ASTM D3552-96(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile response and should be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,
5.1.3 Tensile modulus of elasticity, and
5.1.4 Poissons ratio.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of metal matrix composites reinforced by continuous and discontinuous high-modulus fibers. Nontraditional metal matrix composites as stated in also are covered in this test method. This test method applies to specimens loaded in a uniaxial manner tested in laboratory air at either room temperature or elevated temperatures. The types of metal matrix composites covered are:
1.1.1 Unidirectional - Any fiber-reinforced composite with all fibers aligned in a single direction. Continuous or discontinuous reinforcing fibers, longitudinal and transverse properties.
1.1.2 0/90 Balanced Crossply - A laminate composed of only 0 and 90 plies. This is not necessarily symmetric, continuous, or discontinuous reinforcing fibers.
1.1.3 Angleply Laminate - Any balanced laminate consisting of theta plies where theta is an acute angle with respect to a reference direction. Continuous reinforcing fibers without 0 reinforcing fibers (that is, (±45)ns, (±30)ns, and so forth).
1.1.4 Quasi-Isotropic Laminate - A balanced and symmetric laminate for which a constitutive property of interest, at a given point, displays isotropic behavior in the plane of the laminate. Continuous reinforcing fibers with 0 reinforcing fibers (that is, (0/±45/90)s, (0/±30)s, and so forth).
1.1.5 Unoriented and Random Discontinuous Fibers
1.1.6 Directionally Solidified Eutectic Composites
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3552 − 96(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix
Composites
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3552; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile
propertiesofmetalmatrixcompositesreinforcedbycontinuous
2. Referenced Documents
and discontinuous high-modulus fibers. Nontraditional metal
2.1 ASTM Standards:
matrixcompositesasstatedin1.1.6alsoarecoveredinthistest
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
method. This test method applies to specimens loaded in a
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
uniaxial manner tested in laboratory air at either room tem-
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
perature or elevated temperatures. The types of metal matrix
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
composites covered are:
someter Systems
1.1.1 Unidirectional—Any fiber-reinforced composite with
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
all fibers aligned in a single direction. Continuous or discon-
ASTM Test Methods
tinuous reinforcing fibers, longitudinal and transverse proper-
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
ties.
E1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
1.1.2 0°/90° Balanced Crossply—A laminate composed of
men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
only 0 and 90° plies. This is not necessarily symmetric,
Force Application
continuous, or discontinuous reinforcing fibers.
1.1.3 Angleply Laminate—Any balanced laminate consist-
3. Terminology
ing of 6 theta plies where theta is an acute angle with respect
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines terms relating
to a reference direction. Continuous reinforcing fibers without
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology E6
0° reinforcing fibers (that is, (645)ns, (630)ns, and so forth).
definestermsrelatingtomechanicaltesting.TerminologyE456
1.1.4 Quasi-Isotropic Laminate—Abalancedandsymmetric
and Practice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the
laminateforwhichaconstitutivepropertyofinterest,atagiven
event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D3878 shall
point, displays isotropic behavior in the plane of the laminate.
have precedence over the other standards.
Continuousreinforcingfiberswith0°reinforcingfibers(thatis,
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
(0/645/90)s, (0/630)s, and so forth).
3.2.1 continuous fiber, n—a polycrystalline or amorphous
1.1.5 Unoriented and Random Discontinuous Fibers.
fiber that is continuous within the sample or component or that
1.1.6 Directionally Solidified Eutectic Composites.
has ends outside of the stress fields under consideration.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.2.2 discontinuous fiber, n—apolycrystallineoramorphous
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
fiber that is discontinuous within the sample or component or
information purposes only.
that has its ends inside the stress fields under consideration.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 A tension specimen is mounted in the grips of a
mechanical testing machine and monotonically loaded, in
tension,ataconstantloadingrateuntilspecimenfailureoccurs.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D3552 – 96 (2002). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D3552-96R07. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3552 − 96 (2007)
The ultimate strength of the material can be determined from 7.2.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary
the maximum load carried before failure. If the coupon strain member carrying one grip.
is monitored with strain or displacement transducers, then the
7.2.2 Movable Member—A movable member carrying a
stress-strain response of the material can be determined, from
second grip.
which the ultimate tensile strain, proportional limit, and tensile
7.2.3 Loading Mechanism—A loading mechanism for im-
modulus of elasticity can be derived.
parting to the movable member a controlled velocity with
respect to the stationary member, this velocity to be regulated
5. Significance and Use
as specified in Section 10.
