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ASTM F1791-00(2019)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Filters Used in Air or Nitrogen Systems

Standard Specification for Filters Used in Air or Nitrogen Systems

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the design, construction, test, and performance requirements for air or nitrogen system filters, referred to hereinafter as filters. These filters are intended to be installed in-line to protect equipment from particular contamination. Filter element type: type 1 - disposable, and type 2 - cleanable. Filter element bypass composition - composition A - with bypass, and composition B - without bypass. Filter element differential indicator style: style I - with differential pressure indicator, and style II - without differential pressure indicator. Visual examination, hydrostatic shell test, external leakage test, and bubble point test shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the design, construction, test, and performance requirements for air or nitrogen system filters, referred to hereinafter as filters. These filters are intended to be installed in-line to protect equipment from particular contamination.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2019
ICS
13.040.40 - Stationary source emissions
Technical Committee
F25 - Ships and Marine Technology
Drafting Committee
F25.11 - Machinery and Piping Systems
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F1791-00(2013) - Standard Specification for Filters Used in Air or Nitrogen Systems
Effective Date
01-May-2019
Refers
ASTM F992-86(2011) - Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates
Effective Date
01-Apr-2011
Refers
ASTM F992-86(2006) - Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006
Refers
ASTM F992-86(2001) - Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates
Effective Date
27-Mar-1986

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ASTM F1791-00(2019) - Standard Specification for Filters Used in Air or Nitrogen SystemsASTM F1791-00(2019) - Standard Specification for Filters Used in Air or Nitrogen Systems
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ASTM F1791-00(2019) - Standard Specification for Filters Used in Air or Nitrogen Systems
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F1791 −00 (Reapproved 2019) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Filters Used in Air or Nitrogen Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1791; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.4 Military Standards and Specifications:
MIL-STD-167-1 Mechanical Vibrations of Shipboard
1.1 This specification covers the design, construction, test,
Equipment (Type I—Environmental and Type II—
andperformancerequirementsforairornitrogensystemfilters,
Internally Excited)
referred to hereinafter as filters.These filters are intended to be
MIL-STD-740-1 Airborne Sound Measurements andAccep-
installed in-line to protect equipment from particular contami-
tance Criteria of Shipboard Equipment
nation.
MS16142 Boss, Gasket Seal Straight Thread Tube Fitting,
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Standard Dimensions for
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
MIL-S-901 Shock Tests, H.I. (High-Impact); Shipboard
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
Machinery, Equipment and Systems, Requirements for
tion only and are not considered standard.
MIL-F-1183 Fittings, Pipe, Cast Bronze, Silver-Brazing,
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor- General Specifications for
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
2.5 Naval SEA Systems Command (NAVSEA)—Government
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Drawings:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NAVSEA 803-1385884 Unions, Fittings and Adapters Butt
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
and Socket Welding 6000 PSI, WOG, NPS
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
NAVSEA 803-1385943 Unions, Silver Brazing 3000 PSI,
WOG, NPS, for UT Inspection
2. Referenced Documents
NAVSEA 803-1385946 Unions, Bronze Silver Brazing,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
WOG for UT Inspection
F992 Specification for Valve Label Plates
3. Terminology
2.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME):
B1.1 United Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)
3.1 Definitions:
B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose, Inch
3.1.1 absolute contaminant removal rating, n—the smallest
B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
size of contaminant as defined in ARP 901 that the filter will
B16.25 Buttwelding Ends
retain with 100 % efficiency by weight.
B16.34 Valves Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
3.1.2 bubble point, n—the pressure differential across a
2.3 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE):
submerged filter element required to produce a visible and
ARP 901 Aerospace Recommended Practice—Bubble-Point
steady stream of air bubbles. Correlation between bubble point
Test Method
and contaminant removal capability provides an economical
means to test for contaminant removal capability on a produc-
tion basis. The bubble point indicates the maximum pore size
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships
of the filter media under static conditions.
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.11 on
Machinery and Piping Systems.
3.1.3 bubble-tight, n—no visible leakage over a 3-min
Current edition approved May 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
period using either water submersion or the application of
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as F1791 – 00 (2013).
bubble fluid for detection.
