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ASTM C411-97

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation

Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the performance of commercial sizes of both block and pipe forms of thermal insulating materials when exposed to simulated hot-surface application conditions. The term "hot-surface performance" has reference to a simulated use-temperature test in which the heated testing surface is in a horizontal position.  
1.2 This test method refers primarily to high-temperature insulations that are applicable to hot-side temperatures in excess of 200°F (93°C). It may be used for materials such as preformed insulations, insulating cements, blankets, etc., by proper laboratory preparation of the samples.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-1997
ICS
91.120.10 - Thermal insulation of buildings
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.31 - Chemical and Physical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C411-04 - Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Sep-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1393-19 - Standard Specification for Perpendicularly Oriented Mineral Fiber Roll and Sheet Thermal Insulation for Pipes and Tanks
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C449-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-Setting Thermal Insulating and Finishing Cement
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C656-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Structural Insulating Board, Calcium Silicate
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1696-20 - Standard Guide for Industrial Thermal Insulation Systems
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1427-21 - Standard Specification for Extruded Preformed Flexible Cellular Polyolefin Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C547-22a - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe Insulation
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C195-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating Cement
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1685-15(2021) - Standard Specification for Pneumatically Applied High-Temperature Fiber Thermal Insulation for Industrial Applications
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1071-19 - Standard Specification for Fibrous Glass Duct Lining Insulation (Thermal and Sound Absorbing Material)
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C591-22 - Standard Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C534/C534M-23 - Standard Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1086-20 - Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Mechanically Bonded Felt Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C356-22 - Standard Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking Heat
Effective Date
10-May-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1534-22 - Standard Specification for Flexible Polymeric Foam Sheet Insulation Used as a Thermal and Sound Absorbing Liner for Duct Systems
Effective Date
10-May-1997

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ASTM C411-97 - Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationASTM C411-97 - Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation
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ASTM C411-97 - Standard Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 411 – 97
Standard Test Method for
Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal
Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope afterward, changes in the material and its properties. Measure-
ment of these changes may be used for predicting what may
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the perfor-
occur in service as a result of exposure to temperatures
mance of commercial sizes of both block and pipe forms of
corresponding to those of the tests.
thermal insulating materials when exposed to simulated hot-
surface application conditions. The term “hot-surface perfor-
5. Apparatus
mance” has reference to a simulated use-temperature test in
5.1 Heating Plate—The heating plate shall consist of a
which the heated testing surface is in a horizontal position.
corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant plate with a preferred
1.2 This test method refers primarily to high-temperature
exposed test area of 36 by 18 in. (914 by 457 mm), but having
insulations that are applicable to hot-side temperatures in
a minimum test area of 18 by 18 in. (457 by 457 mm). The
excess of 200°F (93°C). It may be used for materials such as
heated area shall have an insulated, heated guard area having a
preformed insulations, insulating cements, blankets, etc., by
minimum width of 3 in. (76 mm) around the entire periphery of
proper laboratory preparation of the samples.
the test area. The plate shall be supported in a horizontal plane
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
at a sufficient number of points to prevent sagging. It shall be
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
heated on the under side by gas or electricity. The surface
information only.
temperature of the plate shall be measured by not less than five
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
thermocouples. Four of the thermocouples shall be located
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
along the diagonals that extend from the corners of the exposed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
area of the plate and at a distance of 6 in. (152 mm) in from
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
each corner. A fifth thermocouple shall be located near the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
center of the test plate area. The temperature at no point of
2. Referenced Documents measurement shall vary more than 65% or 625°F (614°C),
whichever is less, from the desired temperature. A heating
2.1 ASTM Standards:
chamber beneath the heating plate shall be formed to retain the
C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulating Materi-
heat generated by the heating means. A6-in. thickness of
als
insulation shall form the bottom and the sides, and the heating
3. Terminology
plate shall form the top of the chamber. Two suitable types of
heating plates are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
3.1 Definitions—Terminology C 168 shall apply to the
5.2 Heating Pipe—The heating pipe shall consist of a
terms used in this test method.
corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant pipe having a length of
4. Significance and Use
not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) and preferably 6 ft 6 in. (1.98 m). It
shall be supported horizontally. The nominal diameter of the
4.1 Performance in service is the final measure of value for
pipe shall preferably be 3 in. (76 mm). The pipe shall be heated
a thermal insulation, but simulative service tests may give
electrically with a spiral heating coil placed along the inside of
useful indications. One type involves application for a speci-
the pipe. Supplementary end heaters, and a guard section at
fied time to a surface heated at a temperature approximately
least 3 in. long of the same insulation as that being placed on
that of intended service, and noting during the test and
the test section, shall also be provided to guard against
excessive losses from the ends of the test specimen. (Where
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-16 on
possible, the use of standard thermal conductivity pipe test
Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.31 on
apparatus to serve as the heating pipe is recommended.) The
Chemical and Physical Properties.
surface temperature of the pipe shall be measured by means of
Current edition approved May 10, 1997. Published August 1997. Originally
e1
published as C 411 – 58 T. Last previous edition C 411 – 82 (1992) . thermocouples, not less than one for each 1 ft (0.3 m) of length
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C411
1 1 1 3 1 1 11 1 11 1
in. ⁄8 ⁄4 ⁄2 ⁄4 1 1 ⁄2 2 2 ⁄2 2 ⁄16 3 ⁄2 4 4 ⁄16 5 13 15 ⁄2 17 18 29 30 31 43 45
mm 3 6 13 19 25 38 51 64 68 89 102 119 127 330 394 432 457 737 762 787 1092 1143
FIG. 1 Type A Heating Plate for Hot-Surface Performance Test
of the test specimen, and located spirally around the pipe at 90° 6. Sampling and Preparation of Test Specimens
intervals. The test portion of the pipe shall be that area under
6.1 All samples that will be required to complete the tests
a full length of a pipe insulation undergoing test. The tempera-
shall be selected at one time and in such a manner so as to be
ture at any point of measurement on the test portion shall not
fully representative of the average of the material. Test
vary more than6 5% or 625°F (614°C), whichever is less,
specimens for any one test condition shall be selected from the
from the desired temperature.
original sample lot so as to be as representative as possible. The
5.3 Temperature Measurement—Thermocouples shall be
test specimens shall be commercial pieces. For pipe insulation,
used to measure the surface temperature of the heating plate
the full-size, commercial pipe sections shall be selected. Any
and the heating pipe. They shall be applied either by peening
diameter pipe insulation for which equipment is available may
the i
...