5.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property
7.2.4 Load Indicator—A suitable load-indicating mecha-
data for material specifications, research and development,
nism capable of showing the total load carried by the test
quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors
specimen. This mechanism shall be essentially free of inertia
that influence the tensile response and should be reported
lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the load
include the following: material, methods of material prepara-
with an accuracy of 61 % of the indicated value, or better.The
tion and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen
accuracy of the testing machine shall be verified in accordance
preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing,
with Practice E4. Further, the calibrated load range used for a
specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at
particular test shall be chosen to ensure the anticipated maxi-
temperature, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in
mumloadsarebetween20to80 %ofthecalibratedloadrange.
the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method
This is to ensure a linear calibrated load response and protect
include the following:
the load indicator from overload conditions.
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength,
7.2.5 Grips:
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strain,
7.2.5.1 General—Grip designs shall be suited to the speci-
5.1.3 Tensile modulus of elasticity, and
mens being tested. The grip designs described in Test Methods
5.1.4 Poissons ratio.
E8 shall be applicable but should be sized according to the
specimen dimensions.
6. Interferences
7.2.5.2 Grips for Round Specimen—The grips for round
6.1 Tension test data are used as the principal criteria for the
specimens shall be standard threaded grips or split-shoulder
engineering design in actual structural applications. Therefore,
gripswithshouldersurfacesdesignedtomatewithcorrespond-
it is important to define test conditions that will produce
ing specimens described in Section 8. The grips shall be
realistic tensile properties, including statistical variation. Such
self-aligning.
data will allow the design engineer to determine the most
7.2.5.3 Grips for Flat Specimens—The grips shall be
appropriate and meaningful margin of safety. The following
wedge-type grips or lateral pressure grips with serrated or
test method issues will cause significant data scatter:
knurled surfaces for contact with the specimen. The grips shall
6.1.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material
be self-aligning; that is, they shall be attached to their respec-
fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and
tive fixed and movable members in such a manner that when
damage induced by improper coupon machining are known
any load is applied, the grips will place the axis of a correctly
causes of high material data scatter in composites.
mounted specimen in coincidence with the applied load direc-
6.1.2 Gripping—Ahigh percentage of grip-induced failures,
tion such that no significant moment is placed on the specimen
especially when combined with high material data scatter, is an
test section, either in the thickness or width direction. The
indicator of specimen gripping problems.
lateral pressure that is imposed by the wedge-type grips or
6.1.3 System Alignment—Excessive bending will cause pre-
applied by the lateral pressure grips shall be sufficient to
mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus of
prevent slippage between the grip face and the specimen tab
elasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-
surface without causing excessive lateral compressive damage
nate excess bending from the test system. Bending may occur
to the specimen. If the serrations are too coarse, emery cloth or
as a result of misaligned grips or from specimens themselves if
similar materials may be used to distribute the gripping force
improperly installed in the grips or out of tolerance as a result
more uniformly over a larger area of the specimen tab. The
of poor specimen preparation. If there is any doubt as to the
serrations shall be maintained clean and care shall be taken to
alignment inherent in a given test machine, then the alignment
maintain specimen alignment during installation.
should be checked.
