ASTM D2130-90(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection
Standard Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method specifies a sampling and testing procedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test Method D 2968.
Test Method D 2130 for testing wool and other animal fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel's hair, etc. (Note 1) in their various forms.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.
Note 1—This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for melt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; also it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and correction factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used for other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table 5 in Test Methods D 629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.
Note 2—In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool” also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.
Note 3—For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohair top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D 3991 and D 3992, Specification D 2252, Test Method D 2816.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2130 − 90 (Reapproved 2008)
StandardTest Method for
Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers by
Microprojection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D629Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D1060PracticeforCoreSamplingofRawWoolinPackages
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the
for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber
microprojector, for the determination of the average fiber
Present
diameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
animal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel’s hair,
D2252Specification for Fineness of Types of Alpaca
etc. (Note 1) in their various forms.
D2258Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.2 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
D2816Test Method for Cashmere Coarse-Hair Content in
as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units
Cashmere
may be approximate.
D2968Test Method for Med and Kemp Fibers in Wool and
Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection
NOTE 1—This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a
round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for D3992Specifications for Fineness of Wool Top or Mohair
melt-spunman-madefiberssuchaspolyamides,polyesters,andglass;also
Top and Assignment of Grade
it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated
E380Practice for Use of the International System of Units
cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and
(SI) (the Modernized Metric System) (Withdrawn 1997)
correctionfactors,however,applyonlytowoolandshouldnotbeusedfor
other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table
2.2 Other Standards:
5 in Test Methods D629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.
Federal Standard, Official Standard of the United States for
NOTE 2—In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool”
Grades of Wool, Section 31.0,Measurement Method for
also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.
Determining Grade of Wool, Section 31.204
NOTE3—Forfinenessspecificationsforwool,wooltop,mohair,mohair
top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991 and D3992,
IWTO-8-66(E)Method of Determining Wool Fiber Diam-
Specification D2252, Test Method D2816.
eter by the Projection Microscope
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
3. Terminology
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
3.1 Definitions:
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
3.1.1 average fiber diameter, n— in wool and other animal
limitations prior to use.
fibers,theaveragewidthofagroupoffiberswhenmeasuredon
a projected image.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.2 grade, n—in wool and mohair, a numerical designa-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion used in classifying wool and mohair in their raw, semi-
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
processed, and processed forms based on average fiber diam-
D584Test Method for Wool Content of Raw Wool—
eter and variation of fiber diameter.
Laboratory Scale
3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
method, refer to Terminology D123.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D2130–90 (2001). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D2130-90R08. www.astm.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Service and Regulatory Announcement, No. 135, U. S. Department of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Agriculture, C & MS, April 1966.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on International Wool Textile Organization, International Wool Secretariat, Raw
the ASTM website. Wool Services, Valley Drive, Ilkley, Yorkshire LS29 8PB, England.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2130 − 90 (Reapproved 2008)
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method describes procedures for sampling
variousformsofwoolandotheranimalfibers,thereductionof
the sample to small test specimens, and the measurement, at
high magnification, of the diameter of a number of fibers from
the test specimens. From the observed data, computations are
made to obtain the average fiber diameter, a measure of
variation of fiber diameter and the percentage of medullated
and kemp fibers, if present, as directed inTest Method D2968.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing pro-
FIG. 1 Heavy-Duty Cross-Section Device
cedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and
variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test
operated by applying pressure vertically downward, cuts fibers
Method D2968.
approximately 250 µm (Note 4) in length.
5.2 Test Method D2130 for testing wool and other animal
NOTE 4—Adescription of the Swiss Fiber Cutting device described in
fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for
earlier editions can be found in Part 25 of the Annual Book of ASTM
acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current
Standards, issued in 1971 and previous volumes.
estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and
6.4 Microscope Slides, 1 by 3 in. (25 by 75 mm).
the method has been used extensively in the trade for accep-
6.5 Cover Glasses, No. 1 thickness, ⁄8 by 2 in. (22 by 50
tancetesting.Incasesofdisagreementarisingfromdifferences
mm).
in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using
this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any,
6.6 Mounting Medium —Colorless immersion oil with a
between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of
refractive index of 1.480 6 0.005 at 68°F (20°C), and a
the seller should be determined with each comparison being
viscosity of 78.81 SUS at 100°F (37.8°C).
based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one
6.7 Wedge Scale —Strips of heavy paper or Bristol board,
sample of material of the type being evaluated.
imprintedwithawedgeforuseatamagnificationof500×(Fig.
