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ASTM D8181-18a

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Microemulsion Blendstock for Preparing Microemulsion Test Fuel Oils

Standard Specification for Microemulsion Blendstock for Preparing Microemulsion Test Fuel Oils

SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes an alcohol-carboxylic acid blendstock which is to be blended with fuel oils to produce a microemulsion of inverse micelles that is to be used as a test fuel oil.
Note 1: Microemulsion blendstocks shall not include substances such as raw vegetable oil triglycerides. Refer to Appendix X2.1.2, Composition, for details.  
1.1.1 The microemulsion blendstock shall be stored in special facilities and drums or tanks that are suited for low flashpoint liquids and oxygenated products.  
1.2 The microemulsion blendstock is to be blended with fuel oils to produce a microemulsion test fuel oil that is intended for testing and demonstration purposes in specialty applications such as compression-ignition engine and burner fuel applications.
Note 2: Typical fuel oils that could be used for blending with microemulsion blendstock are fuels that comply with Specifications D975 and D396 and may contain up to 5 % by volume biodiesel.
Note 3: Testing with test fuels containing 10 % microemulsion blendstock using B5 as a base fuel did not show any detrimental changes to specified fuel properties relative to B0 base fuels, but can impair measurement of microemulsion blendstock concentration.  
1.2.1 The microemulsion test fuel oil (to be made from this blendstock) is to be used for demonstration purposes only in specific equipment and vehicles that are suited for use with low flashpoint fuels and oxygenated fuels such as ethanol.
Note 4: The low flash point of this blendstock relative to conventional diesel fuel increases certain hazards during storage and distribution.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2018
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.E0 - Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D8181-18 - Standard Specification for Microemulsion Blendstock for Preparing Microemulsion Test Fuel Oils
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Replaced By
ASTM D8181-18b - Standard Specification for Microemulsion Blendstock for Preparing Microemulsion Test Fuel Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2018

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ASTM D8181-18a - Standard Specification for Microemulsion Blendstock for Preparing Microemulsion Test Fuel OilsASTM D8181-18a - Standard Specification for Microemulsion Blendstock for Preparing Microemulsion Test Fuel Oils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D8181 −18a
Standard Specification for
Microemulsion Blendstock for Preparing Microemulsion
1
Test Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8181; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This specification describes an alcohol-carboxylic acid
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
blendstock which is to be blended with fuel oils to produce a
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
microemulsion of inverse micelles that is to be used as a test
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
fuel oil.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
NOTE 1—Microemulsion blendstocks shall not include substances such
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
as raw vegetable oil triglycerides. Refer to Appendix X2.1.2,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Composition, for details.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1.1 The microemulsion blendstock shall be stored in
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
special facilities and drums or tanks that are suited for low
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
flashpoint liquids and oxygenated products.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 The microemulsion blendstock is to be blended with
2
fuel oils to produce a microemulsion test fuel oil that is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
intended for testing and demonstration purposes in specialty
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
applications such as compression-ignition engine and burner
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
fuel applications.
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
NOTE 2—Typical fuel oils that could be used for blending with
microemulsion blendstock are fuels that comply with Specifications D975 D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and D396 and may contain up to5%by volume biodiesel.
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
NOTE 3—Testing with test fuels containing 10 % microemulsion
ity)
blendstock using B5 as a base fuel did not show any detrimental changes
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
to specified fuel properties relative to B0 base fuels, but can impair
by Potentiometric Titration
measurement of microemulsion blendstock concentration.
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of
1.2.1 The microemulsion test fuel oil (to be made from this
Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
blendstock) is to be used for demonstration purposes only in
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
specificequipmentandvehiclesthataresuitedforusewithlow
Indicator Titration
flashpoint fuels and oxygenated fuels such as ethanol.
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
NOTE 4—The low flash point of this blendstock relative to conventional
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
diesel fuel increases certain hazards during storage and distribution.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance
Petroleum Products
of federal, state, or local regulations, which may be more
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
restrictive.
Fuels, and Lubricants
D4625 Test Method for Middle Distillate Fuel Storage
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Stability at 43 °C (110 °F)
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
D4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition
1
Engine Fuel
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine
2
Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2018. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D8181 – 18. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D8181-18A. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8181 − 18 D8181 − 18a
Standard Specification for
Microemulsion Blendstock for Preparing Microemulsion
1
Test Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8181; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This specification describes an alcohol-carboxylic acid blendstock which is to be blended with fuel oils to produce a
microemulsion of inverse micelles that is to be used as a test fuel oil.
NOTE 1—Microemulsion blendstocks shall not include substances such as raw vegetable oil triglycerides. Refer to Appendix X2.1.2, Composition, for
details.
1.1.1 The microemulsion blendstock shall be stored in special facilities and drums or tanks that are suited for low flashpoint
liquids and oxygenated products.
1.2 The microemulsion blendstock is to be blended with fuel oils to produce a microemulsion test fuel oil that is intended for
testing and demonstration purposes in specialty applications such as compression-ignition engine and burner fuel applications.
NOTE 2—Typical fuel oils that could be used for blending with microemulsion blendstock are fuels that comply with Specifications D975 and D396
and may contain up to 5 % by volume biodiesel.
NOTE 3—Testing with test fuels containing 10 % microemulsion blendstock using B5 as a base fuel did not show any detrimental changes to specified
fuel properties relative to B0 base fuels, but can impair measurement of microemulsion blendstock concentration.
1.2.1 The microemulsion test fuel oil (to be made from this blendstock) is to be used for demonstration purposes only in specific
equipment and vehicles that are suited for use with low flashpoint fuels and oxygenated fuels such as ethanol.
NOTE 4—The low flash point of this blendstock relative to conventional diesel fuel increases certain hazards during storage and distribution.
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.
Current edition approved July 1, 2018Oct. 1, 2018. Published July 2018October 2018. Originally approved in 2018. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D8181 – 18.
DOI: 10.1520/D8181-18.10.1520/D8181-18A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8181 − 18a
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indic
...

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5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
1.2 The test method can also be applicable to blends of diesel and biodiesel (B1 through B100), however precision for these samples types has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).  
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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