ASTM F2433-05
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Thermoplastic Pipe Wall Stiffness
Standard Test Method for Determining Thermoplastic Pipe Wall Stiffness
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The performance under bending and compression load of a thermoplastic plastic pipe wall design obtained by this method can be used for the following:
5.1.1 To determine the stiffness of the pipe wall section. This is a function of the pipe dimensions, the wall design, the arc length tested, and the physical properties of the material of which the pipe is made.
5.1.2 To compare the characteristics of various thermoplastic pipe wall designs.
5.1.3 To compare the characteristics of various plastics in pipe form.
5.1.4 To study the interrelations of dimensions, materials, and deformation properties of thermoplastic pipe designs.
5.1.5 To measure the deformation and load-resistance at any of several significant events which may occur during the test.
5.1.6 To provide a reasonable quality control/quality assurance test for very large diameter plastic pipes.
The time-dependent pipe wall stiffness of a thermoplastic pipe obtained by this test method may used for the following:
5.2.1 To predict the residual stiffness of the pipe wall in bending and compression at all times after initial loading.
5.2.2 For purposes of design, to determine a modulus of relaxation under sustained loads.
5.2.3 To quantify the influence of material formulations of thermoplastics on the modulus of relaxation.
5.2.4 To study the influence of geometric patterns of wall profiles on the modulus of relaxation.
The time-independent reduction of wall thickness at springline may be used for the following:
5.3.1 For pipe wall stiffness, to quantify the efficiency of all wall profiles of any material composition and a given geometry with that of a solid uniform thickness wall.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-deflection behavior of thermoplastic pipe wall sections under parallel plate loading conditions.
Note 1—These are not full pipe section tests, but pipe wall segment tests. The results of these tests will be different from pipe stiffness tests per Test Method D 2412, although they may be proportional. This test provides quite different information, including , stress relaxation under constant strain, and comparisons of the function and stiffness of different pipe wall designs or materials.
1.2 This test method covers a loading test for determining the wall stiffness of a thermoplastic-pipe wall under a combined load of bending and compression. Changes in pipe wall profile geometry under load may also be determined.
1.3 This test method covers thermoplastic pipe.
1.4 The characteristics determined by this test method are wall stiffness and changes in profile wall dimensions at specific deformations.
1.5 The characteristics determined by this test method are wall stiffness, profile wall efficiency, and for some wall elements stability at specific Strain levels.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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AnAmerican National Standard
Designation:F2433–05
Standard Test Method for
Determining Thermoplastic Pipe Wall Stiffness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2433; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
deflection behavior of thermoplastic pipe wall sections under D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
parallel plate loading conditions. D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
Plastics
NOTE 1—These are not full pipe section tests, but pipe wall segment
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
tests.Theresultsofthesetestswillbedifferentfrompipestiffnesstestsper
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
TestMethodD2412,althoughtheymaybeproportional.Thistestprovides
Plastics
quite different information, including , stress relaxation under constant
strain, and comparisons of the function and stiffness of different pipe wall
D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
designs or materials.
moplastic Pipe and Fittings
D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading
1.2 This test method covers a loading test for determining
Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
the wall stiffness of a thermoplastic-pipe wall under a com-
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
bined load of bending and compression. Changes in pipe wall
2.2 AASHTO Standards:
profile geometry under load may also be determined.
M 252 Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene
1.3 This test method covers thermoplastic pipe.
Drainage Pipe
1.4 The characteristics determined by this test method are
M 294 Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene
wallstiffnessandchangesinprofilewalldimensionsatspecific
Pipe, 300- to 1500-mm Diameter
deformations.
1.5 The characteristics determined by this test method are
3. Terminology
wall stiffness, profile wall efficiency, and for some wall
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
elements stability at specific Strain levels.
nology F412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Termi-
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
nology D1600, unless otherwise specified.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
only.
3.2.1 chord shortening, n—the ratio of the reduction in pipe
1.7 The text of this specification references notes and
sectionchordshorteningtotheinitialchordlengthexpressedas
footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and
a percentage.
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
3.2.2 Dy, n—measured change in chord length (in the
considered as requirements of the specification.
directionofloadapplication)expressedinmillimeters(inches).
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2.1 compressive deformation, n—the measured change
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of the inside diameter in the direction of load application
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
expressed in millimeters (or inches).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.3 load (F), n—the force applied to the wall section to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
produce or maintain a given percent chord length shortening at
any given unit of time; expressed as Newtons per meter
(pounds-force per linear inch).