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This specification covers self-supported spray applied cellulosic thermal insulation for use as thermal insulation or acoustical absorbent material, or both. The chemically-treated cellulosic materials that are also covered in this specification are used for pneumatic applications operating within a specific temperature range. The materials are classified into two types based on the type of adhesive used and exposure of the application. Specimens for testing should be prepared and tested using the prescribed methods and should conform to the specified values of density, thermal resistance, surface bonding characteristics, adhesive strength, cohesive strength, smoldering combustion, fungi resistance, corrosion, moisture vapor absorption, odor, flame resistance permanency, substrate deflection, and air erosion.
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Standard Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation

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4.1 The various methods for measuring and calculating thermal properties provide data and information for manufacturer's published information, for comparison of related products, and for designers and users to evaluate insulation products for particular applications. For these purposes it is advisable to provide basic data and information produced under standard temperature conditions.  
4.2 It is possible that thermal properties of a specimen will change with mean temperature, with temperature difference across the specimens, and with high temperature exposure. Data and information at standard temperatures are necessary for valid comparison of thermal properties.  
4.3 The mean test temperatures to measure thermal properties shall be selected from those listed in Table 1. It is recommended that thermal properties of insulation materials be evaluated over a mean temperature range that represents the intended end use. For this situation, the lowest and greatest mean temperatures need to be within 10°C of the maximum and minimum mean temperature of interest. The temperature differences for any chosen mean temperature will depend upon both the thermal insulation application (see appropriate materials specification), the method of evaluation, and the limitations of the apparatus. Temperature differences or relevant temperature conditions required by ASTM material specifications shall take precedence over those recommended in this practice. (A) The values in degrees Fahrenheit given in this table are not intended to be exact conversions of those values in degrees Celsius.  
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1.2 Thermal properties shall be determined as a function of temperature by standard test methods. (Test Methods C177, C201, C335/C335M, C518, C745, C1114, C1363, Guide C653, and Practice C687, all in combination with Practice C1045.)  
Note 1: Standard referenced materials are needed to span the temperature range of the tests.  
1.3 This practice recommends standard conditions for use in testing and evaluating thermal properties as a function of temperature by standard test methods.  
1.4 General applications of thermal insulations include:  
1.4.1 Building envelopes,  
1.4.2 Mechanical systems or processes, and  
1.4.3 Building and industrial insulations.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1374-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Installed Thickness of Pneumatically Applied Loose-Fill Building Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was designed to give the manufacturer of loose-fill insulation products a way of determining what the initial installed thickness should be in a horizontal open attic for pneumatic applications.  
5.2 The installed thickness value developed by this test method is intended to provide guidance to the installer in order to achieve a minimum mass/unit area for a given R-value.  
5.3 For the purpose of product design, testing should be done at a variety of R-values. At least three R-values should be used: the lowest R-value on the product label, the highest R-value on the product label, and an R-value near the midpoint of the R-value range.
Note 1: For quality control purposes, testing may be done at one R-value of R-19 (h×ft 2×°F/Btu) or higher.  
5.4 Specimens are blown in a manner consistent with the intended installation procedure. Blowing machine settings should be representative of those typically used for field application with that machine.  
5.5 The material blown for a given R-value as part of the installed thickness test equals the installed mass/unit area times the test chamber area. This mass can be calculated from information provided on the package label at the R-value prescribed.
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the installed thickness of pneumatically applied loose-fill building insulations prior to settling by simulating an open attic with horizontal blown applications.  
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1.3 This test method is not the same as the design density procedures described in Test Methods C520 or Specifications C739 or C764.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1594-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal Insulation

