ASTM F2433-05(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Thermoplastic Pipe Wall Stiffness
Standard Test Method for Determining Thermoplastic Pipe Wall Stiffness
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The performance under bending and compression load of a thermoplastic plastic pipe wall design obtained by this method can be used for the following:
To determine the stiffness of the pipe wall section. This is a function of the pipe dimensions, the wall design, the arc length tested, and the physical properties of the material of which the pipe is made.
To compare the characteristics of various thermoplastic pipe wall designs.
To compare the characteristics of various plastics in pipe form.
To study the interrelations of dimensions, materials, and deformation properties of thermoplastic pipe designs.
To measure the deformation and load-resistance at any of several significant events which may occur during the test.
To provide a reasonable quality control/quality assurance test for very large diameter plastic pipes.
The time-dependent pipe wall stiffness of a thermoplastic pipe obtained by this test method may used for the following:
To predict the residual stiffness of the pipe wall in bending and compression at all times after initial loading.
For purposes of design, to determine a modulus of relaxation under sustained loads.
To quantify the influence of material formulations of thermoplastics on the modulus of relaxation.
To study the influence of geometric patterns of wall profiles on the modulus of relaxation.
The time-independent reduction of wall thickness at springline may be used for the following:
For pipe wall stiffness, to quantify the efficiency of all wall profiles of any material composition and a given geometry with that of a solid uniform thickness wall.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-deflection behavior of thermoplastic pipe wall sections under parallel plate loading conditions.
Note 1—These are not full pipe section tests, but pipe wall segment tests. The results of these tests will be different from pipe stiffness tests per Test Method D2412, although they may be proportional. This test provides quite different information, including , stress relaxation under constant strain, and comparisons of the function and stiffness of different pipe wall designs or materials.
1.2 This test method covers a loading test for determining the wall stiffness of a thermoplastic-pipe wall under a combined load of bending and compression. Changes in pipe wall profile geometry under load may also be determined.
1.3 This test method covers thermoplastic pipe.
1.4 The characteristics determined by this test method are wall stiffness and changes in profile wall dimensions at specific deformations.
1.5 The characteristics determined by this test method are wall stiffness, profile wall efficiency, and for some wall elements stability at specific Strain levels.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: F2433 − 05(Reapproved 2009) AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining Thermoplastic Pipe Wall Stiffness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2433; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
deflection behavior of thermoplastic pipe wall sections under
D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
parallel plate loading conditions.
Plastics
NOTE 1—These are not full pipe section tests, but pipe wall segment
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
tests.Theresultsofthesetestswillbedifferentfrompipestiffnesstestsper
D1600 Terminology forAbbreviatedTerms Relating to Plas-
TestMethodD2412,althoughtheymaybeproportional.Thistestprovides
quite different information, including , stress relaxation under constant
tics
strain, and comparisons of the function and stiffness of different pipe wall
D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
designs or materials.
moplastic Pipe and Fittings
D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading
1.2 This test method covers a loading test for determining
Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
the wall stiffness of a thermoplastic-pipe wall under a com-
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
bined load of bending and compression. Changes in pipe wall
profile geometry under load may also be determined.
2.2 AASHTO Standards:
M 252 Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene
1.3 This test method covers thermoplastic pipe.
Drainage Pipe
1.4 The characteristics determined by this test method are
M 294 Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene
wallstiffnessandchangesinprofilewalldimensionsatspecific Pipe, 300- to 1500-mm Diameter
deformations.
3. Terminology
1.5 The characteristics determined by this test method are
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
wall stiffness, profile wall efficiency, and for some wall
nology F412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Termi-
elements stability at specific Strain levels.
nology D1600, unless otherwise specified.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.2.1 chord shortening, n—the ratio of the reduction in pipe
only.
sectionchordshorteningtotheinitialchordlengthexpressedas
1.7 The text of this specification references notes and a percentage.
footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and
3.2.2 ∆y, n—measured change in chord length (in the
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
directionofloadapplication)expressedinmillimeters(inches).
considered as requirements of the specification.
3.2.2.1 compressive deformation, n—the measured change
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of the inside diameter in the direction of load application
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the expressed in millimeters (or inches).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.3 load (F), n—the force applied to the wall section to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
produce or maintain a given percent chord length shortening at
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40 on Test Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Methods. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Published November 2009.Originally Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F2433–05. DOI: Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
10.1520/F2433-05R09. http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
F2433 − 05 (2009)
however, many reasons various arc lengths might be tested, especially as
any given unit of time; expressed as Newtons per meter
a research or product development tool. Large arc lengths are primarily in
(pounds-force per linear inch).
bending, while short arc lengths are primarily in compression.
