ASTM D1109-84(2001)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for 1% Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood
Standard Test Method for 1% Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solubility of wood in a hot dilute alkali solution. A 1 % solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used. One application is in determining the degree of fungus decay that has taken place in a given wood sample. As the wood decays, the percentage of alkali-soluble material increases in proportion to the decrease in pulp yield caused by the decay.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry
Designation:D1109–84 (Reapproved 2001) Standard Method T 212 os-76
Standard Test Method for
1
1% Sodium Hydroxide Solubility of Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.3 Filtering Crucibles—Alundum or fritted-glass crucibles
of medium porosity are recommended for filtering the treated
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solu-
sawdust.
bility of wood in a hot dilute alkali solution.A 1 % solution of
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used. One application is in
4. Reagents
determining the degree of fungus decay that has taken place in
4.1 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (1.0 %)—Allow a chemi-
a given wood sample. As the wood decays, the percentage of
cally pure NaOH solution (50 %) to stand about 1 week in a
alkali-soluble material increases in proportion to the decrease
stoppered vessel to permit settling of Na CO and other
2 3
in pulp yield caused by the decay.
insoluble impurities. Dilute the supernatant clear solution with
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
distilled water free of CO and adjust to between 0.9 and 1.1 %
2
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NaOH.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 Acetic Acid (10 %).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Test Specimen
2. Significance and Use 5.1 The test specimen shall consist of air-dried sawdust that
has been ground to pass a 425-µm sieve and be retained on a
2.1 Hot alkali extracts low molecular weight carbohydrates
250-µm sieve. The weight of the test specimen shall be such
consisting mainly of hemicellulose and degraded cellulose in
that it will be equivalent to 2 6 0.1 g of moisture-free wood.
wood. This solubility of wood is an indication of the degree of
fungal decay, or degradation by heat, light, oxidation, and so
6. Procedure
forth. The more decay or degradation, the higher the solubility.
6.1 Place two test specimens in 200-mL, tall-form beakers
and add to each 100 mL of NaOH solution (1 %) measured
3. Apparatus
carefully with a graduate.After stirring well, place the covered
3.1 Water Bath—The water bath shall be designed so that
beakers in the water bath, which shall be boiling steadily.
the temperature of the material during treatment is uniformly
Leave the beakers in the bath for exactly 1 h, stirring the
maintained at 97 to 100°C. When a new bath is used the
contents three times, at periods of 10, 15, and 25 min after the
temperature shall be checked to ensure the use of proper
beakers are placed in the bath.
conditions. The type of bath recommended is one that is
6.2 At the end of 1 h, filter the contents of each beaker by
covered and that has holes in the top of such size that beakers
suction on a tared crucible. Wash the sawdust with 100 mL of
may be set down in the bath until they are supported by the
hot
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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6.1.4 Data on strength properties of different species or grades in various structural sizes;
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Sections
Flexure
4 – 11
Compression (Short Specimen)
13 – 20
Compression (Long Specimen)
21 – 28
Tension
29 – 36
Torsion
37 – 44
Shear Modulus
45 – 52
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the density and specific gravity (relative density) of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The test method title is indicative of the procedures used or the specific area of use.
Section
Test Method A—Volume by Measurement
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Test Method B—Volume by Water Immersion
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Test Method C—Flotation Tube
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Test Method D—Forstner Bit
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Test Method E—Increment Core
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Test Method F—Chips
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1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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4.2 The technological capabilities and wide availability of microcomputers has encouraged their increased use for simulation studies. Tests of random number generators in commonly available microcomputers have disclosed serious deficiencies (1).3 Adequacy may be a function of intended end-use. This practice is concerned with generation of sets of random numbers, as may be required for simulations of large populations of material properties for simulation of complex structures. For more demanding applications, the use of packaged and pretested random number generators is encouraged.
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1.1 This practice gives a minimum testing procedure of computer generation routines for the standard uniform distribution. Random observations from the standard uniform distribution, RU, range from zero to one with every value between zero and one having an equal chance of occurrence.
1.2 The tests described in this practice only support the basic use of random number generators, not their use in complex or extremely precise simulations.
1.3 Simulation details for the normal, lognormal, 2-parameter Weibull and 3-parameter Weibull probability distributions are presented.
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, routing/shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which are common wood-working operations used in the manufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to two general classes of materials:
1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and
1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle panels.
