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ASTM D4323-84(2009)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance

Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Hydrogen sulfide is an odorous substance which is offensive even at low concentrations in the atmosphere and toxic at higher levels. It may be a product of biological processes in the absence of oxygen, as may occur in municipal garbage landfills. It is emitted from geothermal sources, occurs in oil and gas, and may be emitted from industrial processes. Measurement is required for air pollution studies, for pollution control, and for plume characterization. Equipment described is suitable for fixed site or for mobile monitoring.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the automatic continuous determination of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the atmosphere or in gaseous samples in the range from one part per billion by volume (1 ppb/v) to 3000 ppb/v. Information obtained may be used for air-pollution studies and to monitor for emission sources.
1.2 The range may be extended by appropriate dilution techniques or by equipment modification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 for specific safety precautionary statements.)

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2009
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4323-84(2003) - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4323-21 - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4844-16 - Standard Guide for Air Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities for Worker Protection
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM D1711-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM D6021-22 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Total Hydrogen Sulfide in Residual Fuels by Multiple Headspace Extraction and Sulfur Specific Detection
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009

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ASTM D4323-84(2009) - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of ReflectanceASTM D4323-84(2009) - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance
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ASTM D4323-84(2009) - Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4323 −84(Reapproved2009)
Standard Test Method for
Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of
Reflectance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4323; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope humidifier; then across lead acetate-treated paper tape. A
constant humidity is required for a constant reaction rate of
1.1 This test method covers the automatic continuous deter-
H S with lead acetate. The resultant change in reflectance is
mination of hydrogen sulfide (H S) in the atmosphere or in
detected by a photocell. The rate of change of reflectance is
gaseous samples in the range from one part per billion by
proportional to H S concentration.
volume (1 ppb/v) to 3000 ppb/v. Information obtained may be
used for air-pollution studies and to monitor for emission
4. Significance and Use
sources.
4.1 Hydrogen sulfide is an odorous substance which is
1.2 The range may be extended by appropriate dilution
offensive even at low concentrations in the atmosphere and
techniques or by equipment modification.
toxic at higher levels. It may be a product of biological
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
processes in the absence of oxygen, as may occur in municipal
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
garbage landfills. It is emitted from geothermal sources, occurs
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in oil and gas, and may be emitted from industrial processes.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Measurement is required for air pollution studies, for pollution
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 6.2, 6.3, and
control, and for plume characterization. Equipment described
6.4 for specific safety precautionary statements.)
is suitable for fixed site or for mobile monitoring.
4,5
2. Referenced Documents
5. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 Rate-of-Reaction H S Analyzer—Sample is passed
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
across a lead acetate-treated surface causing a reflectance
D2420 Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in Liquefied change. Hydrogen sulfide is determined by measuring the rate
Petroleum (LP) Gases (Lead Acetate Method)
of change of reflectance resulting from darkening when lead
D2725 Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Gas sulfide is formed. Equipment consists of a small flowmeter,
(Methylene Blue Method) (Withdrawn 1996)
humidifier, sensing surface exposure chamber, optical system,
and electronic system. (See Fig. 2.) A complete analysis in
3. Summary of Test Method
about 1 min results from use of the rate of change of color
rather than magnitude of cumulative color development. The
3.1 Hydrogen sulfide is determined by use of the reaction of
electronic system provides an output that is proportional to the
H Swithleadacetate-impregnatedpapertape.Detectionofthe
derivative of the photocell signal, caused by reflectance
rate of change of reflectance provides measurement in ppb/v
change, and this rate measurement is a measure of H S
ranges with an approximate 3-min analysis cycle time. (See
concentration.Anew section of sensing material is drawn into
Fig. 1.) Sample gas is passed through a flowmeter and a
the sensing chamber at approximately 3-min intervals to
provide a new independent measurement.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
5.2 Recorder—A method of recording the electronic signal
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient
is required. This may take any form that is suitable for the
Atmospheres and Source Emissions.
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4323 - 84 (2003).
DOI: 10.1520/D4323-84R09. The sole source of supply of the apparatus described in 5.1, 5.3, and 6.3 known
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or tothecommitteeatthistimeisHoustonAtlas,Inc.,22001N.ParkDr.,Houston,TX
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 77339-3809. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this information
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
the ASTM website. meeting of the responsible technical committee , which you may attend.
3 5
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Kimbell, C. L. and Drudhel, H. V., “Trace Sulphur Determination in Petroleum
www.astm.org. Fractions,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 50, 1978, p 26.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4323−84(2009)
FIG. 1 Rate of Change of Reflectance Type H S Readout System
record required. A typical system recorder will accept a range Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such
from 0 to 10 V from an output impedance of 1000 Ω specifications are available.
(maximum). An attenuator or amplifier (usually incorporated
6.2 Acetic Acid Solution (50 mL/L)—Dilute 50 mL of
into the recorder) may be used for other sensor signal levels.A
glacial acetic acid (CH COOH), reagent grade, to make 1 Lof
chart speed of 1 cm/min is suitable for short term analyses. A
solution using Type III water prepared as described in Speci-
chartspeedof1to5cm/hispreferableforlong-termsampling.
fication D1193.(Warning—Concentrated acetic acid fumes
Electronic processing, such as integrators, may be added when
are an irritant and can cause damage to skin and mucus
concentration averages over an interval of time are desirable.
membrane. Handle carefully to avoid injury.)
5.3 Reference Gas Preparation:
6.3 Sensing Tape—Prepare sensing tape as described inTest
5.3.1 Mixing—Acalibrated 10-Lcylinder having a movable 4
Method D2420 or use commercial sensing tape that has been
piston for use in making volumetric mixtures of gases in the
prepared in a similar manner. Keep sensing tape in a sealed
ppb/v range may be used. Materials of construction must be
container to prevent exposure to ambient H S. (Warning—
inerttoH Sandnotleadtoadeteriorationofpreparedsamples.
Lead acetate is a cumulate poison; wash hands after handling
Acylinder of acrylic lubricated with silicone grease and using
and do not breathe any dust containing lead acetate. )
a silicone O-ring has been found to be suitable. Concentration
6.4 Hydrogen Sulfide (99.5 %)—Commercially available
remains stable to within 1 % over a 1-h period.
H S has been found not to be sufficiently pure. Purity certifi-
5.3.2 Hypodermic Syringe—Gas-tight syringes of 10 and
cation is recommended or a commercially available H S
50-µl capacity. A side port is convenient for purging. Avoid
generator may be used. (Warning— Hydrogen sulfide is toxic
LuertipsyringesmadeofplatedbrassasH Sreactswithbrass.
at levels above 10 000 ppb/v. Use only under an appropriate
Other convenient small volume measurement devices such as a
fume hood. Use protective glasses if liquid H S in cylinders is
microlitre valve may be used.
handled. Sense of smell may be lost on exposure to H S and is
5.3.3 Pump—A sample pump capable of providing 500
unreliable as a warning of danger. (See Appendix X1.1 and
mL/min flow at approximately 35 kPa [5 psi]. The pump
X1.2 on Interferences.))
wettedpartsmustbeinerttoH Sandnotleadtoadeterioration
of the sample.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , American
6. Reagent and Materials
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
used in all tests. Unless otherwise noted, all reagents shall
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
...