DOI: 10.1520/F1791-00R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.4 clean filter element pressure drop, n—the pressure
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
drop across the filter element when it is new or uncontami-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
nated.
the ASTM website.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org.
4 5
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale, Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
PA 15096, http://www.sae.org. Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1791−00 (2019)
3.1.5 cleanable filter element, n—a filter element that, after “built-in” contamination, such as, welding scale, metal
being contaminated to its dirt-holding capacity (contaminated particles, or air-borne dust combined with the media during its
filter element pressure drop), can be restored by cleaning to manufacture, to leave the filter and shed or migrate into the
operational condition and with a pressure drop not exceeding flow stream.
the required clean filter element pressure drop.
3.1.22 nominal contaminant removal rating, n—thesmallest
3.1.6 contaminant removal rating, n—this is a measure of size of contaminant as defined in ARP 901 that the filter will
retain with 98 % efficiency by weight.
the size of contaminants that the filter can remove from the
flow stream.
3.1.23 operating pressure, n—the pressure within the filter
during service.
3.1.7 contaminated filter element pressure drop, n—the
pressure drop across the filter element when it is contaminated
3.1.24 pressure ratings, n—the pressure rating of the filter
to the point where cleaning or replacement is required.
shall be defined in the documents listed in Table 1. The
pressure rating for a filter is the maximum allowable working
3.1.8 differential pressure indicator actuation pressure,
(service) pressure at 100°F (38°C).
n—the pressure drop across the filter element at which the
differential pressure indicator actuates.
4. Classification
3.1.9 disposable filter element, n—a filter element that, after
4.1 Filters shall be of the following types, compositions,
being contaminated to its dirt-holding capacity (contaminated
styles, pressure ratings, sizes, end connections, and contami-
filter element pressure drop), cannot be restored to operational
nation removal ratings, as specified in Section 5.
conditions and thereafter should be replaced.
4.1.1 Filter Element Type:
3.1.10 external leakage, n—leakage that escapes to atmo-
4.1.1.1 Type 1—Disposable.
sphere.
4.1.1.2 Type 2—Cleanable.
3.1.11 filter element bypass full-flow differential pressure,
4.1.2 Filter Element Bypass Composition:
n—the pressure drop across the filter element at which the filter
4.1.2.1 Composition A: with bypass.
bypass is passing the full-flow rating of the filter.
4.1.2.2 Composition B: without bypass.
4.1.3 Filter Element Differential Indicator Style:
3.1.12 filter element bypass reseat differential pressure,
4.1.3.1 Style I: with differential pressure indicator.
n—the pressure drop across the filter element at which the filter
4.1.3.2 Style II: without differential pressure indicator.
bypass reseats after passing the full-flow rating of the filter.
4.2 Pressure Ratings—Filters shall have pressure ratings
3.1.13 filter element bypass set differential pressure, n—the
selected from those listed in Table 1 and specified in Section 5.
pressuredropacrossthefilterelementatwhichthefilterbypass
The pressure rating selected shall be the same for both the filter
opens.
inlet and outlet.
3.1.14 filter element collapse strength—the maximum pres-
1 1
4.3 Size—Filter sizes shall be ⁄4 NPS (13.5 mm), ⁄2 NPS
sure drop or differential across the filter element that the
3 1
(21.3 mm), ⁄4 NPS (26.9 mm), 1 NPS (33.7 mm), 1 ⁄4 NPS
element must withstand without collapse, damage, or impair-
ment of performance capabilities.
3.1.15 filter element contaminant-holding capacity, n—also TABLE 1 Filter Inlet and Outlet End Connections
commonly termed “dirt capacity.” The amount of a
Applicable Documents
Type of End for Dimensional
contaminant, expressed in weight, that the element can hold
Pressure Rating
Connection Details of
when its resistance to flow causes a pressure drop equal to the
End Connections
contaminated filter element pressure drop.
Butt-welded ASME B16.34 Class 150, ASME B16.25
300, 400, 600, 900,
3.1.16 filter element pressure drop, n—the pressure drop
1500, 2500, or 4500
across the filter element.