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the composition and physical properties of rigid polyimide cellular foams intended for use as thermal and sound-isolating insulation in commercial and industrial environments. The polyimide insulations covered are classified into three types (Types I, II, and III) according to closed cell content, and into four grades (Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4) according to density. Type II insulation is further divided into two classes (Classes 1 and 2) according to upper temperature limits. Materials shall be manufactured from the appropriate monomers and necessary ingredients. Specimens shall be sampled, tested, and conform accordingly to the following physical property requirements: apparent thermal conductivity; water and gas permeability; density; percent closed cell; upper temperature limit; high temperature stability; compressive strength; compressive force deflection; water vapor transmission; steam aging characteristics (tensile strength, dimensional and weight changes), corrosiveness; chemical resistance; vertical burn characteristics (flame application and time, burn length, and dripping); specific optical smoke density for both flaming and non-flaming exposures; toxic smoke generation; surface burning characteristics (flame spread and smoke developed indices); combustion by-products (carbon monoxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen cyanide); oxygen index, and 14 scale room burn.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the composition and physical properties of polyimide foam insulation with nominal densities from 1.0 lb/ft3 to 8.0 lb/ft3 (16 kg/m3 to 128 kg/m3) and intended for use as thermal and sound-isolating insulation for temperatures from −423°F to +600°F (−253°C to +316°C) in commercial and industrial environments.  
1.1.1 The annex shall apply to this specification for marine applications.  
1.1.2 This standard is designed as a material specification and not a design document.  
1.1.3 The values stated in Table 1 and Table 2 are not to be used as design values. It is the buyer’s responsibility to specify design requirements and obtain supporting documentation from the material supplier.  
* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
NA = Not Applicable
NB = A manufacturer can only claim conformance to this standard to the values reported in this table. The * notes are confidential data to the manufacturers and as such are not considered part of any qualifying requirements for the standard and only tell the user to inquire about that data.  
* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
NA = Not Applicable
NB = A manufacturer can only claim conformance to this standard to the values reported in this table. The * notes are confidential data to the manufacturers and as such are not considered part of any qualifying requirements for the standard and only tell the user to inquire about that data.
Note 1: The subject matter of this material specification is not covered by any other ASTM specification. There is no known ISO standard covering the subject of this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical B...

