ASTM F1572-99(2005)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Tire Performance Testing on Snow and Ice Surfaces
Standard Test Methods for Tire Performance Testing on Snow and Ice Surfaces
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods describe techniques for assessing the performance characteristics of tires in a winter environment on snow and ice surfaces in a standardized manner. When only snow is referred to hereafter, it should be understood that ice is implied as appropriate.
A series of maneuvers are conducted to characterize several aspects of the tire performance in snow, since a single maneuver is not sufficient to characterize all aspects of a tire’performance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of tire performance on snow and ice surfaces utilizing passenger car or light truck vehicles. Since the tires are evaluated as part of a tire/vehicle system, the conclusions reached may not be applicable to the same tires tested on a different vehicle.
1.2 These test methods do not purport to identify every maneuver useful for determining tire performance in a winter environment.
1.3 These test methods are not meant to evaluate vehicle performance. Allowing for the variability of test results with different vehicles, these procedures have been developed and selected to evaluate relative tire-snow performance.
1.4 These test methods are suitable for research and development purposes, where tires are compared during a single series of tests. They may not be suitable for regulatory statutes or specification acceptance because the values obtained may not necessarily agree or correlate either in rank order or absolute traction performance level with those obtained under other environmental conditions on other surfaces or the same surface after additional use.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:F1572–99 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Methods for
Tire Performance Testing on Snow and Ice Surfaces
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1572; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F 457 Test Method for Speed and Distance Calibration of
Fifth Wheel Equipped with Either Analog or Digital
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of tire perfor-
Instrumentation
mance on snow and ice surfaces utilizing passenger car or light
F 538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-
truck vehicles. Since the tires are evaluated as part of a
formance of Tires
tire/vehicle system, the conclusions reached may not be appli-
F811 Practice for Accelerometer Use in Vehicles for Tire
cable to the same tires tested on a different vehicle.
Testing
1.2 These test methods do not purport to identify every
F 1046 Guide for PreparingArtificiallyWorn Passenger and
maneuver useful for determining tire performance in a winter
Light Truck Tires for Testing
environment.
F 1650 Practice for Evaluating Tire Traction Performance
1.3 These test methods are not meant to evaluate vehicle
Data Under Varying Test Conditions
performance. Allowing for the variability of test results with
F 1805 Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a
different vehicles, these procedures have been developed and
Straight Line on Snow- and Ice-Covered Surfaces
selected to evaluate relative tire-snow performance.
2.2 SAE Standards:
1.4 These test methods are suitable for research and devel-
SAE J1466 Passenger Car and Light Truck Tire Dynamic
opment purposes, where tires are compared during a single
Driving Traction in Snow
series of tests. They may not be suitable for regulatory statutes
or specification acceptance because the values obtained may
3. Terminology
not necessarily agree or correlate either in rank order or
3.1 Definitions:
absolute traction performance level with those obtained under
3.1.1 candidate tire, n—a test tire that is part of a test
other environmental conditions on other surfaces or the same
program.
surface after additional use.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The term “candidate object” may be
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
used in the same sense as candidate tire. F 538
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.2 candidate tire set, n—a set of candidate tires. F 538
only.
3.1.3 control tire, n—a reference tire used in a specified
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
manner throughout a test program.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Acontroltiremaybeofeithertypeand
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
typical tire use is the reference (control) tire in Practice F 1650
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
that provides algorithms for correcting (adjusting) test data for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
bias trend variations (See Practice F 1650 and Annex A1).
2. Referenced Documents F 538
2 3.1.4 driving coeffıcient (nd), n—the ratio of the driving
2.1 ASTM Standards:
force to a normal force. F 538
E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations
3.1.5 driving force (F), n—of a tire, the positive longitudi-
E 1136 Specification for a Radial Standard Reference Test
nal force resulting from the application of driving torque.
Tire
F 538
3.1.6 grooming, v—in tire testing, mechanically reworking
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF09onTires
a snow test surface in order to obtain a surface with more
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.20 on Vehicular Testing.
consistent properties. F 538
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 1572–99.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from SAEAutomotive Headquarters, 755W. Big Beaver, Suite 1600,
the ASTM website. Troy, MI 48084.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1572–99 (2005)
3.1.7 ice, dry, n—smooth ice without loose surface materi- 4. Summary of Test Method
als. F 538
4.1 These test methods describe a series of vehicle maneu-
3.1.8 longitudinal force (F), n—of a tire, the component of
vers which can be utilized by the tire and vehicle industry to
the tire force vector in the X8 direction. F 538
consistently measure the properties of a tire’s performance on
3.1.9 longitudinal slip velocity (L/T), n—the effective roll-
snow and ice surfaces in the braking, driving and cornering
ing radius multiplied by the difference between the spin
traction modes.
