ASTM F3418-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Transition Temperatures of Slack Waxes used in Equine Sports Surfaces by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Transition Temperatures of Slack Waxes used in Equine Sports Surfaces by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 DSC is a convenient and rapid method for determining the temperature limits within which a wax undergoes during transitions. The highest temperature transition is a solid-liquid transition associated with complete melting; it can guide the choice of wax binders used in synthetic equine sports surfaces, provide information on the effect of operational track temperatures on binder melting, as well as giving indications of changes in the binder over time. The solid-solid temperature transition is related to the properties of the solid, that is, hardness and blocking temperature, although these slack wax-wax based binders typically contain oil contents greater that 20 % by mass and consequently are not in a hardened state unless subjected to very cold temperatures (well below –17 °C).
Note 2: For a relatively narrow cut petroleum wax, the lowest transition will be a solid-solid transition. A narrow cut wax is one obtained by de-oiling a single petroleum distillate with a maximum range of 49 °CF between its 5 and 95 % vol in accordance with Test Method D1160 boiling points (converted to 760 torr). The DSC method cannot differentiate between solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions. Such information must be predetermined by other techniques. In the case of blends, the lower temperature transition may be envelopes of both solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions.
5.2 Since petroleum wax is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different molecular weights, its transitions occur over a temperature range. This range is one factor that influences the width, expressed in degrees Celsius, of the DSC peaks. The highest temperature transition is a first-order transition. If, for a series of waxes, there is supporting evidence that the highest temperature transition of each wax is the major first-order transition, its relative width should correlate with the relative width of the wax’s molecular weight distribution.
SCOPE
1.1 The slack waxes typically used in equestrian surfaces comprise a blend of different waxes and oils containing a variety of hydrocarbons, chain lengths and structures.
1.2 The blend of wax and oil determines the mechanical properties of the surface material as well as the response of the wax to temperature. The combination of lower and higher carbon weight materials, oil content and hydrocarbon structures also control how the wax will change over time.
1.3 The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test is used to determine temperature transitions and melting range of wax samples. DSC can therefore demonstrate differences in heat flow rates between extracted wax samples. The wax samples are extracted from samples of the surface materials and used in a standard test based on Test Method D4419 (1).2 This procedure involves thermal cycling of samples between –30 and 94 °C using a known control.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3418 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Transition Temperatures of Slack Waxes
used in Equine Sports Surfaces by Differential Scanning
1
Calorimetry (DSC)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 The slack waxes typically used in equestrian surfaces
comprise a blend of different waxes and oils containing a D87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax
(Cooling Curve)
variety of hydrocarbons, chain lengths and structures.
D1160 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
1.2 The blend of wax and oil determines the mechanical
Reduced Pressure
properties of the surface material as well as the response of the
D3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En-
wax to temperature. The combination of lower and higher
thalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by
carbon weight materials, oil content and hydrocarbon struc-
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
tures also control how the wax will change over time.
D4419 Test Method for Measurement of Transition Tem-
1.3 The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test is used
peratures of Petroleum Waxes by Differential Scanning
to determine temperature transitions and melting range of wax
Calorimetry (DSC)
samples. DSC can therefore demonstrate differences in heat
E472 Practice for Reporting Thermoanalytical Data (With-
4
flow rates between extracted wax samples. The wax samples
drawn 1995)
are extracted from samples of the surface materials and used in
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
2
a standard test based on Test Method D4419 (1). This
ology
procedure involves thermal cycling of samples between –30
E474 Method for Evaluation of Temperature Scale for Dif-
4
and 94 °C using a known control.
ferential Thermal Analysis (Withdrawn 1986)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), n—technique
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
in which the difference in energy inputs into a substance and a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
reference material is measured as a function of temperature,
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
while the substance and a reference material are subjected to a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
controlled temperature program.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—There are two modes of operation:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
power-compensation DSC and heat-flux DSC. That can be
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
distinguished depending on the method of measurement used.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
For additional background information refer to Practice E472,
Terminology E473, and Method E474.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
3
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee F08.28 on Equestrian Surfaces. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2020. Published January 2020. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F3418-20. the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
this standard. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3418 − 20
4. Summary of Test Method 7. Apparatus
4.1 Separate samples of petroleum wax and a reference 7.1 Differential Scanning Calorimeter, operating in either
material or blank (a sample container filled with air) are heated power compensation or heat flux mode, capable of heating at
at a controlled rate in an inert atmosphere. A sensor continu- 10.0 6 1.0°C/min from –30.0°C to 150.0°C. Controlled
ously monitors the diff
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.