ASTM E3282-22
(Guide)Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Evaluation Metrics
Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Evaluation Metrics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Hydrophobic organic liquids (for example, petroleum hydrocarbons, coal tars) may exist in the environment for long periods of time as NAPLs. Standardized guidance and test methods do not exist to assess NAPL movement (both pore-scale mobility and NAPL body-scale migration) in sediment. Literature searches have resulted in a limited body of available and applicable research. Current research has focused on site-specific sediment NAPL movement evaluation approaches.
4.2 Standardized guidance and test methods currently exist for assessing NAPL mobility and migration at upland sites, from organizations such as ASTM International (Guides E2531 and E2856), Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (2), and the American Petroleum Institute (3, 4). Approaches commonly used in upland sites may or may not be applicable for any given sediment site. This guide provides perspectives on the applicability of various methodologies for specific sediment conditions.
4.3 This guide describes various methodologies that are useful in sediment NAPL movement evaluation, such as laboratory test methods, calculation approaches, and field observation interpretation. The guide then provides frameworks to evaluate the data generated from these methodologies to determine if the NAPL observed in the sediments under in situ conditions exhibits movement of any kind.
4.4 Important exposure pathways in upland sites are usually not applicable to sediment sites. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes, “Contaminants in the biologically active layer of the surface sediment at a site often drive exposure” (5). In aquatic environments, benthic organisms live in the surface sediment to maintain access to oxygenated overlying water. These benthic organisms are at the base of the food chain. If NAPL in subsurface sediment is not migrating, the NAPL will not move into the surface sediment and result in exposure to benthic organisms. NAPL that is stable and only present in subsurface se...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide discusses methodologies that can be applied to evaluate the potential for the movement (that is, pore-scale mobility or NAPL body-scale migration) of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in sediments. NAPL movement assessment in sediments is significantly different than in upland soils. As such, the frameworks for evaluating NAPL movement in upland soils have limited applicability for sediments. In particular, because upland NAPL conceptual site models may not be applicable to many sediment sites, this guide provides a framework to evaluate whether NAPL is mobile (at the pore scale) or migrating (at the NAPL body scale) in sediments.
1.2 Assessment of the potential for NAPL to move in sediment is important for several reasons, including (but not limited to) evaluation of risk to potential receptors, the need for potential remedial action, and potential remedial strategies. For example, if the NAPL is migrating, sensitive receptors may be impacted and this will influence the choice and timing of any remedy selected for an area of the sediment site. If the NAPL is not mobile or migrating, then remedial actions may not be warranted.
1.3 This guide is applicable at sediment sites where NAPL has been identified in the sediment by various screening methods and the need for a NAPL movement evaluation is warranted (Guide E3248).
1.4 Petroleum hydrocarbon, coal tar, and other tar NAPLs (including fuels, oils, and creosote) are the primary focus of this guide. These forms of contamination are commonly related to historical operations at refineries, petroleum distribution terminals, manufactured gas plants (MGPs), and various large industrial sites.
1.5 Although certain technical aspects of this guide apply to other NAPLs (for example, dense NAPLs [DNAPLs] such as chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents), this guide does not completely address the additional complexities of those DNAPLs.
1.6 The goal of this guide...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3282 − 22
Standard Guide for
NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Evaluation
1
Metrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 The goal of this guide is to provide a sound technical
basistodetermineifNAPLatthesiteismobileorimmobileat
1.1 This guide discusses methodologies that can be applied
the pore scale, and if mobile, whether it is stable or migrating
to evaluate the potential for the movement (that is, pore-scale
at the NAPLbody scale.The potential for NAPLmovement in
mobilityorNAPLbody-scalemigration)ofnon-aqueousphase
the sediment is a key component in the development of the
liquid (NAPL) in sediments. NAPL movement assessment in
conceptual site model (CSM) and in deciding what remedial
sediments is significantly different than in upland soils. As
options should potentially be chosen for the site to reduce
such, the frameworks for evaluating NAPL movement in
potential risks to human health and ecological receptors.
upland soils have limited applicability for sediments. In
particular, because upland NAPL conceptual site models may
1.7 Thisguidecanbeusedtohelpdevelop,orrefine,aCSM
not be applicable to many sediment sites, this guide provides a
for the sediment site. A robust CSM is typically needed to
framework to evaluate whether NAPL is mobile (at the pore
optimize potential future work efforts at the site, which may
scale) or migrating (at the NAPL body scale) in sediments.
include various risk management and remedial strategies for
the site, as well as subsequent monitoring after any remedy
1.2 Assessment of the potential for NAPL to move in
implementation.
sediment is important for several reasons, including (but not
limitedto)evaluationofrisktopotentialreceptors,theneedfor
1.8 ThisguideconsidersthemobilityofNAPLinsediments
potentialremedialaction,andpotentialremedialstrategies.For
that originated from three broad categories of potential NAPL
example, if the NAPLis migrating, sensitive receptors may be
emplacement mechanisms (Guide E3248).
impacted and this will influence the choice and timing of any
1.8.1 Migration of NAPL by advection (flow through the
remedy selected for an area of the sediment site. If the NAPL
soilporenetwork)fromanuplandsiteintotheporenetworkof
is not mobile or migrating, then remedial actions may not be
sediments beneath an adjacent water body is one category of
warranted.
