iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D6831-11

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance

Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The measurement of particulate matter is widely performed to characterize emissions from stationary sources in terms of total emission rates to the atmosphere for regulatory purposes.  
This test method is particularly well suited for use in performance assessment and optimization of particulate matter control systems, continuous particulate matter emissions monitoring systems and the measurement of low concentration particulate matter laden gas streams in the range of 0.2 mg/m3 to 50 mg/m3.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determining the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous streams using an automated, in-stack test method. This method, an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This method is describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and the quality control procedures required to obtain the levels of precision and accuracy stated.
1.2 This method is suitable for collecting and measuring filterable particulate matter concentrations in the ranges 0.2 mg/m3 and above taken in effluent ducts and stacks.
1.3 This test method may be used for calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature, and this method (and other in-stack methods) may be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.
1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas temperature up to 200C and having gas velocities from 3 to 27 m/s.
1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples and a description of the procedure used for calculating the results.
1.6 Stack temperatures limitation for this test method is approximately 200C (392F).
1.7 This test method may be also be limited from use in sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive species having the potential to react with or within the sample train.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Nov-2011
ICS
07.100.01 - Microbiology in general
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6831-05a - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
Effective Date
15-Nov-2011
Replaced By
ASTM D6831-11(2018) - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
Effective Date
15-Apr-2018
Referred By
ASTM D7392-20 - Standard Practice for PM Detector and Bag Leak Detector Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications for Cement Plants
Effective Date
15-Nov-2011

Buy Standard

ASTM D6831-11 - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial MicrobalanceASTM D6831-11 - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM D6831-11 - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
English language
18 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview
REDLINE ASTM D6831-11 - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial MicrobalanceREDLINE ASTM D6831-11 - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
PreviousNext
Standard
REDLINE ASTM D6831-11 - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
English language
18 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6831 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases
1
Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6831; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope determine whether a particular sampling point or limited
number of sampling points can be used to acquire representa-
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determin-
tive PM samples.
ing the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous
1.8 Appendix X2 provides procedures for reducing the
streamsusinganautomated,in-stacktestmethod.Thismethod,
an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass sampling time required to perform calibrations of automated
monitoring systems where representative PM samples can be
measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This method is
describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and acquired from a single sample point and certain other condi-
tions are met.
the quality control procedures required to obtain the levels of
precision and accuracy stated.
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
1.2 This method is suitable for collecting and measuring
filterable particulate matter concentrations in the ranges 0.2 only.
3
mg/m and above taken in effluent ducts and stacks.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 This test method may be used for calibration of auto-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
unstable, reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measure-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
mentwilldependonthefiltrationtemperature,andthismethod
(and other in-stack methods) may be more applicable than
2. Referenced Documents
out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring
2
systems. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas
Atmospheres
temperature up to 200°C (392°F) and having gas velocities
D3154 Test Method for Average Velocity in a Duct (Pitot
from 3 to 27 m/s.
Tube Method)
1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment
D3685/D3685M Test Methods for Sampling and Determina-
and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples
tion of Particulate Matter in Stack Gases
and a description of the procedure used for calculating the
D3796 Practice for Calibration of Type S Pitot Tubes
results.
D6331 Test Method for Determination of Mass Concentra-
tion of Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources at Low
1.6 This test method may also be limited from use in
Concentrations (Manual Gravimetric Method)
sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive
2.2 EPA Methods from 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A:
species having the potential to react with or within the sample
Method 3A Determination of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
train.
Concentrations in Emissions from Stationary Sources
1.7 Appendix X1 provides procedures for assessment of the
(Instrumental Analyzer Procedure)
spatial variation in particulate matter (PM) concentration
Method 5 Determination of Particulate Emissions from Sta-
within the cross section of a stack or duct test location to
tionary Sources
Method 17 Determination of Particulate Emissions from
Stationary Sources (In-Situ Filtration Method)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient
2
Atmospheres and Source Emissions. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6831 – 05a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6831-05A. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6831 − 11
2.3 EPA Methods from 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix B: 3.2.9.1 Discussion—Unlike test methods such as D6331 or
Performance Specification 11 Specifications and Test Proce- D3685/D3685M, this method does not rely o
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6831–05a Designation: D6831 – 11
Standard Test Method for
Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases
1
Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6831; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determining the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous streams
using an automated, in-stack test method. This method, an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass measurement
using a hollow tube oscillator. This method is describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and the quality control
procedures required to obtain the levels of precision and accuracy stated.
3
1.2 Thismethodissuitableforcollectingandmeasuringfilterableparticulatematterconcentrationsintheranges0.2mg/m and
above taken in effluent ducts and stacks.
1.3 Thistestmethodmaybeusedforcalibrationofautomatedmonitoringsystems(AMS).Iftheemissiongascontainsunstable,
reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature, and this method (and other
in-stack methods) may be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.
1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas temperature up to 200°C (392°F) and having gas velocities from
3 to 27 m/s.
1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples and a
description of the procedure used for calculating the results.
1.6Stack temperatures limitation for this test method is approximately 200°C [392°F].
1.7This test method may be also be limited from use in sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive species
having the potential to react with or within the sample train.
1.8
1.6 Thistestmethodmayalsobelimitedfromuseinsamplinggasstreamsthatcontainfluoride,orotherreactivespecieshaving
the potential to react with or within the sample train.
1.7 AppendixX1providesproceduresforassessmentofthespatialvariationinparticulatematter(PM)concentrationwithinthe
cross section of a stack or duct test location to determine whether a particular sampling point or limited number of sampling points
can be used to acquire representative PM samples.
1.8 Appendix X2 provides procedures for reducing the sampling time required to perform calibrations of automated monitoring
systems where representative PM samples can be acquired from a single sample point and certain other conditions are met.
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D3154 Test Method for Average Velocity in a Duct (Pitot Tube Method)
D3685/D3685M Test Methods for Sampling and Determination of Particulate Matter in Stack Gases
D3796 Practice for Calibration of Type S Pitot Tubes
D6331 Test Method for Determination of Mass Concentration of Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources at Low
Concentrations (Manual Gravimetric Method)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres
and Source Emissions.
Current edition approved October 1, 2005.Nov. 15, 2011. Published October 2005.December 2011. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2005
as D6831 - 05a. DOI: 10.1520/D6831-05A.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6831 – 11
2.2 EPA Methods from 40 CFR Part 60,
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D6831-11(2018)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of particulate matter is widely performed to characterize emissions from stationary sources in terms of emission concentrations and emission rates to the atmosphere for engineering and regulatory purposes.  
5.2 This test method provides near real-time measurement results and is particularly well suited for use in performance assessment and optimization of particulate matter controls achieved by air pollution control devices or process modifications (including fuel, feed, or process operational changes) and performance assessments of particulate matter continuous emissions monitoring systems (PM CEMS)  
5.3 This test method is well suited for measurement of particulate matter-laden gas streams in the range of 0.2 mg/m3 to 50 mg/m3, especially at low concentrations.  
5.4 The U.S. EPA has concurred that this test method has been demonstrated to meet the Method 301 bias3 and precision criteria for measuring particulate matter from coal fired utility boilers when compared with EPA Method 17 and Method 5 (40CFR60, Appendix A).  
5.5 This test method can accurately measure relative particulate matter concentrations over short intervals and can be used to assess the uniformity of particulate concentrations at various points on a measurement traverse within a duct or stack.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determining the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous streams using an automated, in-stack test method. This test method, an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This test method is describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and the quality control procedures required to obtain the levels of precision and accuracy stated.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for collecting and measuring filterable particulate matter concentrations in the ranges 0.2 mg/m3 and above taken in effluent ducts and stacks.  
1.3 This test method may be used for calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature, and this test method (and other in-stack methods) may be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.  
1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas temperature up to 200°C (392°F) and having gas velocities from 3 to 27 m/s.  
1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples and a description of the procedure used for calculating the results.  
1.6 This test method may also be limited from use in sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive species having the potential to react with or within the sample train.  
1.7 Appendix X1 provides procedures for assessment of the spatial variation in particulate matter (PM) concentration within the cross section of a stack or duct test location to determine whether a particular sampling point or limited number of sampling points can be used to acquire representative PM samples.  
1.8 Appendix X2 provides procedures for reducing the sampling time required to perform calibrations of automated monitoring systems where representative PM samples can be acquired from a single sample point and certain other conditions are met.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This i...