Socket-welded ASME B16.34 Class 150, ASME B16.11
300, 400, 600, 900,
3.1.17 filter housing pressure drop, n—the pressure drop
1500, 2500, or 4500
accounted for by the filter housing.
Threaded (tapered ASME B16.34 Class 150, ASME B1.20.1 and
pipe thread) 300, 400, 600, 900, ASME B16.11
3.1.18 filter pressure drop, n—the pressure drop across the
1500, or 2500
A
entire filter (element and housing) at any given flow rate of the
Union-end, MIL-F-1183 (O-ring type) MIL-F-1183 (O-ring
2 2
silver-brazed
400 lb/in. (2.758 type) 400 lb/in.
service fluid (air or nitrogen).
MPa) (2.758 MPa)
A
3.1.19 flow capacity, n—the maximum flow rate that the
Union-end, 803-1385946 1500 803-1385946 1500
2 2
silver-brazed
lb/in. (10.342 MPa) lb/in. (10.342 MPa)
filter is required to pass.
A
Union-end, 803-1385943 3000 803-1385943 3000
2 2
silver-brazed
3.1.20 hydrostatic shell test pressure, n—the hydrostatic test lb/in. (20.684 MPa) lb/in. (20.684 MPa)
A
Union-end, 803-1385884 6000 803-1385884 6000
pressure that the filter is required to withstand without damage.
2 2
butt/socket weld
lb/in. (41.369 MPa) lb/in. (41.369 MPa)
The filter must be capable of meeting all performance require-
Other, as specified as specified as specified
ments after the shell test pressure has been removed.
A
For union inlet and outlet connections, only the pertinent dimensions listed in the
applicable documents (military specification or NAVESArequirements) shall apply.
3.1.21 media migration, n—any material released into the
The filter shall be supplied with the thread pieces only, without the tail pieces and
flow stream by the filter media and its materials of construc-
union nuts.
tion. This term refers to the tendency of the filter media or
F1791−00 (2019)
(42.4 mm), 1 ⁄2 NPS (48.3 mm), and 2 NPS (60.3 mm) or as 6.1.2 Design Construction Requirements:
specified in Section 5 (see Table 2). 6.1.2.1 General Construction—The filter shall have a bolted
flanged body and filter bowl to expedite removal of the filter
4.4 End Connections—Filters shall have inlet and outlet end
element for cleaning or replacement.
connections selected from those listed in Table 1 and specified
6.1.2.2 Collapse Strength—The filter element shall be ca-
in Section 5. Inlet and outlet connections shall be identical.
pable of withstanding a differential pressure equal to the
4.5 Contamination Removal Ratings—Filters shall have
maximum inlet pressure rating without structural degradation.
contamination removal ratings selected from the following
6.1.2.3 Automatic Bypass—When specified (see 5.1.4), the
three categories: 20 µm nominal/50 µm absolute, 5 µm
filter assembly shall incorporate an automatic bypass feature to
nominal/18 µm absolute, and 0.4 µm nominal/5 µm absolute.
bypass system fluid automatically around the filter element in
The contamination rating selected shall be specified in Section
the event of excessive flow restriction through the filter
5.
element. The automatic bypass shall be set in accordance with
Table 3 and shall have a capacity equal to or greater than that
5. Ordering Information
of a clean filter assembly.
5.1 Ordering documentation for filters under the specifica-
6.1.2.4 Filter Element Installation—Positive means shall
tion shall include the following information, as required, to
prevent any play or looseness of the filter element in service
describe the equipment adequately.
and prevent cocking or misalignment during installation.
5.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue,
6.1.2.5 Filter Element Flow Direction—The filter element
5.1.2 Title, number, and date of this specification,
flow direction shall be from the outside to the inside surface of
5.1.3 Filter element type (see 4.1.1),
the element.