3.2.4 meanradius(r),n—themid-wallradiusdeterminedby
subtractingtheaveragewallthicknessfromtheaverageoutside
5. Significance and Use
diameter and dividing the difference by two; expressed in
5.1 The performance under bending and compression load
millimeters (or inches).
of a thermoplastic plastic pipe wall design obtained by this
3.2.5 time-independent pipe stiffness K(0), n—the value
method can be used for the following:
obtained by dividing the force per unit length on the curved
5.1.1 To determine the stiffness of the pipe wall section.
beam specimen by the resulting deflection in the same units at
This is a function of the pipe dimensions, the wall design, the
the % deflection prescribed and extrapolating the linear portion
arc length tested, and the physical properties of the material of
of the curve of stiffness versus % deflection to the moment of
which the pipe is made.
application of load.
5.1.2 To compare the characteristics of various thermoplas-
3.2.6 time-dependent residual curved beam stiffness K(t)
tic pipe wall designs.
and residual pipe stiffness K(t), n—the value obtained by
5.1.3 To compare the characteristics of various plastics in
dividing the force per unit length on the curved beam specimen
pipe form.
by the constant target deflection in the same units, at any time
5.1.4 To study the interrelations of dimensions, materials,
t, t>0.
and deformation properties of thermoplastic pipe designs.
3.2.7 modulus of relaxation, n—the residual pipe stiffness
5.1.5 To measure the deformation and load-resistance at any
versus log(time). of several significant events which may occur during the test.
5.1.6 To provide a reasonable quality control/quality assur-
3.2.8 residual pipe stiffness K(50y), n—the value obtained
ance test for very large diameter plastic pipes.
by extrapolating values of residual pipe stiffness versus time to
50 years.
5.2 The time-dependent pipe wall stiffness of a thermoplas-
tic pipe obtained by this test method may used for the
3.2.9 compliance C(t), n—the inverse of stiffness K(t).
following:
3.2.10 liner cracking or crazing, n—the occurrence of a
5.2.1 To predict the residual stiffness of the pipe wall in
break or network of fine breaks in the liner visible to the
bending and compression at all times after initial loading.
unaided eye.
5.2.2 For purposes of design, to determine a modulus of
3.2.11 wall cracking, n—the occurrence of a break in the
relaxation under sustained loads.
pipe wall visible to the unaided eye.
5.2.3 To quantify the influence of material formulations of
3.2.12 wall delamination, n—the occurrence of any separa-
thermoplastics on the modulus of relaxation.
tion in the components of the pipe wall visible to the unaided
5.2.4 To study the influence of geometric patterns of wall
eye.
profiles on the modulus of relaxation.
3.2.13 rupture, n—a crack or break extending entirely or
5.3 The time-independent reduction of wall thickness at
partly through the pipe wall.
springline may be used for the following:
5.3.1 For pipe wall stiffness, to quantify the efficiency of all
4. Summary of Test Method
wallprofilesofanymaterialcompositionandagivengeometry
4.1 The test is conducted by applying a controlled, nearly
with that of a solid uniform thickness wall.
instantaneous, load to the longitudinally cut edges of curved
beam sections cut from short lengths of pipe until a prescribed
6. Apparatus
shortening of the chord connecting the longitudinal edges is
6.1 Testing Machine—A properly calibrated compression
achieved and held constant for prescribed intervals. Load and
testing machine of the constant-rate-of-crosshead movement
deformation data establish the time-independent measure of
type meeting the requirements of Test Method D695 shall be
curvedbeamwallstiffnessattheinstantofloadapplication,the
used to make the tests. The rate of head approach shall be 63.5
measure of efficiency of the profile wall geometry, stability of
6 2.5 mm (2.5 6 0.1 in.)/s. The machines must be capable of
the profile wall, a modulus of relaxation and long-term
holding a required percent chord shorting for an extended
estimates of residual pipe wall stiffness.
period of time.
4.2 Alengthofa10to120°arcsegmentofapipewall,from
6.2 Loading Grips—The load shall be applied to the speci-
onediameterlengthtoonemeterlongisloadedacrossitschord
men through two parallel-axis grips. These assemblies shall be
length between two freely rotating end plates at a controlled
flat, smooth, and clean. Specimen contact surfaces of platen
rate of approach to one another. Load-deflection data of the
shall be coated with a PTFE spray lubricant. The thickness of
wall section in combined bending and compression are ob-
theplatensshallbesufficientsothatnobendingordeformation
tained. Change in pipe wall thickness at the center of the
occurs during the test, but it shall not be less than 12 mm (0.5
section (springline) is determined. If cracking, crazing, delami-
in.). The nominal length of each grip shall equal or exceed the
nation, rupture, or buckling occurs, the corresponding load,
specimen length but shall not be less than 1040 mm (41 in.).
deflection, and/or time are recorded.
