tolerated (while the product, material or substance still meets functional specifications or to fulfill a legal requirement).
Dose mapping is used to:  
Characterize the radiation process and assess the reproducibility of absorbed-dose values, which may be used as part of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidance in determining absorbed-dose distributions (mapping) in products, materials or substances irradiated in gamma, X-ray (bremsstrahlung) and electron beam facilities.
Note 1—For irradiation of food and the radiation sterilization of health care products, other specific ISO and ISO/ASTM standards containing dose mapping requirements exist. For food irradiation, see ISO/ASTM 51204, Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing and ISO/ASTM 51431, Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing. For the radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO 11137-1, Sterilization of Health Care Products Radiation – Part 1: Requirements for Development, Validation and Routine Control of a Sterilization Process for Medical Devices. In those areas covered by ISO 11137-1, that standard takes precedence. ISO/ASTM 51608, Practice for Dosimetry in an X-ray (Bremsstrahlung) Facility for Radiation Processing, ISO/ASTM 51649, Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies between 300 keV and 25 Mev, ISO/ASTM 51702, Practice for Dosimetry in a Gamma Irradiation Facility for Radiation Processing, and ISO/ASTM 51818, Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies Between 80 and 300 KeV also contain dose mapping requirements.
1.2 This guide is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing. it is intended to be read in conjunction with ASTM Practice E2628.
1.3 Methods of analyzing the dose map data are described. Examples are provided of statistical methods that may be used to analyze dose map data.
1.4 Dose mapping for bulk flow processing and fluid streams is not discussed.
1.5 Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality program for an irradiat...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2011
ICS
13.280 - Radiation protection
Technical Committee
E61 - Radiation Processing
Drafting Committee
E61.03 - Dosimetry Application
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2303-03 - Standard Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation Processing Facilities
Effective Date
01-Jul-2011
Replaced By
ASTM E2303-11e1 - Standard Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation Processing Facilities
Effective Date
01-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM ISO/ASTM51702-13(2021) - Standard Practice for Dosimetry in a Gamma Facility for Radiation Processing
Effective Date
01-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM ISO/ASTM51608-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Dosimetry in an X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies between 50 keV and 7.5 MeV
Effective Date
01-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM ISO/ASTM51649-15 - Standard Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies Between 300 keV and 25 MeV
Effective Date
01-Jul-2011

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2303 − 11 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation Processing Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2303; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This document provides guidance in determining
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
absorbed-dose distributions (mapping) in products, materials
orsubstancesirradiatedingamma,X-ray(bremsstrahlung)and
2. Referenced Documents
electron beam facilities.
2
NOTE1—Forirradiationoffoodandtheradiationsterilizationofhealth 2.1 ASTM Standards:
care products, other specific ISO and ISO/ASTM standards containing
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
dose mapping requirements exist. For food irradiation, see ISO/ASTM
Dosimetry
51204, Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facilities for Food
E178Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
Processing and ISO/ASTM 51431, Practice for Dosimetry in Electron
E2232Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Meth-
Beam and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Pro-
cessing. For the radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO ods for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose in Radiation Process-
11137-1, Sterilization of Health Care Products Radiation – Part 1:
ing Applications
Requirements for Development, Validation and Routine Control of a
E2628Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
Sterilization Process for Medical Devices. In those areas covered by ISO
2
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
11137-1, that standard takes precedence. ISO/ASTM 51608, Practice for
Dosimetry in an X-ray (Bremsstrahlung) Facility for Radiation ISO/ASTM 51204Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irra-
Processing, ISO/ASTM 51649, Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron
diation Facilities for Food Processing
Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies between 300 keVand
ISO/ASTM 51261Guide for Selection and Calibration of
25 Mev, ISO/ASTM 51702, Practice for Dosimetry in a Gamma Irradia-
Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing
tionFacilityforRadiationProcessing,andISO/ASTM51818,Practicefor
ISO/ASTM 51431Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam
Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at
Energies Between 80 and 300 KeV also contain dose mapping require-
and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for
ments.
Food Processing
1.2 This guide is one of a set of standards that provides ISO/ASTM 51608Practice for Dosimetry in an X-ray
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in (Bremsstrahlung) Facility for Radiation Processing
radiation processing. it is intended to be read in conjunction
ISO/ASTM 51649Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron
with ASTM Practice E2628. Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies be-
tween 300 keV and 25 MeV
1.3 Methods of analyzing the dose map data are described.
ISO/ASTM 51702Practice for Dosimetry in a Gamma
Examples are provided of statistical methods that may be used
Irradiation Facility for Radiation Processing
to analyze dose map data.