5.1.4 Filter element bypass composition (see 4.1.2),
6.1.2.6 Cleanability—Cleanable filter elements shall be
5.1.5 Filter element differential pressure indicator style (see
cleanable and reusable by means of scrubbing and washing the
4.1.3),
outside surface with detergent and tap water and blowing
5.1.6 Filter pressure rating (see 4.2),
through with compressed air not exceeding 30-psig (207-kPa
5.1.7 Size (see 4.3),
gage pressure). Once cleaned, the element shall be capable of
5.1.8 End connections (see 4.4),
meeting the requirements for a new element. Cleanable filter
5.1.9 Contaminant removal rating, absolute/nominal (see
elements shall not be adversely affected by immersion in water
4.5),
and shall be capable of meeting the above criteria for not less
5.1.10 Maximum filter operating pressure,
than five cleaning and reuse cycles.
5.1.11 Flow capacity required (see 7.1, S1.3),
6.1.2.7 Differential Pressure Indicator—When specified
5.1.12 Supplementary requirements, if any (S1.0 through
(see 5.1.5), the filter body shall incorporate a nonelectrical,
S4.0), and
“pop up” differential pressure indicator which senses the
5.1.13 Maximum vibration frequency and amplitude, if
pressure drop across the element and actuates in accordance
other than specified (see S1.8).
withTable3.Onceactuated,aredindicatorbuttonshallremain
up until manually reset.
6. Filter Design and Construction
6.1.2.8 O-Ring Locations—O-rings in face-seal applications
6.1 Filters shall incorporate the design features specified in
shall have the grooves located in the lower members to
6.1.1 – 6.1.6.
simplify assembly.
6.1.1 Materials of Construction—Materials shall be 300
6.1.2.9 Pressure Envelope—The hydrostatic shell test pres-
series corrosion-resistant steel (SS304, 304L, 316, or 316L), or
sures shall be 1.5 times the filter rated pressure at 100°F
other materials selected to provide compatibility with the line
(38°C).
medium, weldability, and corrosion resistance without requir-
ing painting, coating, or plating. The filter body and the filter TABLE 3 Filter Pressure Drop Requirements
bowl shall be weld repairable. Materials for contacting parts
NOTE 1—Percentages shown above shall read as percent of the
shallbeselectedtominimizeelectrolyticcorrosionandgalling.
operating pressure of the filter (see 3.1.23 and 5.1.10).
Filter Pressure Drop
Maximum
Maximum
∆ P Indica- Allowable Filter Element Bypass (see S1.0)
Allowable
tor Contami
Clean
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice was developed4 for the purpose of sampling gaseous effluent streams from a facility that releases 14C in either organic or inorganic forms.  
5.1.1 For many years 14C was not included in gaseous and liquid effluent measurements used for effluent dose calculations at nuclear power facilities. U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide 1.21 now requires 14C analysis (either estimated by calculation or actual measurement) and its impact on annual dose in the environs of nuclear plants be evaluated. Based on the revisions to the Regulatory Guide and NRC guidance to licensees, 14C activity will need to be reported and evaluated for dose contribution based on the activity concentration and chemical form of the 14C in the release.  
5.2 While 14C releases may be estimated, the measurement of actual 14C emissions provides a more reliable and accurate means of reporting emissions. The chemical form of 14C that yields the greatest dose significance due to uptake by living organisms is the inorganic form. Thus the distribution of 14C chemical forms in plant effluents is important in assessing the overall dose impact.  
5.3 Use of this sampling practice has identified that for pressurized water reactors (PWRs) >90 % of all 14C released may be in the organic form during operation, and for boiling water reactors (BWRs) 14C released may be in the organic form during operation.  
5.3.1 Some power plants have catalytic hydrogen recombiners in the waste gas processing system. These can also oxidize organic carbon to CO2, increasing the percentage of 14CO2 in the effluent release.  
5.3.2 During refueling outages, oxidizing conditions exist in the reactor cavity due to air saturation and radiolytic reactions by the nuclear fuel. The combination of these two effects has been shown to increase the 14CO2 content of the sampled atmosphere inside the containment building.  