Upper and lower grips shall be free to rotate about an axis in
NOTE 2—If this test method is incorporated in a product standard it
would be necessary to define the arc length to be tested. There are, the plane of the applied and reacting line loads. Recommended
F2433 − 05 (2009)
arrangement of loading frame, upper and lower grips with test manufacturer and the purchaser, but not less than 10 degrees
specimen are shown in Fig. 1. nor greater than 120 degrees. Test specimens should be a
minimum of 600 mm (24 in.) long, and may be as much as 900
6.3 Deformation Indicator—The change in total wall (major
mm (36 in.), and for corrugated or profile pipe should be
wall for profile wall pipe) thickness at springline, shall be
squarely cut in the corrugation or profile valley.
measured with a suitable instrument meeting the requirements
NOTE 3—Standard arc lengths for specimens should be 120°, 90°, and
of 4.1.2 of Test Method D695, except that the instrument shall
30°, though other arc lengths may be used within the range of 120° to 10°,
beaccuratetothenearest0.025mm(0.001in.).Theinstrument
as determined by the needs of the owner, researcher, or testing laboratory.
shall not affect in any way the load-deflection measurements.
8. Conditioning
6.4 Load Sensor—The change of load with time during the
periods of displacement (loading) and during the period of
8.1 Condition the pipe wall section for at least 24 h in air at
constant displacement shall be digitally recorded with a preci-
a temperature of 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F), and 50 6 5%
sion of no less than 4 significant figures and at time intervals as
relative humidity and conduct the test in a room maintained at
noted in 9.3. The sensing element shall have a precision of
the same temperature.
62 % of maximum recorded value.
8.2 When a referee test is required, condition specimens for
6.5 Temperature Recorder—Ambient temperature shall be
atleast40hat23 62°C(73.4 63.6°F),and50 65 %relative
continuously recorded using a sensor capable of recording to
humidity per Practice D618 Procedure A and conduct the test
1°C (1.8°F).
under the same conditions.
6.6 Reaction Frame—The reaction frame shall be suffi-
9. Procedure
ciently rigid such that the movement of the stationery platen
shall not exceed 0.05 % of the displacement of the moving
9.1 Before placing each test specimen in the test apparatus
platen. make the following measurements:
9.1.1 Measure, to the nearest 1 mm (0.04 in.), the longitu-
7. Test Specimens
dinal length with equally spaced parallel measurements at mid
7.1 Test specimens shall be cut from the pipe wall, with the andquarterpointsofthearcofthecurvedbeam.Determinethe
cuts through the wall radial and parallel through the sample longitudinal length by averaging the three measurements.
length. Test specimens may be the required arc length in 9.1.2 For specimens prepared from AASHTO M 252M and
degrees 61° arc sections of the wall, as agreeable to the AASHTO M 294M Type C pipes, at each of three points
FIG. 1 Recommended Arrangement of Loading Frame, Upper & Lower Grips, and Test Specimen
F2433 − 05 (2009)
FIG. 2 Photographs of Specimen in Load Frame
approximately located on a mid-longitudinal line of the corru- at the approximate midpoint between lap welds of the wall at
gated wall, one point located at mid-length and two points locations approximately half and quarter lengths along the
located at one-quarter and three-quarter lengths, determine the
mid-longitudinal line of the curved beam. Determine the
out-to-out distance, to the nearest 1 mm (0.04 in.), from the
thickness by averaging the three measurements.
center of the crest to a projection of the center of an adjacent
9.1.5 For specimens prepared from AASHTO M 294M
valley on a line perpendicular to the tangent at the center of the
Type D pipes measure the total wall thickness, to the nearest 1
crest. Determine the wall thickness by averaging the three
mm (0.04 in.), from the outermost point of the circular web to
measurements.
the closest point on the inner surface of the pipe wall.
9.1.3 For specimens prepared from AASHTO M 252M and
Determine the thickness by averaging the three measurements.
AASHTO M 294M Type S pipes measure the total wall
9.2 The test is conducted by applying a nearly instantaneous
thickness, to the nearest 1 mm (0.04 in.), at the center of the
load to the longitudinally cut edges of an arc section of test
crests of the outer wall corrugations, located at approximately
pipe until 10 % shortening of the chord connecting the longi-
half and quarter points along the mid-longitudinal line of the
tudinal edges is achieved. For pur
...
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