ISO/ASTM 51707Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in
1.4 Dose mapping for bulk flow processing and fluid
Dosimetry for Radiation Processing
streams is not discussed.
ISO/ASTM 51818Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron
Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies be-
1.5 Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality
program for an irradiation facility. Other controls besides tween 80 and 300 keV
dosimetry may be required for specific applications such as
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
3
medical device sterilization and food preservation.
surements Reports:
ICRU Report 60Fundamental Quantities and Units for
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Ionizing Radiation
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
Processingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.03 on Dosimetry www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
Application. Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E2303-03. DOI: Available from International Commissio
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:E2303–03 Designation: E2303 – 11
Standard Guide for
1
Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation Processing Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2303; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thisdocumentprovidesguidanceindeterminingabsorbed-dosedistributions(mapping)inproducts,materialsorsubstances
irradiated in gamma, X-ray (bremsstrahlung) and electron beam facilities.
NOTE1—For irradiation of food and the radiation sterilization of health care products, other specific ISO and ISO/ASTM standards containing dose
mappingrequirementsexist.Forfoodirradiation,seeISO/ASTM51204,PracticeforDosimetryinGammaIrradiationFacilitiesforFoodProcessingand
ISO/ASTM 51431, Practice for Dosimetry in Electron and Bremsstrahlung Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing. For the radiation sterilizationof
healthcareproducts,seeISO11137:1995,SterilizationofHealthCareProductsRequirementsforValidationandRoutineControlRadiationSterilization.
In those areas covered by ISO 11137, that standard takes precedence. ISO/ASTM Practice 51608, ISO/ASTM Practice 51649, and ISO/ASTM Practice
51702 also contain dose mapping requirements.
1.2Methods of analyzing the dose map data are described. Examples are provided of statistical methods that may be used to
analyze dose map data.
1.3Dose mapping for bulk flow processing and fluid streams is not discussed.
1.4Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality program for an irradiation facility. Other controls besides dosimetry may
be required for specific applications such as medical device sterilization and food preservation.
1.5 1—For irradiation of food and the radiation sterilization of health care products, other specific ISO and ISO/ASTM
standards containing dose mapping requirements exist. For food irradiation, see ISO/ASTM 51204, Practice for Dosimetry in
Gamma Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing and ISO/ASTM 51431, Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam and X-Ray
(Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing. For the radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO
11137-1, Sterilization of Health Care Products Radiation – Part 1: Requirements for Development, Validation and Routine Control
of a Sterilization Process for Medical Devices. In those areas covered by ISO 11137-1, that standard takes precedence. ISO/ASTM
51608, Practice for Dosimetry in an X-ray (Bremsstrahlung) Facility for Radiation Processing, ISO/ASTM 51649, Practice for
Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies between 300 keV and 25 Mev, ISO/ASTM 51702,
Practice for Dosimetry in a Gamma Irradiation Facility for Radiation Processing, and ISO/ASTM 51818, Practice for Dosimetry
in an Electron Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies Between 80 and 300 KeV also contain dose mapping
requirements.
1.2 This guide is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation
processing. it is intended to be read in conjunction with ASTM Practice E2628.
1.3 Methods of analyzing the dose map data are described. Examples are provided of statistical methods that may be used to
analyze dose map data.
1.4 Dose mapping for bulk flow processing and fluid streams is not discussed.
1.5 Dosimetryisonlyonecomponentofatotalqualityprogramforanirradiationfacility.Othercontrolsbesidesdosimetrymay
be required for specific applications such as medical device sterilization and food preservation.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.01 on
Dosimetry for Radiation Processing.
Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published August 2003 DOI: 10.1520/E2303-03.on Radiation Processing: Dosimetry and Applications.
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2011.PublishedAugust2011.Originallya
...

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1.1 This document provides guidance in determining absorbed-dose distributions (mapping) in products, materials or substances irradiated in gamma, X-ray (bremsstrahlung) and electron beam facilities.