3).
6. Apparatus and Material
6.8 Box for Compressing Loose Fibers—A box 12 by 6 by
6.1 Microprojector —The microscope shall be equipped
15 in. (300 by 150 by 375 mm) deep, inside dimensions,
with a fixed body tube, a focusable stage responsive to coarse
equipped with a floating top which has 16 randomly spaced
and fine adjustments, a focusable substage with condenser and
holes0.75in.(20mm)indiameteroveritsarea.Thewoolmay
iris diaphragm, and a vertically installed adequate light source
be firmly compressed by applying pressure on the top.The top
to give a precise magnification of 500×, that is, a 12.5×
isheldinplacebytworodsextendingthroughholesintheside
eyepiece and a 21×, 0.50 numerical aperture objective.
of the box and over the top. The coring tube is thrust through
6.2 Stage Micrometer, —calibratedinintervalsof0.01mm
the holes in the top to sample the wool.
for accurate setting and control of the magnification.
6.9 Pressure Coring Tube —A ⁄2-in. (13-mm) inside-
6.3 Fiber Sectioning Apparatus: diameter metal tube, approximately 30 in. (760 mm) long,
3 1
6.3.1 Heavy-Duty Sectioning Device —An instrument com-
reamed and tapped on one end to hold a sharp ⁄8 or ⁄2-in. (10
prised of a metal plate with slot and compressing key and or 13-mm) cutting tip. The tube is fitted with a “T” cross bar
equipped with a propulsion mechanism by which the fiber
about 20 in. (500 mm) long.
bundlemaybeextrudedforsectioning.Theinstrument(Fig.1)
6.10 Core Extruder— A 0.25-in. (6-mm) wood dowel or
is designed to hold a sliver of top or equivalent bulk of fibers,
aluminum rod slightly longer than the coring tube to extrude
yarn, or fabric.
wool from tube.
6.3.2 Safety Razor Blades—Single-edge or double-edge
7. Sampling
blades (if used with blade holder).
6.3.3 FRL Fiber Cutter —Adevice comprised of two razor
7.1 Loose Fibers— The method of obtaining a representa-
blades, a threaded pin and an assemblage that will hold the
tivesampleofwoolwilldifferaccordingtocircumstances.The
blades rigidly in position. The device (Fig. 2), which is
sampling procedures and major circumstances encountered are
as follows:
ObtainablefromRandBInstruments,Leeds,Wortly.LowMills,318Whitehall Obtainable from YoCOM-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc., 540 West Elk
Rd., Leeds L512 4RJ England. Place, Denver, CO 80216.
Obtainable from most scientific laboratory instrument supply companies. Obtainable from E. J. Powers Press, 201 South St., Boston, MA 02111 and
Obtainable from Joe Opheikens, 426 Adams, Ogden, UT 84404 and MICO Visual Inspection Products, 50 High St., Lynn, MA 01902.
Instruments, 1944 Main St. P.O. Box 451, Marshfield Hills, MA 02051-0451. Obtainable from YoCOM-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc., 540 W. Elk
Obtainable from Albany International Research Co., 1000 Providence Place,Denver,CO80216andAeroAssociates,Inc.,163MerrimacSt.,Woburn,MA
Highway, Dedham, MA 02026. 01801.
D2130 − 90 (Reapproved 2008)
FIG. 2 FRL Fiber Cutter
7.1.1 Lots of Packaged, Grease, Pulled, or Scoured Wool— 7.1.3 Piles of Graded or Sorted Wool—Sample piles of
Take core samples as directed in Practice D1060. Clean or graded or sorted wool by taking from random locations in the
scourtherawwoolsampleasdirectedinTestMethodD584.If pile at least 50 handfuls of wool, the aggregate mass of which
a representative portion of the scoured wool core sample shall be at least 3 lb (1.5 kg). If the wool is in fleece form and
resultingfromthetestforcleanwoolfiberpresentisavailable, a test is desired for only the major sort, take the sample as
it may be used for fiber diameter determination. If core directed in 7.1.2.
sampling is not feasible, take at random, by hand, at least 50 7.1.4 Card Sliver—Samplethewoolcardsliverbydrawing
handfulsofwoolfromnotlessthan10%ofthepackages.The atrandomfromthelot,preferablyduringthecardingoperation,
aggregate mass of the sample shall be at least 3 lb (1.5 kg). ten 2-ft (600-mm) lengths of sliver.