velocity (in rad/unit time) of a driven or braked tire and that of
4.2 These test methods outline the procedures for conduct-
a free rolling tire when each is traveling in a straight line.
ing the following tests:
F 538
4.2.1 Road circuit handling,
3.1.10 reference tire, n—a special tire included in a test
4.2.2 Winter hill climb,
program; the test results for this tire have significance as a base
4.2.3 Winter slalom,
value or internal benchmark. F 538
4.2.4 Acceleration—straight ahead,
3.1.11 snow, hard pack, n—in tire testing, packed base
4.2.5 Braking—straight ahead, and
without loose snow. F 538
4.2.6 Step steer.
3.1.12 snow, medium hard pack, n—in tire testing, packed
5. Significance and Use
base with some loose snow.
5.1 Thesetestmethodsdescribetechniquesforassessingthe
3.1.13 snow, medium pack, n—in tire testing, groomed
performance characteristics of tires in a winter environment on
packed base with 2.5 to 5.0 cm (1 to 2 in.) loose snow.
snow and ice surfaces in a standardized manner. When only
F 538
snow is referred to hereafter, it should be understood that ice is
3.1.14 snow, soft pack, n—in tire testing, freshly fallen or
implied as appropriate.
deeply groomed base snow with 5.0 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 in.) loose
5.2 A series of maneuvers are conducted to characterize
snow. F 538
several aspects of the tire performance in snow, since a single
3.1.15 spin velocity, n—the angular velocity of the wheel
maneuver is not sufficient to characterize all aspects of a tire’s
about its spin axis. F 538
performance.
3.1.16 standard reference test tire (SRTT), n—a tire that
meets the requirements of Specification E 1136, commonly
6. Interferences
used as control tire or a surface monitoring tire.
6.1 Factors which may affect tire snow performance and
3.1.16.1 Discussion—This is a Type 1 reference tire.
must be considered in the final analysis of data include:
F 538
6.1.1 Snow/ambient temperature,
3.1.16.2 Discussion—Asurface monitoring tire may also be
6.1.2 Mechanical breakdown of snowflake into granular
used as a control tire.
crystals,
3.1.17 surface monitoring tire, n—a reference tire used to
6.1.3 Solar heat load and tire temperature,
evaluate changes in a test surface over a selected time period.
6.1.4 Tire wear condition or preparation,
F 538
6.1.5 Tire pressure and vertical load,
3.1.18 test (or testing), n—a procedure performed on an
6.1.6 Test vehicle characteristics,
object (or set of nominally identical objects) using specified
6.1.7 Snow surface characteristics,
equipment that produces data unique to the object (or set).
6.1.8 Test driver, and
3.1.18.1 Discussion—Test data are used to evaluate or
6.1.9 Rim selection.
model selected properties or characteristics of the object (or set
of objects).The scope of testing depends on the decisions to be 7. Apparatus
made for any program, and sampling and replication plans (see
7.1 Due to the nature of these test methods, specific require-
definitions below) need to be specified for a complete program
ments for apparatus will be limited. A general discussion of
description. F 538
types of apparatus and their uses follows.
3.1.19 test matrix, n—in tire testing a group of candidate
7.1.1 Time Measurement—Thisprovidesoneofthesimplest
tires, usually with specified reference tires; all tests are
and lowest cost methods of quantifying tire performance.
normally conducted in one testing program.
However, since time measurement inherently involves averag-
3.1.20 test tire, n—a tire used in a test. F 538
ing over a time period, the measurements obtained provide
3.1.21 test tire set, n—one or more test tires as required by
only a general overview of performance.
the test equipment or procedure, to perform a test, thereby
7.1.1.1 Time measurement apparatus may be onboard the
producing a single test result.
vehicle or stationary and may vary from handheld stopwatches
3.1.21.1 Discussion—The four nominally identical tires re-
to optical start/stop gates or combined apparatus for measure-
quired for vehicle stopping distance testing constitute a test tire ment of time and other properties (for example, fifth wheel
set. In the discussion below where the test tire is mentioned, it
apparatus).
is assumed that the test tire set may be submitted for test tire, 7.1.1.2 Many tests measure time to complete a slalom or
if a test tire set is required for the testing. F 538
hill-and-curve course. Other tests involve measuring the time
3.1.22 vertical load, n—the normal reaction of the tire on necessary to reach some condition, such as the time necessary
the road which is equal to the negative of normal force. to stop from a given speed or the time to achieve a certain
F 538 speed from rest.