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ASTM
ASTM D8406-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Performance Evaluation of Ambient Outdoor Air Quality Sensors and Sensor-based Instruments for Portable and Fixed-point Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient air quality measurements. Public and private air monitoring interests have manifested themselves as a driving force for the deployment of air quality sensors and instruments to quantify air pollutant concentrations in communities, around schools, around industrial facilities, and elsewhere. Users of air quality sensors require information on the performance and limitations of these devices so that informed decisions regarding their suitability for various purposes can be determined. This practice describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate instrument repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift and comparability with more costly instruments typically used by entities such as government agencies. The air quality sensors are first evaluated in a laboratory chamber by comparing their response to a reference instrument and challenging the gas sensors with interferents. The sensors are then deployed outdoors for field testing at two sites with different climates against reference air quality instruments. This practice is intended to be referenced in standards and codes that establish minimum performance quality for sensor-based ambient outdoor air monitoring.  
5.2 This practice is intended for air quality sensors that measure one or more of the criteria pollutants in ambient air (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM10 and PM2.5) that can be operated in outdoor environments and can log a concentration reading. It is not intended for devices or transducers that require additional enclosures for deployment outdoors or post-processing to convert their output signal into a pollutant concentration reading.  
5.3 It is anticipated that the main users of this practice will be manufacturers, developers, and distributors of outdoor air quality sensors, air quality agenc...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient outdoor air quality measurements. It describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate sensor repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift, and comparability against reference instruments.  
1.2 This practice does not apply to sensors or instruments that remotely measure atmospheric pollutants using open path, lidar, or imaging technology.  
1.3 The evaluation procedures contained in this practice are for sensors that alone or in combination measure outdoor criteria pollutants in ambient air: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at concentrations that are relevant to public health.  
1.4 Testing is to be performed by a competent entity able to demonstrate that it operates in conformity with internationally accepted test laboratory quality standards such as ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1914-95(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.  
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.  
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.  (A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2914-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare.  
5.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8).  
5.3 These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2.  
5.4 Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 μg/m3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 μg SO2/mL to 1.3 μg SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 μg SO2/mL to 1.4 μg SO2/mL.  
1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 μg SO2/mL (1),2 representing an air concentration of 25 μg SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 μg SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.  
1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.  
1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.  
1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm.
Note 1: These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 μg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4.
Note 2: Concentrations higher than 1000 μg/m3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.1.3.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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