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ASTM
ASTM C1919-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measurement of the Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties of Small Specimens Using the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal conductivity measurements on small insulation specimens are important during new product development processes or when larger specimens cannot be collected during forensic investigation (that is, failure analysis) (1, 2).  
5.2 Numerous research projects have recently been initiated to develop insulation materials that have very high thermal resistivities (greater than 83 (m K)/W). Projects ranging from coatings to improve the thermal performance of single pane/layer glazing systems to the development of novel insulation products for building envelopes are being undertaken (1-4). All these projects have struggled in the development of new material technologies due to the difficulty associated with the measurement of thermal conductivity of small sections (approximately 0.025 m by 0.025 m) of high thermal resistance materials. As new materials are being developed, the size of each test specimen impacts the cost of development. Most of the existing test equipment and the methods do not align with the researcher’s need; the equipment requires a large specimen size is time consuming, and expensive to produce.  
5.3 This practice provides a standardized procedure to enable the thermal characterization of small specimens of insulation materials. Accurate, and reliable thermal metrology to assess thermal properties of new insulation materials, such as novel very low thermal conductivity (  
5.4 The ratio of the area of the specimen and the heat flux transducer has a significant impact on the uncertainty of the results obtained from this practice. As the specimen area decreases this ratio decreases, a smaller percentage of the total heat flow is associated with the unknown specimen. Information from the literature (4) shows that some heat-flow-meter apparatus, generally not available commercially and used by the research laboratories only, can be modified to change out the heat flux transducer so that transducers of varying sizes can be deployed. The observat...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission properties of the small flat slab thermal insulation specimen using a heat-flow-meter apparatus.  
1.2 This practice provides a supplemental procedure for use in conjunction with Test Method C518 for testing a small specimen. This practice is limited to only small specimens and, in all other particulars, the requirements of Test Method C518 apply.  
1.3 This practice characterizes small specimens having lateral dimensions less than the lateral dimensions of the heat flux transducer used to measure the heat flow. The procedure in Test Method C518 shall be used for specimens having lateral dimensions equal to or larger than the lateral dimensions of the heat flux transducer.
Note 1: The lower limit for specimen size is typically determined by the user for their particular material. As an example, Ref. (1)2 established a lower limit for specimen dimensions of 0.1 m by 0.1 m for several different thermal insulation materials for a 0.3 m by 0.3 m heat-flow-meter apparatus having a heat flux transducer 0.15 m by 0.15 m.  
1.4 This practice is intended only for research purposes, in particular, when larger specimens are unavailable. This practice shall not be used in conjunction with Test Method C518 for certification testing of products; compliance with ASTM Specifications; or compliance with regulatory or building code requirements.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationall...

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ASTM
ASTM C1199-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method details the calibration and testing procedures and necessary additional temperature instrumentation required in applying Test Method C1363 to measure the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems mounted vertically in the thermal chamber.  
4.2 The thermal transmittance of a test specimen is affected by its size and three-dimensional geometry. Care must be exercised when extrapolating to product sizes smaller or larger than the test specimen. Therefore, it is recommended that fenestration systems be tested at the recommended sizes specified in Practice E1423 or NFRC 100.  
4.3 Since both temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient conditions affect results, use of recommended conditions will assist in reducing confusion caused by comparing results of tests performed under dissimilar conditions. Standardized test conditions for determining the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems are specified in Practice E1423 and Section 6.2. The performance of a test specimen measured at standardized test conditions is potentially different than the performance of the same fenestration product when installed in the wall of a building located outdoors. Standardized test conditions often represent extreme summer or winter design conditions, which are potentially different than the average conditions typically experienced by a fenestration product installed in an exterior wall. For the purpose of comparison, it is essential to calibrate with surface heat transfer coefficients on the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) which are as close as possible to the conventionally accepted values for building design; however, this procedure can be used at other conditions for research purposes or product development.  
4.4 Similarly, it would be desirable to have a surround panel that closely duplicates the actual wall where the fenestration system would be installed. Since there are such a wide variety of fenestration system openings in North American...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers requirements and guidelines and specifies calibration procedures required for the measurement of the steady-state thermal transmittance of fenestration systems installed vertically in the test chamber. This test method specifies the necessary measurements to be made using measurement systems conforming to Test Method C1363 for determination of fenestration system thermal transmittance.  
Note 1: This test method allows the testing of projecting fenestration products (that is, garden windows, skylights, and roof windows) installed vertically in a surround panel. Current research on skylights, roof windows, and projecting products hopefully will provide additional information that can be added to the next version of this test method so that skylight and roof windows can be tested horizontally or at some angle typical of a sloping roof.  
1.2 This test method refers to the thermal transmittance, U of a fenestration system installed vertically in the absence of solar radiation and air leakage effects.
Note 2: The methods described in this document may also be adapted for use in determining the thermal transmittance of sections of building wall, and roof and floor assemblies containing thermal anomalies, which are smaller than the hot box metering area.  
1.3 This test method describes how to determine the thermal transmittance, US of a fenestration product (also called test specimen) at well-defined environmental conditions. The thermal transmittance is also a reported test result from Test Method C1363. If only the thermal transmittance is reported using this test method, the test report must also include a detailed description of the environmental conditions in the thermal chamber during the test as outlined in 10.1.14.  
1.4 For rating purposes, this test method also describes how to calculate a standardized thermal transmittance,  UST, which can be used to compare test results from labor...

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