F1572–99 (2005)
7.1.2 Speed and Distance Measurement—Vehiclespeedand performance. Due to their low cost and ease of mounting,
distance measurement may be used for evaluating tire snow three-axis accelerometers provide a simple way to evaluate
performance. There are a number of technologies for measur- some aspects of tire performance.
ing speed and distance. 7.1.3.1 Accelerometers function by measuring the accelera-
7.1.2.1 Fifth Wheel Based—This test method requires that a tion of a vehicle. This acceleration depends on the forces
lightly loaded free-rolling wheel be attached to the vehicle. A existing at the tire/surface interface.
revolution counting device on this wheel is used to provide 7.1.3.2 Accelerometers typically have bandwidths in excess
typical distance resolutions of 1 cm (0.4 in.). Fifth wheel type of 100 Hz, allowing dynamic measurement of forces in a
devicesarehighlyreliablebutmaysliponlowfrictionsurfaces handling test.
or bounce on a rough surface, providing inaccurate readings.A 7.1.3.3 Drawbacks to the use of accelerometers include:
fifth wheel may not be appropriate on a road circuit handling sensitivity to wind and vehicle orientation changes, such as
course. Fifth wheel type devices are not suitable for use in body pitch and roll, which occur in handling maneuvers
radical maneuvers or situations where the vehicle may slide or (gyro-stabilized platforms can be used to eliminate this prob-
spinout, as these maneuvers may cause damage to the devices. lem); the need to mount the accelerometer at or near the center
See Test Method F 457 for additional information on fifth of gravity of the test vehicle to obtain accurate data; the fact
wheels.
that accelerations on snow and ice surfaces are typically small
7.1.2.2 Non-Contact Optical—Optical sensors are available in magnitude; and the fact that accelerometer signals are
which can measure both longitudinal and lateral speed. Since
typically noisy, leading to the need for filtration of the signal.
these sensors do not contact the road surface they may be used See PracticeF811 for additional accelerometer usage informa-
without damage in tests which may involve spinouts or
tion.
significant lateral motion. However, optical sensors depend on 7.1.4 Vehicle Orientation—Devices to measure vehicle ori-
surface microtexture and they may not work on all surface
entation include gyroscopes, wheel steer angle transducers and
conditions. some telemetry systems.
7.1.2.3 Wheel Speed—A wheel speed sensing device (opti-
7.1.4.1 Measurement of the test vehicle’s orientation about
cal encoder or tachometer) mounted on the wheels of the test its pitch and roll axis is typically used for correction of
vehicle permits the measurement of rotational speed of the
accelerometer based test systems.
wheels and the calculation of distance traveled. These test 7.1.4.2 Measurement of the test vehicle’s orientation about
methods may be prone to error due to wheel slip or changing
its yaw axis as well as wheel steer angle measurement are used
rolling radius. Wheel speed sensors are usually used in in cornering performance testing.
conjunction with 7.1.2.1 or 7.1.2.2 to determine the extent of
7.1.4.3 Due to high cost, vehicle orientation measurement
wheel spin. devices are typically used only on tests requiring a high degree
7.1.2.4 Accelerometers—Several commercial performance
of accuracy.
computers exist which calculate speed and distance traveled 7.1.5 Force—Direct measurement of tire/surface forces is
based on internally mounted accelerometers. These devices
normally accomplished using load cells.
perform numerical integration to compute speed and distance
7.1.5.1 Load cells provide the most accurate measure of tire
from the acceleration signal. Accelerometer-based devices are
forces under dynamic conditions.
non-contact and self-contained; they are easy to transfer
7.1.5.2 Using specially designed suspensions, load cell
between vehicles. These devices are best suited to tests which
based systems may be built which are not significantly affected
involve primarily straight ahead motion and which involve
by body roll of the test vehicle.
events of short duration.
7.1.5.3 Due to mounting requirements, load cell-based sys-
7.1.2.5 Radar—Self-contained radio and microwave speed
tems typically are not easily transferred between multiple
sensing devices are not widely used for tire performance
vehicles.
testing. Development of these devices is continuing.
7.1.2.6 Telemetry—Vehicle position sensing equipment is
8. Selection and Preparation of Test Tires
available which utilizes both stationary and vehicle mounted
8.1 Ensure that all test tires are approximately the same age
transceivers. Using multiple stationary antennae, this equip-
and stored essentially at the same conditions prior to testing
ment may provide dynamic vehicle position, speed and orien-
un
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