Note 1: For irradiation of food and the radiation sterilization of health care products, specific ISO and ISO/ASTM standards containing dose mapping requirements exist. See ISO/ASTM Practices 51431, 51608, 51649, 51702 and 51818 and ISO 11137-1. Regarding the radiation sterilization of health care products, in those areas covered by ISO 11137-1, that standard takes precedence.  
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1.2 After constructing or modifying radiological shielding, it is necessary to verify that shielding performance meets or exceeds the shielding performance requirements. This is typically accomplished using sealed test sources of much less activity than the design basis. This allows for modifications or correction of any discrepancies identified before the commissioning of the hot cell.  
1.3 The guidance and practices recommended by this guide are applicable to both new and existing shielded facilities and enclosures for evaluating shielding suitability and locating the existence of shine paths or other shielding anomalies that result from design, manufacture, or construction.  
1.4 Two types of testing may be performed.  
1.4.1 Shielding performance verification testing provides evidence that the shielding configuration is sufficient for meeting established performance criteria and for identifying deficiencies in the shielding configuration or components that may not have been addressed during design. Test results are expected to demonstrate that shielding performance meets or exceeds design criteria, not match the dose rates predicted analytically.  
1.4.2 Shielding performance verification testing identifies shielding deficiencies (hot spots) in the installed configuration relative to adjacent shielding but does not demonstrate compliance with any quantitative shielding performance requirement.  
1.5 Performance testing should be specified and performed to assess shielding adequacy with sources in all critical locations.  
1.6 Requirements for shielding performance testing should be clearly defined in design basis or procurement documentation.  
1.7 This guide is not applicable to neutron radiation shielding performance evaluations.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, ea...

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ASTM
ASTM C1220-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Static Leaching of Monolithic Waste Forms for Disposal of Radioactive Waste

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to provide a measure of the reactivity of a material in a dilute solution in which the test response is dominated by the dissolution or leaching of the test specimen. It can be used to compare the dissolution or leaching behaviors of candidate radioactive waste forms and to study the reactions during static exposure to dilute solutions in which solution feed-back effects can be maintained negligible, depending on the test conditions.  
5.2 The test is suitable for application to natural minerals, simulated waste form materials, and radioactive waste form material specimens.  
5.3 Data from this test may form part of the larger body of data that is necessary in the logical approach to long-term prediction of waste form behavior, as described in Practice C1174. In particular, measured solution concentrations and characterizations of altered surfaces may be used in the validation of geochemical modeling codes.  
5.4 This test method excludes the use of crushed or powdered specimens and organic materials.  
5.5 Several reference test parameter values and reference leachant solutions are specified to facilitate the comparison of results of tests conducted with different materials and at different laboratories. However, other test parameter values and leachant solution compositions can be used to characterize the specimen reactivity.  
5.5.1 Tests can be conducted with different leachant compositions to simulate groundwaters, buffer the leachate pH as the specimen dissolves, or measure the common ion effect of particular solutes.  
5.5.2 Tests can be conducted to measure the effects of various test parameter values on the specimen response, including time, temperature, and S/V ratio. Tests conducted for different durations and at various temperatures provide insight into the reaction kinetics. Tests conducted at different S/V ratio provide insight into chemical affinity (solution feed-back effects) and the approach to saturation.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a measure of the chemical durability of a simulated or radioactive monolithic waste form, such as a glass, ceramic, cement (grout), or cermet, in a test solution at temperatures  
1.2 This test method can be used to characterize the dissolution or leaching behaviors of various simulated or radioactive waste forms in various leachants under the specific conditions of the test based on analysis of the test solution. Data from this test are used to calculate normalized elemental mass loss values from specimens exposed to aqueous solutions at temperatures  
1.3 The test is conducted under static conditions in a constant solution volume and at a constant temperature. The reactivity of the test specimen is determined from the amounts of components released and accumulated in the solution over the test duration. A wide range of test conditions can be used to study material behavior, including various leachant composition, specimen surface area-to-leachant volume ratios, temperatures, and test durations.  
1.4 Three leachant compositions and four reference test matrices of test conditions are recommended to characterize materials behavior and facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of tests results.  
1.5 Specimen surfaces may become altered during this test. Although not part of the test method, it is recommended that these altered surface regions be examined to characterize chemical and physical changes due to the reaction of waste forms during static exposure to solutions.  
1.6 This test method is not recommended for evaluating metallic materials, the degradation of which includes oxidation reactions that are not controlled by this test method.  