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40 on Test Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Methods. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
F2433-05. Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
F2433–05
3.2.4 mean radius (r), n—the mid-wall radius determined 5. Significance and Use
by subtracting the average wall thickness from the average
5.1 The performance under bending and compression load
outside diameter and dividing the difference by two; expressed
of a thermoplastic plastic pipe wall design obtained by this
in millimeters (or inches).
method can be used for the following:
3.2.5 time-independent pipe stiffness K(0), n—the value
5.1.1 To determine the stiffness of the pipe wall section.
obtained by dividing the force per unit length on the curved
This is a function of the pipe dimensions, the wall design, the
beam specimen by the resulting deflection in the same units at
arc length tested, and the physical properties of the material of
the % deflection prescribed and extrapolating the linear portion
which the pipe is made.
of the curve of stiffness versus % deflection to the moment of
5.1.2 To compare the characteristics of various thermoplas-
application of load.
tic pipe wall designs.
3.2.6 time-dependent residual curved beam stiffness K(t)
5.1.3 To compare the characteristics of various plastics in
and residual pipe stiffness K(t), n—the value obtained by pipe form.
dividing the force per unit length on the curved beam specimen
5.1.4 To study the interrelations of dimensions, materials,
by the constant target deflection in the same units, at any time
and deformation properties of thermoplastic pipe designs.
t, t>0.
5.1.5 To measure the deformation and load-resistance at any
of several significant events which may occur during the test.
3.2.7 modulus of relaxation, n—the residual pipe stiffness
versus log(time). 5.1.6 To provide a reasonable quality control/quality assur-
ance test for very large diameter plastic pipes.
3.2.8 residual pipe stiffness K(50y), n—the value obtained
5.2 The time-dependent pipe wall stiffness of a thermoplas-
by extrapolating values of residual pipe stiffness versus time to
tic pipe obtained by this test method may used for the
50 years.
following:
3.2.9 compliance C(t), n—the inverse of stiffness K(t).
5.2.1 To predict the residual stiffness of the pipe wall in
3.2.10 liner cracking or crazing, n—the occurrence of a
bending and compression at all times after initial loading.
break or network of fine breaks in the liner visible to the
5.2.2 For purposes of design, to determine a modulus of
unaided eye.
relaxation under sustained loads.
3.2.11 wall cracking, n—the occurrence of a break in the
5.2.3 To quantify the influence of material formulations of
pipe wall visible to the unaided eye.
thermoplastics on the modulus of relaxation.
3.2.12 wall delamination, n—the occurrence of any separa-
5.2.4 To study the influence of geometric patterns of wall
tion in the components of the pipe wall visible to the unaided
profiles on the modulus of relaxation.
eye.
5.3 The time-independent reduction of wall thickness at
3.2.13 rupture, n—a crack or break extending entirely or
springline may be used for the following:
partly through the pipe wall.
5.3.1 For pipe wall stiffness, to quantify the efficiency of all
wallprofilesofanymaterialcompositionandagivengeometry
4. Summary of Test Method
with that of a solid uniform thickness wall.
4.1 The test is conducted by applying a controlled, nearly
6. Apparatus
instantaneous, load to the longitudinally cut edges of curved
beam sections cut from short lengths of pipe until a prescribed
6.1 Testing Machine—A properly calibrated compression
shortening of the chord connecting the longitudinal edges is
testing machine of the constant-rate-of-crosshead movement
achieved and held constant for prescribed intervals. Load and
type meeting the requirements of Test Method D695 shall be
deformation data establish the time-independent measure of
used to make the tests. The rate of head approach shall be 63.5
curvedbeamwallstiffnessattheinstantofloadapplication,the
6 2.5 mm (2.5 6 0.1 in.)/s. The machines must be capable of
measure of efficiency of the profile wall geometry, stability of
holding a required percent chord shorting for an extended
the profile wall, a modulus of relaxation and long-term
period of time.
estimates of residual pipe wall stiffness.
6.2 Loading Grips—The load shall be applied to the speci-
4.2 Alengthofa10to120°arcsegmentofapipewall,from
men through two parallel-axis grips. These assemblies shall be
onediameterlengthtoonemeterlongisloadedacrossitschord flat, smooth, and clean. Specimen contact surfaces of platen
length between two freely rotating end plates at a controlled
shall be coated with a PTFE spray lubricant. The thickness of
rate of approach to one another. Load-deflection data of the theplatensshallbesufficientsothatnobendingordeformation
wall section in combined bending and compression are ob-
occurs during the test, but it shall not be less than 12 mm (0.5
tained. Change in pipe wall thickness at the center of the in.). The nominal length of each grip shall equal or exceed the
section (springline) is determined. If cracking, crazing, delami-
specimen length but shall not be less than 1040 mm (41 in.).
