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ASTM D5798-11

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines

Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines

ABSTRACT
This Ethanol Fuel Blends specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume % ethanol. Hydrocarbon blendstocks for meeting ethanol fuel blends performance requirements are unleaded gasoline, gasoline blendstocks for oxygenate blending (BOBs), natural gasoline or other hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles. Ethanol Fuel Blends shall conform to the performance requirements prescribed and be visually free of sediment and suspended matter. The ethanol, methanol, gum, inorganic chloride, water, and copper contents and vapor pressure, acidity, and pHe shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume % ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements. Hydrocarbon blendstocks for meeting ethanol fuel blends performance requirements are unleaded gasoline, gasoline blendstocks for oxygenate blending (BOBs), natural gasoline or other hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range.
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2011
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.A0.02 - Oxygenated Fuels and Components
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5798-12 - Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012

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ASTM D5798-11 - Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesASTM D5798-11 - Standard Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5798 −11
StandardSpecification for
Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-
1
Ignition Engines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the
test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automo-
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
tive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
vehicles equipped with flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines.
standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
Fuelproducedtothisspecificationcontains51to83volume%
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior
ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is
to use.
sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appen-
dix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
seasonalclimaticchanges.Vaporpressureisincreasedatlower
D86Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operabil-
Atmospheric Pressure
ity. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock
D130Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
are adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
requirements. Hydrocarbon blendstocks for meeting ethanol
D381Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
fuel blends performance requirements are unleaded gasoline,
ration
gasoline blendstocks for oxygenate blending (BOBs), natural
D525Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (In-
gasoline or other hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range.
duction Period Method)
1.3 ThisspecificationformerlycoveredFuelEthanol(Ed70-
D1613Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and
Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known
Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,
commercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” has
and Related Products
been changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish this
D1688Test Methods for Copper in Water
product from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806.To
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal
Petroleum Products
vapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
content has been established.
Products, and Lubricants
D4177Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
1.4 The United States government has established various
Petroleum Products
programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of
D4306Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
alternativefuelusedbytheseprogramsmaybemorerestrictive
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for
D4806Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-
additional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.
ing with Gasolines for Use asAutomotive Spark-Ignition
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Engine Fuel
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
D4814Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
only.
Fuel
D4953Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is under the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D02.A0.02 on Oxygenated Fuels and Components. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2011.PublishedJuly2011.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5798–10a. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D5798-11. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5798−11
Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method) foruseasafuelinspark-ignition,internalcombustionengines.
D5190Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Pe
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D5798–10a Designation: D5798 – 11
Standard Specification for
Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition
EnginesEthanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive
1
Spark-Ignition Engines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 Thisspecificationcoversafuelblend,nominally70to85volume%denaturedfuelethanoland30to15additionalvolume
% hydrocarbons for use in ground vehicles with automotive spark-ignition engines.This specification covers the requirements for
automotive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in ground vehicles equipped with flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel
produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume % ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and is sometimes
referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.
1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied for seasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lower
temperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operability. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are
adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure requirements. Hydrocarbon blendstocks for meeting ethanol fuel blends
performance requirements are unleaded gasoline, gasoline blendstocks for oxygenate blending (BOBs), natural gasoline or other
hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range.
1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also known
commerciallyasE85.Thenomenclature“fuelethanol”hasbeenchangedto“ethanolfuelblends”todistinguishthisproductfrom
denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806. To facilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonal vapor pressure
requirements, a new lower minimum ethanol content has been established.
1.4 The United States government has established various programs for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions of alternative
fuel used by these programs may be more restrictive than the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 for additional
information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standard does
not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation D512Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water
D525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method) D1266Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum
Products (Lamp Method)
D1613 Test Method forAcidity in Volatile Solvents and Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
Products
D1688 TestMethodsforCopperinWaterD2622TestMethodforSulfurinPetroleumProductsbyWavelengthDispersiveX-ray
Fluorescence Spectrometry
D3120Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is under the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.A0.02 on Oxygenated Fuels and Components.
Current edition approved Dec.June 1, 2010.2011. Published JanuaryJuly 2011. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5798–10a. DOI:
10.1520/D5798-10A.10.1520/D5798-11.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
...

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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
1.2 The test method can also be applicable to blends of diesel and biodiesel (B1 through B100), however precision for these samples types has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).  
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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