1.7 This test method must be performed in accordance with all applicable quality assurance requirements for acceptance of the data.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included for r...

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ASTM
ASTM D5403-93(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Volatile Content of Radiation Curable Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are the procedures of choice for determining volatile content of materials designed to be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light or electron beam irradiation. These types of materials contain liquid reactants that react to become part of the film during cure, but, which under the test conditions of Test Method D2369, will be erroneously measured as volatiles. The conditions of these test methods are similar to Test Method D2369 with the inclusion of a step to cure the material prior to weight loss determination. Volatile content is determined as two separate components—processing volatiles and potential volatiles. Processing volatiles is a measure of volatile loss during the actual cure process. Potential volatiles is a measure of volatile loss that might occur during aging or under extreme storage conditions. These volatile content measurements are useful to the producer and user of a material and to environmental interests for determining emissions.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determination of weight percent volatile content of coatings, inks, and adhesives designed to be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light or to a beam of accelerated electrons.  
1.2 Test Method A is applicable to radiation curable materials that are essentially 100 % reactive but may contain traces (no more than 3 %) of volatile materials as impurities or introduced by the inclusion of various additives.  
1.3 Test Method B is applicable to all radiation curable materials but must be used for materials that contain volatile solvents intentionally introduced to control application viscosity and which are intended to be removed from the material prior to cure.  
1.4 These test methods may not be applicable to radiation curable materials wherein the volatile material is water, and other procedures may be substituted by mutual consent of the producer and user.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 15.7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1851-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Durable Rigid Wall Relocatable Structures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard provides measurement procedures for determining the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of durable rigid wall relocatable shielded enclosures. This standard specifies a method for comparing the shielded enclosure performance of structures provided by different suppliers. In addition, this standard is written to minimize variations in measured shielding effectiveness at a given frequency and test point regardless of test personnel, equipment, and test site. Therefore, the shielding effectiveness of a durable rigid wall relocatable shielded enclosure of any size from any supplier can be determined. This standard specifies a minimum set of measurements at a given frequency and a minimum set of frequencies to determine shielding effectiveness.  
5.2 Source Fields—Performance of a shielded enclosure is to be assessed for two source fields: magnetic and plane wave.  
5.2.1 Magnetic Field Measurements—The attenuation provided by a shielded enclosure is assessed by using a local source to generate the near field. The magnetic field measurements are specified for two narrow frequency bands: 140 kHz to 160 kHz and 14 MHz to 16 MHz.  
5.2.2 Plane Wave Measurements—The attenuation provided by a shielded enclosure is assessed by using a locally generated distant source or plane wave field. The plane wave measurements are specified for three narrow frequency bands: 300 MHz to 500 MHz, 900 MHz to 1000 MHz, and 8.5 GHz to 10.5 GHz.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of durable relocatable shielded enclosures.  
1.1.1 The intended application of this test method is for virgin shielded enclosures that do not have any equipment or equipment racks. It is recommended that tests be conducted before the interior finish work begins. However, the shield assembly including all enclosure penetrations shall be completed and required penetration protection devices shall be installed in accordance with the design specification. The test method can also be used on existing shielded enclosures after repair work is done to verify workmanship, but it may be necessary to remove equipment or equipment racks to gain access to a test area.  
1.1.2 The test procedures delineated in this document are comprehensive and may require several days to complete for a room-size shielded enclosure. A user can apply this test method for a first article test that requires proof of concept and validation of design and fabrication technique. Appendix X2 provides guidance on choosing test points so shielding effectiveness tests on a room-size shielded enclosure may be completed in about one-half day for which it applies to shielded enclosures coming off an assembly line.  
1.2 This test method is for use in the following frequency ranges: 140 kHz to 160 kHz, 14 MHz to 16 MHz, 300 MHz to 500 MHz, 900 MHz to 1000 MHz, and 8.5 GHz to 10.5 GHz. Specific test frequencies within these ranges are required (see 11.1.1 and 11.2.1). Additional measurements in the range of 10 kHz to 10.5 GHz may be performed. For specific applications, the frequency range may be extended from 50 Hz to 40 GHz. Appendix X1 provides guidance on selecting measurement frequencies.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to individual components such as separate walls, floors, ceilings, or shielded racks.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, equipment, or any combination.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7...

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