7.2.5.4 Grip Alignment—To ensure a uniform axial tensile
stress state within the specimen test section, the following grip
7. Apparatus
alignment criteria shall be maintained. Test systems shall be
7.1 Micrometers, suitable for reading to within 1 % of the
aligned according to Test Methods E1012. The alignment
sample width and thickness. For typical specimen geometries,
specimen shall be aligned such that the maximum percent
an instrument with an accuracy of 62.5 µm (60.0001 in.) is
bending throughout the test section, determined at an applied
adequate for thickness measurement, while an instrument with
average strain of 500 µ´, shall not exceed 10 %, and the
an accuracy of 625 µm (60.001 in.) is adequate for width
maximum measured strain from any of the strain gages on the
measurement.
alignment specimen, as a result of gripping stresses at zero
7.2 Testing Machine, comprised of the following: applied load, shall not exceed 50 µ´.
D3552 − 96 (2007)
7.2.6 Strain—Strain should be determined by means of 8.2 Flat Specimens—The standard dimensions of flat speci-
either strain gages or an extensometer. mens are shown in Fig. 1 and are discussed in subsequent
7.2.6.1 Strain Gages—The strain gage should be not less sections in terms of the volume fraction and placement
than 3 mm in length for the longitudinal direction and not less geometry of the reinforcement.
than 1.5 mm in length for the transverse direction. The gages,
8.2.1 Unidirectional and Crossply Laminate Composites:
surface preparation, and bonding agents should be chosen to
8.2.1.1 Longitudinal Specimens—The test specimens for
provide for adequate performance on the subject materials and
unidirectional and crossply laminate composites tested in the
suitable strain-recording equipment shall be used.
axial direction are shown in Fig. 1, DesignA, B, C, D, or E. If
7.2.6.2 Extensometers—Extensometers used for composite
necessary to transition the load into the specimen, or to prevent
specimen shall satisfy Practice E83, Class B-1 requirements
gripping damage to the filaments near the surface, tabs can be
can be used in place of strain gages for 25-mm (1-in.) gage
bonded onto the specimen gripping section. The tab length
length specimens or exclusively for high-temperature tests
shall be long enough to provide a shear area, 2W L at each
T T
beyond the range of strain gage applications. Extensometers
end of the specimen, which is large enough to transfer the
shall be calibrated periodically in accordance with Method
maximum load to the specimen. For all but the shortest
E83.
specimen length, the radius of the curvature of the shoulder
shouldbeatleast25mm(1in.),andifpractical,theedgeofthe
8. Test Specimens
shoulder should be a straight line joining the arc segment and
8.1 General:
the corner of the tab section. The recommended standard
8.1.1 Test Specimen Size—Within the limitations of material
designs for axial specimens of unidirectional and crossply
availability and economy, the specimens shall be sized large
laminate composites are Designs A and B. Designs C, D, and
enough to be statistically representative of the material to
E are considered standard designs when composite material
provide meaningful data and, where possible, large enough to
size limitations are encountered. As stated in Note 1, for
affix strain gages or extensometers. Gage lengths incorporating
size-limited panels or blanks used in materials development
deformation-measuring devices shall be at least 13 mm ( ⁄2 in.)
studies, a nonstandard subscaled specimen (Design F) may be
in length.
used. Further size limitations (for example, whisker-reinforced
composite blanks) will require small specimens, and a standard
NOTE 1—Nonstandard subscaled specimen geometries are supplied for
applications in which material size limitations preclude a 13-mm ( ⁄2-in.) designisnotofferedhere.Anydeviationofspecimengeometry
gage length. These geometries are useful in material development studies
from the listed standards or the use of Design F (or any other
but are not considered as a standard. Test data from these nonstandard
nonstandard small specimen design) shall be noted in the data
specimens shall be evaluated and reported separately in light of their size
summary.
limitation.
8.2.1.2 Transverse Specimens—Transverse strengths of uni-
8.1.2 Specimen Preparation—Mechanical property determi-
directional composites are low, and larger widths are required
nations of metal matrix composite specimens are particularly
to obtain representative and reproducible data. Specimens for
sensitive to the effects of improper specimen preparation
such data shall use either DesignAor F. However, DesignAis
methods. Great care should be exercised, especially in machin-
the preferred specimen geometry for transverse specimens.
ing or trimming. Diamond grinding, water jet cutting, or
Where the length of available composite material direction
electrical discharge machining (EDM) shall be used. Obtain
doesnotpermita76-mm(3-in.)specimen(DesignG),thegage
final dimensions by water-lubricated precisio
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