5.4 The sampling methodology described in this practice is not capable of discriminating between different org...
SCOPE
1.1 The intended use of this practice is for sampling of gasses containing 14C in inorganic, organic or particulate forms. This sampling practice captures the 14C in a media that can be submitted to a laboratory for analysis, typically by liquid scintillation counting (LSC)  
1.2 This practice does not include the needed steps for the liberation of 14C from the media on which it was adsorbed or those for the preparation for LSC sample preparation in the laboratory prior to liquid scintillation analysis. This practice does not include the methodology used to analyze the prepared samples by LSC.  
1.3 The overall 14C analytical detection capability is impacted by a number of factors including the volume sampled, the method used to desorb the 14C from the media, and the analytical method used the measure 14C from the media. This practice only directly addresses the volume of the gas stream from which any present 14C would be adsorbed.  
1.4 The values stated in pCi units are to be regarded as standard given the reporting requirements of the U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide 1.21. The Bq values given in parenthesis are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Other values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1583-21a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Laboratories Engaged in Determination of Lead in Paint, Dust, Airborne Particulates, and Soil Taken From and Around Buildings and Related Structures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides the basic criteria to be used by accreditation bodies and others in evaluating the qualifications of laboratories engaged in the testing of lead in paint, or settled dust, or airborne particulates, or soil, or combination thereof, taken from and around buildings and related structures. The criteria in this practice shall be supplemented by additional specific criteria and requirements, when appropriate; for example, when necessary to be in accordance with federal, state, or local government regulations.  
4.2 The accreditation is for organizations and not individuals.  
4.3 The practice is intended to provide objective information on the capabilities needed by laboratories to determine lead in paint, dust, airborne particulates, and soil taken from and around buildings and related structures. It is not intended to be used to compare one laboratory with another.  
4.4 This practice is also intended for use by laboratories in the development and implementation of their management systems and for use to request or perform an evaluation of in-house facilities in accordance with this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the qualifications, including minimum requirements for personnel and equipment, duties, responsibilities, and services of laboratories engaged in the determination of lead in paint, or settled dust, or airborne particulates, or soil, or any combination thereof, taken from and around buildings and related structures.  
1.2 This practice has been developed consistent with Guides E548 and E994, to supplement ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3685/D3685M-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Determination of Particulate Matter in Stack Gases

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of particulate matter and collected residue emission rates is an important test widely used in the practice of air pollution control. Particulate matter measurements after control devices are necessary to determine total emission rates to the atmosphere.  
5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by federal and state agencies, are often required for the purpose of determining compliance with regulations and statutes.  
5.1.2 The measurements made before and after control devices are often necessary as a means of demonstrating conformance with contractual performance specifications.  
5.2 The collected residue obtained with these test methods is also important in characterizing stack emissions. However, the utility of these data is limited unless a chemical analysis of the collected residue is performed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe procedures to determine the mass emission rates of particulate matter and collected residue in gaseous streams by in-stack test methods (Test Method A) or out-of-stack test methods (Test Method B).  
1.2 These test methods are suitable for measuring particulate matter and collected residue concentrations.  
1.3 These test methods include a description of equipment and procedures to be used for obtaining samples from effluent ducts and stacks, a description of equipment and procedures for laboratory analysis, and a description of procedures for calculating results.  
1.4 These test methods are applicable for sampling particulate matter and collected residue in wet (Test Method A or B) or dry (Test Method A) streams before and after particulate matter control equipment, and for determination of control device particulate matter collection efficiency.  
1.5 These test methods are also applicable for determining compliance with regulations and statutes limiting particulate matter existing in stack gases when approved by federal or state agencies.  
1.6 The particulate matter and collected residue samples collected by these test methods may be used for subsequent size and chemical analysis.  
1.7 These test methods describe the instrumentation, equipment, and operational procedures, including site selection, necessary for sampling and determination of particulate mass emissions. These test methods also include procedures for collection and gravimetric determination of residues collected in an impinger-condenser train. The sampling and analysis of particulate matter may be performed independently or simultaneously with the determination of collected residue.  
1.8 These test methods provide for the use of optional filter designs and filter material as necessary to accommodate the wide range of particulate matter loadings to which the test methods are applicable.  
1.9 Stack temperatures limitation for Test Method A is approximately 400°C (752°F) and for Test Method B is 815°C (1500°F).  