1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel. Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements are anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Need for Lumber Grading:
3.1.1 Individual pieces of lumber, as they come from the saw, represent a wide range in quality and appearance with respect to freedom from knots, cross grain, shakes, and other characteristics. Such random pieces likewise represent a wide range in strength, utility, serviceability, and value. One of the obvious requirements for the orderly marketing of lumber is the establishment of grades that permit the procurement of any required quality of lumber in any desired quantity. Maximum economy of material is obtained when the range of quality-determining characteristics in a grade is limited and all pieces are utilized to their full potential. Many of the grades are established on the basis of appearance and physical characteristics of the piece, but without regard for mechanical properties. Other grades, called structural or stress grades, are established on the basis of features that relate to mechanical properties. The latter designate near-minimum strength and near-average stiffness properties on which to base structural design.
3.1.2 The development of this practice is based on extensive research covering tests of small clear specimens and of full-sized structural members. Detailed studies have included the strength and variability of clear wood, and the effect on strength from various factors such as density, knots (See Terminology D9), and other defects, seasoning, duration of stress, and temperature.
3.2 How Visual Grading is Accomplished—Visual grading is accomplished from an examination of all four faces and the ends of the piece, in which the location as well as the size and nature of the knots and other features appearing on the surfaces are evaluated over the entire length. Basic principles of structural grading have been established that permit the evaluation of any piece of stress-graded lumber in terms of a strength ratio for each property being evaluated. The strength ratio of stress-graded lumber is the hypothet...
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1.1 This practice (1, 2)2 covers the basic principles for establishing related unit stresses and stiffness values for design with visually-graded solid sawn structural lumber. This practice starts with property values from clear wood specimens and includes necessary procedures for the formulation of structural grades of any desired strength ratio.
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are not intended to establish grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied. Detailed grading rules for commercial stress grades which serve as purchase specifications are established and published by agencies which formulate and maintain such rules and operate inspection facilities covering the various species.
1.3 The material covered in this practice appears in the following order:
Section
Scope
1
Significance and Use
3
Basic Principles of Strength Ratios
4
Estimation and Limitation of Growth Characteristics
5
Allowable Properties for Timber Design
6
Modification of Allowable Properties for Design Use
7
Example of Stress-Grade Development
8
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trad...
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ABSTRACT
This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation and evaluation of allowable properties of specified populations of stress-graded structural lumber. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. The population shall be clearly defined where it may be necessary to specify the following: (1) grade name and description, (2) geographical area over which sampling will take place, (3) species or species group, (4) time span for sampling (5) lumber size, and (6) moisture content. Two statistical techniques are described under this practice, namely: parametric and nonparametric analysis. The sampling methods include: (1) random sampling, (2) sampling with unequal probabilities, and (3) sequential sampling. Selection and method of determining sample size are detailed. The results of the tests performed shall be presented as (1) a set of summarizing statistics, and (2) an appendix of unadjusted individual test specimen results. The procedures and requirements for analysis of results are detailed and includes the following: (1) adjustment factors used to reduce the test statistics to the level of allowable properties, (2) formula for calculating apparent modulus of elasticity, sample mean, sample standard deviation, and confidence interval for the mean (3) sample nonparametric percent point estimate, (4) nonparametric lower tolerance limit, (5) parametric point estimate, (6) lower parametric tolerance limit, and (7) histogram and empirical cumulative distribution function. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed.
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1.1 This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation of specified populations of wood and wood-based structural products referred to in this standard as products. Appropriate product standards should be referenced for presentation requirements for data. Depending on the interest of the user, the population from which samples are taken may range from the products produced at a specific manufacturing site to all the products produced in a particular grade from a particular geographic area, during some specified interval of time. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. Where this assumption is inadequate, that is, the population is assumed finite, many of the provisions of this practice may be employed but the sampling and analysis procedure must be designed to reflect a finite population. The statistical techniques embodied in this practice provide procedures to summarize data so that logical judgments can be made. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed. The action to be taken depends on the particular requirements of the user of the product.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address the adjustment factors needed to adjust test data to standardized mechanical and environmental conditions (that is, temperature, moisture, test span, or load duration). Additionally, it provides a basis for statistical estimates that will typically require further adjustment to determine design values for use with an accepted design methodology (that is, allowable stress, limit states, or load and resistance factor design). It shall be the responsibility of the user to seek out the appropriate adjustments in specific product standards.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac...
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