nation, rupture, or buckling occurs, the corresponding load, Upper and lower grips shall be free to rotate about an axis in
deflection, and/or time are recorded. the plane of the applied and reacting line loads. Recommended
arrangement of loading frame, upper and lower grips with test
NOTE 2—If this test method is incorporated in a product standard it
specimen are shown in Fig. 1.
would be necessary to define the arc length to be tested. There are,
6.3 Deformation Indicator—Thechangeintotalwall(major
however, many reasons various arc lengths might be tested, especially as
wall for profile wall pipe) thickness at springline, shall be
a research or product development tool. Large arc lengths are primarily in
bending, while short arc lengths are primarily in compression. measured with a suitable instrument meeting the requirements
F2433–05
FIG. 1 Recommended Arrangement of Loading Frame, Upper & Lower Grips, and Test Specimen
30°, though other arc lengths may be used within the range of 120° to 10°,
of 4.1.2 of Test Method D695, except that the instrument shall
as determined by the needs of the owner, researcher, or testing laboratory.
beaccuratetothenearest0.025mm(0.001in.).Theinstrument
shall not affect in any way the load-deflection measurements.
8. Conditioning
6.4 Load Sensor—The change of load with time during the
periods of displacement (loading) and during the period of
8.1 Condition the pipe wall section for at least 24 h in air at
constant displacement shall be digitally recorded with a preci-
a temperature of 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F), and 50 6 5%
sion of no less than 4 significant figures and at time intervals as
relative humidity and conduct the test in a room maintained at
noted in 9.3. The sensing element shall have a precision of
the same temperature.
62 % of maximum recorded value.
8.2 When a referee test is required, condition specimens for
6.5 Temperature Recorder—Ambient temperature shall be
atleast40hat23 62°C(73.4 63.6°F),and50 65 %relative
continuously recorded using a sensor capable of recording to
humidity per Practice D618 Procedure A and conduct the test
1°C (1.8°F).
under the same conditions.
6.6 Reaction Frame—The reaction frame shall be suffi-
ciently rigid such that the movement of the stationery platen
9. Procedure
shall not exceed 0.05 % of the displacement of the moving
9.1 Before placing each test specimen in the test apparatus
platen.
make the following measurements:
7. Test Specimens
9.1.1 Measure, to the nearest 1 mm (0.04 in.), the longitu-
7.1 Test specimens shall be cut from the pipe wall, with the
dinal length with equally spaced parallel measurements at mid
cuts through the wall radial and parallel through the sample
andquarterpointsofthearcofthecurvedbeam.Determinethe
length. Test specimens may be the required arc length in
longitudinal length by averaging the three measurements.
degrees 61° arc sections of the wall, as agreeable to the
9.1.2 For specimens prepared from AASHTO M 252M and
manufacturer and the purchaser, but not less than 10 degrees
AASHTO M 294M Type C pipes, at each of three points
nor greater than 120 degrees. Test specimens should be a
approximately located on a mid-longitudinal line of the corru-
minimum of 600 mm (24 in.) long, and may be as much as 900
gated wall, one point located at mid-length and two points
mm (36 in.), and for corrugated or profile pipe should be
located at one-quarter and three-quarter lengths, determine the
squarely cut in the corrugation or profile valley.
out-to-out distance, to the nearest 1 mm (0.04 in.), from the
NOTE 3—Standard arc lengths for specimens should be 120°, 90°, and center of the crest to a projection of the center of an adjacent
F2433–05
FIG. 2 Photographs of Specimen in Load Frame
valley on a line perpendicular to the tangent at the center of the 9.1.5 For specimens prepared from AASHTO M 294M
crest. Determine the wall thickness by averaging the three
Type D pipes measure the total wall thickness, to the nearest 1
measurements.
mm (0.04 in.), from the outermost point of the circular web to
9.1.3 For specimens prepared from AASHTO M 252M and
the closest point on the inner surface of the pipe wall.
AASHTO M 294M Type S pipes measure the total wall
Determine the thickness by averaging the three measurements.
thickness, to the nearest 1 mm (0.04 in.), at the center of the
9.2 The test is conducted by applying a nearly instantaneous
crests of the outer wall corrugations, located at approximately
load to the longitudinally cut edges of an arc section of test
half and quarter points along the mid-longitudinal line of the
pipe until 10 % shortening of the chord connecting the longi-
curved beam. Determine the thickness by averaging the three
tudinal edges is achieved. For purposes of design and quality
measurements.
control and quality assurance, as determined by time indepen-
9.1.4 For specimens prepared from ASTM F894 pipes
dent stiffness, the sample shall be held in a shortened shape for
measure the total wall thickness, to the nearest 1 mm (0.04 in.),
intervals noted in 9.3 (time-i
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