7.1.2 Major Sort—Packaged grease wool in fleece form for 7.1.5 Top—Samplethetopbydrawingfromeach20 000lb
which a diameter test is desired for only the major sort of the (9072 kg) or fraction thereof, four sections of sliver, each of
fleece, hand sample by drawing one or more handfuls of wool which shall be at least 1 yd (1 m) in length and taken from
from the major sort portion of at least 50 fleeces taken at different balls of top selected at random. Take only one ball
randomfromthelot.Theaggregatemassofthesampleshallbe fromanyonebaleorcarton.Forbrokentop,takeanequivalent
at least 3 lb (1.5 kg). aggregate length of sliver at random.
D2130 − 90 (Reapproved 2008)
FIG. 3 Wedge Scale
7.2 Yarns and Fabrics—Take a yarn sample as directed in breaking, and combining the pieces of silver as required to
Practice D2258. Cut an approximately 3-yd (3-m) length of maintain a convenient length.
yarn sample into at least 20 sections of woolen-spun yarn, or
8.2 Card Sliver— Strip off portions of each of the ten 2-ft
50 sections if worsted-spun yarn. For fabric, take two samples
(600-mm)lengthsofsliver(see7.1.4).Combinetheseportions
at least 2 by 2 in. (50 by 50 mm) from areas at least 2 in. from
toformacompositesliverabout2ftinlength.Thisconstitutes
a selvage and at a sufficient distance apart to represent filling
the test specimen.
yarn taken from at least two different bobbins. Remove 20 (if
8.3 Top—Each of the four sections of sliver comprising the
woolen-spun) or 50 (if worsted-spun) warp yarns from each
sample (see 7.1.5) constitutes a test specimen.
sample. Remove 10 (if woolen-spun) and 25 (if worsted-spun)
filling yarns from each sample. 8.4 Yarn—The yarn sections (see 7.2) constitute the test
specimen.
8. Test Specimens
8.5 Fabric—The undisturbed piece of fabric or the teased
8.1 Grease Wool, Pulled Wool, Scoured Wool:
out yarns of the fabric (see 7.2) constitute the test specimen.
8.1.1 Sub-Coring—Randomly pack the core or hand sample
(see 7.1.1-7.1.3), into a suitable container (see 6.8) and
9. Calibration of Microprojector
compress to approximately 2 psi (14 kPa) by loading a weight
9.1 Adjust the microprojector to produce a magnification of
of 150 lbf (667 N) on the floating top. By means of a ⁄8 or
500× in the plane of the projected image. Do this by placing a
⁄2-in. (10 or 13-mm) tube with sharp tip, extract a sufficient
stage micrometer on the stage of the microprojector and
number of cores (at least five) to provide a test specimen of at
bringing the microscope into such adjustment that the lines of
least 20 g of scoured wool. Scour or otherwise clean the test
the micrometer are sharply focused in the center of the image
specimen if it is grease wool or pulled wool as directed inTest
plane. An interval of 0.20 mm on the stage micrometer will
Method D584.
then measure 100 mm on the image plane, or 0.01 mm on the
8.1.2 Gridding—Core Test Residue—If the sample com-
micrometer will measure 5 mm on the image plane. All
prises an adequate amount of scoured wool resulting from the
measurements must be made with the specimen in a plane at
core testing of a lot for clean fiber content (see 7.1.1), divide
the same distance from the stage as the lines on the stage
the sample into 40 portions of approximately equal size. From
micrometer.
eachportion,drawatrandomatleast0.5g.Mixorblendthese
40 portions to form the test specimen. Test specimens from
10. Conditioning
samples obtained by means of 1.25 in. (30 mm) and larger
10.1 Precondition all test specimens to approximate equi-
coring tubes may be carded for homogenization; but do not
librium in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of 10 to
card those from coring tubes smaller than 1.25 in. (30 mm)
25% and a temperature of not over 122°F (50°C), then
since loss of fiber may occur.
condition the samples for at least4hinthe standard atmo-
8.1.3 Gridding and Machine Blending—For samples other
sphere for testing textiles, 65 6 2% r
...
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