1.10 A known limitation of these test methods concerns the use of collected residue data. Since some collected residues can be formed in the sample train by chemical reaction in addition to condensation, these data should not be used without prior characterization (see 4.4.1).  
1.10.1 A second limitation concerns the use of the test methods for sampling gas streams containing fluoride, or ammonia or calcium compounds in the presence of sulfur dioxide and other reactive species having the potential to react within the sample train.  
1.10.2 A suspected but unverified limitation of these test methods concerns the possible vaporization and loss of collected particulate organic matter during a sampling run.  
1.11 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard within the text. The inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in ...

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ASTM
ASTM D5485-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Corrosive Effect of Combustion Products Using the Cone Corrosimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The metal loss from corrosion is directly related to the increase in electrical resistance of the target due to the decrease in conductive cross-sectional area.  
5.2 The relationship between resistance increase of metallic targets used in this test method and the amount of metal loss as reported by a uniform loss in thickness has not been determined.  
5.3 This test method is used to determine the corrosive effect of combustion products from burning electrical insulations or coverings or their constituent materials or components. Corrosion is determined by the reduction of thickness of the metal on standardized targets, as measured by electrical resistance. These targets are not necessarily representative of the intended end use.  
5.4 This test method is intended for use in electrical insulations or coverings material and product evaluations, for additional data to assist in design of electrical insulations or coverings products, or for development and research of electrical insulations or coverings products.  
5.5 A value of the initial test heat flux is selected to be relevant to the fire scenario being investigated (up to 100 kW/m2). Additional information for testing is given in A1.2.3.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard measures the corrosive effect by loss of metal from the combustion products of materials, components, or products.  
1.2 This test method provides corrosion results of product and material specimens limited to a maximum size of 100 by 100 mm in area and 50 mm thick.  
1.3 Additional information regarding the targets, the test conditions, and test limitations is provided in Annex A1.  
1.4 The results of this test method have not been investigated with respect to correlation to actual fires.  
1.5 An ISO standard exists, as developed by ISO TC 61 (Plastics), subcommittee 4 (on burning behavior), which is technically very similar to this test method and is designated ISO 11907-4.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI10.)  
1.7 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2326-04(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Collection and Analysis of Visible Emissions from Candles as They Burn

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The intent of this test method is to aid the candle manufacturer to optimize candle formulations in the reduction of visible smoke emissions.  
5.2 This test method is intended to provide candle manufacturers a standard procedure to use during development of candle designs and formulations to compare relative smoke/burn behavior. For the development of this method, a protocol was established for trimming the wick on specially prepared test candles to 6 mm to 7 mm (1/4 in.) prior to each burn cycle. It is recommended that the manufacturer determine a standardized protocol, that is, either not trimming the wick or trimming the wick to an appropriate length in order for direct comparison of results.  
5.3 A relative ranking of candle formulations can be established with the use of a histogram of the data and control charts.  
5.4 This test method is not intended to set forth pass/fail criteria for visible smoke emissions from candles, as such, this method sets no standard level for visible smoke emissions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the collection and analysis of visible emissions from indoor use candles as they burn.  
1.2 The test is to be used to compare relative smoke/burn behavior during development of candle designs and formulations.  
1.3 This test method may not be suitable for multiple wick candles; tapers and candles intended to be burned while floating on water commonly known as “floaters.”  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2558-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires in Wood-Burning Fireplaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determining emission factors and emission rates for low mass wood-burning fireplaces.  
5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emission performance during product development.  
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining compliance with emission performance limits.  
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality from fireplaces, but must be used with caution as use patterns must be factored into any prediction of atmospheric particulate matter impacts from fireplaces based on results from this method.  
5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel and grams of particulate per hour.  
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions from non-heating appliances: grams per kilogram.  
5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmospheric emission impacts only if hours of fireplace use are factored in: grams per hour.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from wood fires in low mass wood-burning fireplaces. The fueling and operating protocol for determining particular matter emissions from masonry or other high mass fireplaces is covered in Annex A1 of this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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