ASTM C539-84(2000)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Ceramic Whiteware Materials by the Interferometric Method
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Ceramic Whiteware Materials by the Interferometric Method
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the interferometric determination of linear thermal expansion of premelted frits (porcelain enamel and glaze) and fired ceramic whiteware materials at temperatures lower than 1000°C (1830°F).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C539–84 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze
Frits and Ceramic Whiteware Materials by Interferometric
1
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 539; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.1.2 Fireclay Crucible, 102 mm (4 in.) in diameter.
4.1.3 Rotating Abrasive Grinding Wheel (a silicon carbide
1.1 This test method covers the interferometric determina-
type is satisfactory).
tion of linear thermal expansion of premelted frits (porcelain
4.2 Micrometer Calipers, having a sensitivity such that the
enamel and glaze) and fired ceramic whiteware materials at
index can be read to 0.002 mm (0.0001 in.).
temperatures lower than 1000°C (1830°F).
4.3 Measuring Apparatus, consisting of fused silica inter-
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ferometer plates, viewing apparatus, an electric furnace and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
control, potentiometer, pyrometer, and a suitable monochro-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
matic light source of known wavelength.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.3.1 Furnace—The furnace shall be a vertical electric tube
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
furnace controlled by rheostat or other means so the heating
2. Referenced Documents rate of the furnace can be readily duplicated from room
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temperature to 1000°C (1830°F). The heating rate shall not
2.1 ASTM Standards:
exceed 3°C (5.5°F)/min.
E 289 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid
4.3.2 Temperature Measuring Instrument— A calibrated
Solids with Interferometry
platinum versus platinum-rhodium thermocouple (or a
3. Significance and Use
Chromel versus Alumel thermocouple if it is frequently cali-
brated) in conjunction with a potentiometer shall be used. The
3.1 This test method defines the thermal expansion of
potentiometer shall be capable of being read to 2°C (4°F) and
porcelain enamel and glaze frits by the interferometric method.
shall have automatic compensation for the temperature of the
This determination is critical in avoiding crazing (cracking) of
reference junction, or the reference junction shall be held at
these glass coatings due to mismatching of the thermal
0°C (32°F) by means of an ice bath.
expansion between the coating and substrate materials.
5. Test Specimens
4. Apparatus
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5.1 For frit samples, three test specimens shall be prepared
4.1 Sample Preparation Equipment:
as follows:
4.1.1 Glazed Porcelain Crucible, No. 0.
5.1.1 Fill a No. 0 glazed porcelain crucible with frit, place
the filled crucible inside a 102-mm (4-in.) diameter fireclay
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This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee B08 on Metallic
crucible partly filled with silica, and work the small crucible
and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.12 on
down into the silica until approximately 75 % of the small
Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems.
Current edition approved July 27, 1984. Published September 1984. Originally crucible is below the level of the silica.
published as C 539 – 64 T. Last previous edition C 539 – 78 (1983).
5.1.2 Place the crucible assembly into a furnace at a
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
temperaturehighenoughtojustmeltthemass.Holdfor15min
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
after the frit has reached the furnace temperature.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
5.1.3 Remove the crucible, rapidly transfer it to another
3
An example of suitable test equipment and an inferometric method may be
furnace that is at the frit firing temperature, and cool in the
found in the paper by Merritt, G. E., “The Interference Method of Measuring
furnace at a rate not to exceed 60°C (110°F)/h.
Thermal Expansion,” Journal of Research, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Vol 10, No. 1, January 1933, p. 59 (RP 515).
A description of a permissible automatic fringe recording device may be found
in the paper by Saunders, J. B., “An Apparatus for Photographing Interference
Phenomenon,” Journal of Research, National Institute for Standards and Technol-
ogy, Vol 35, No. 3, September 1945, p. 157 (RP 1668).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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