NAPL emplacement mechanism. This most commonly occurs
1.3 This guide is applicable at sediment sites where NAPL
within coarse-grained strata in the sediment.
has been identified in the sediment by various screening
1.8.2 Direct discharge of light NAPL (LNAPL) into a
methods and the need for a NAPL movement evaluation is
waterway, where it is broken down by mechanical energy to
warranted (Guide E3248).
form LNAPL beads, is another category of NAPL emplace-
ment mechanism. Oil-particle aggregates (OPAs) are formed
1.4 Petroleum hydrocarbon, coal tar, and other tar NAPLs
when suspended particulates in surface water adhere to
(including fuels, oils, and creosote) are the primary focus of
LNAPL beads. Once enough particulates have adhered to an
thisguide.Theseformsofcontaminationarecommonlyrelated
LNAPL bead and the OPA becomes dense enough, it settles
to historical operations at refineries, petroleum distribution
through the water column onto a competent sediment surface,
terminals, manufactured gas plants (MGPs), and various large
where it forms an in situ deposited NAPL (IDN) and may be
industrial sites.
buried by future sedimentation.
1.5 Althoughcertaintechnicalaspectsofthisguideapplyto
1.8.3 The third category of NAPLemplacement mechanism
other NAPLs (for example, dense NAPLs [DNAPLs] such as
is DNAPL flow (that is, direct discharge of DNAPL into a
chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents), this guide does not com-
waterway), followed by settling through the water column and
pletely address the additional complexities of those DNAPLs.
depositiondirectlyontoacompetentsedimentsurface,whereit
may be buried by future sedimentation.
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
1.9 Ebullition-facilitated transport of NAPL from the sedi-
ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
ment to the water column by gas bubbles is not within the
Current edition approved
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E3282 − 21a E3282 − 22
Standard Guide for
NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Evaluation
1
Metrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide discusses methodologies that can be applied to evaluate the potential for the movement (that is, pore-scale mobility
or NAPL body-scale migration) of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in sediments. NAPL movement assessment in sediments is
significantly different than in upland soils. As such, the frameworks for evaluating NAPL movement in upland soils have limited
applicability for sediments. In particular, because upland NAPL conceptual site models may not be applicable to many sediment
sites, this guide provides a framework to evaluate whether NAPL is mobile (at the pore scale) or migrating (at the NAPL body
scale) in sediments.
1.2 Assessment of the potential for NAPL to move in sediment is important for several reasons, including (but not limited to)
evaluation of risk to potential receptors, the need for potential remedial action, and potential remedial strategies. For example, if
the NAPL is migrating, sensitive receptors may be impacted and this will influence the choice and timing of any remedy selected
for an area of the sediment site. If the NAPL is not mobile or migrating, then remedial actions may not be warranted.
1.3 This guide is applicable at sediment sites where NAPL has been identified in the sediment by various screening methods and
the need for a NAPL movement evaluation is warranted (Guide E3248).
1.4 Petroleum hydrocarbon, coal tar, and other tar NAPLs (including fuels, oils, and creosote) are the primary focus of this guide.
These forms of contamination are commonly related to historical operations at refineries, petroleum distribution terminals,
manufactured gas plants (MGPs), and various large industrial sites.
1.5 Although certain technical aspects of this guide apply to other NAPLs (for example, dense NAPLs [DNAPLs] such as
chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents), this guide does not completely address the additional complexities of those DNAPLs.
1.6 The goal of this guide is to provide a sound technical basis to determine if NAPL at the site is mobile or immobile at the pore
scale, and if mobile, whether it is stable or migrating at the NAPL body scale. The potential for NAPL movement in the sediment
is a key component in the development of the conceptual site model (CSM) and in deciding what remedial options should
potentially be chosen for the site to reduce potential risks to human health and ecological receptors.
1.7 This guide can be used to help develop, or refine, a CSM for the sediment site. A robust CSM is typically needed to optimize
potential future work efforts at the site, which may include various risk management and remedial strategies for the site, as well
as subsequent monitoring after any remedy implementation.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2021June 1, 2022. Published November 2021June 2022. Originally approved in 2021. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as
E3282–21.–21a. DOI: 10.1520/E3282–21A.10.1520/E3282–22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E3282 − 22
1.8 This guide considers the mobility of NAPL in sediments that originated from three broad categories of potential NAPL
emplacement mechanisms (Guide E3248).
1.8.1 Migration of NAPL by advection (flow through the soil pore network) from an upland site into the pore network of sediments
beneath an adjacent water body is one category of NAPL emplacement mechanism. This most commonly occurs within
coarse-grained strata in the sediment.
1.8.2 Direct discharge of light NAPL (LNAPL) into a waterway, where it is broken down by mechanical energy to form LNAPL
beads, is another category of NAPL emplacement mechanism. Oil-particle aggregates (OPAs) are formed when suspended
particulates in surface water adhere to LNAPL beads. Once enough particulates have a
...
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