  • Standard
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2196-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with Medium Shear and Continuous Flow Using Rotating Disk Reactor

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Bacteria that exist in a biofilm are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. The study of biofilm in the laboratory requires protocols that account for this difference. Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. The purpose of this method is to direct a user in the laboratory study of biofilms by clearly defining each system parameter. This method will enable a person to grow, sample, and analyze a laboratory biofilm. The method was originally developed to study toilet bowl biofilms, but may also be utilized for research that requires a biofilm grown under moderate fluid shear.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for growing a reproducible (1)2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) under medium shear conditions. In addition, the test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells.  
1.2 Although this test method was created to mimic conditions within a toilet bowl, it can be adapted for the growth and characterization of varying species of biofilm (rotating disk reactor—repeatability and relevance (2)).  
1.3 This test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log10 colony forming units per surface area (rotating disk reactor—efficacy test method (3)).  
1.4 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7847-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Interlaboratory Studies for Microbiological Test Methods

SCOPE
1.1 Microbiological test methods present challenges that are unique relative to chemical or physical parameters, because microbes proliferate, die off and continue to be metabolically active in samples after those samples have been drawn from their source.  
1.1.1 Microbial activity depends on the presence of available water. Consequently, the detection and quantification of microbial contamination in fuels and lubricants is made more complicated by the general absence of available water from these fluids.  
1.1.2 Detectability depends on the physiological state and taxonomic profile of microbes in samples. These two parameters are affected by various factors that are discussed in this guide, and contribute to microbial data variability.  
1.2 This guide addresses the unique considerations that must be accounted for in the design and execution of interlaboratory studies intended to determine the precision of microbiological test methods designed to quantify microbial contamination in fuels, lubricants and similar low water-content (water activity  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2799-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Testing Disinfectant Efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm using the MBEC Assay

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vegetative biofilm bacteria are phenotypically different from suspended planktonic cells of the same genotype. Biofilm growth reactors are engineered to produce biofilms with specific characteristics. Altering either the engineered system or operating conditions will modify those characteristics. The goal in biofilm research and efficacy testing is to choose the growth reactor that generates the most relevant biofilm for the particular study.  
5.2 The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in how to grow, treat, sample and analyze a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm using the MBEC Assay. Microscopically, the biofilm is sheet-like with few architectural details as seen in Harrison et al (6). The MBEC Assay was originally designed as a rapid and reproducible assay for evaluating biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics (2). The engineering design allows for the simultaneous evaluation of multiple test conditions, making it an efficient method for screening multiple disinfectants or multiple concentrations of the same disinfectant. Additional efficiency is added by including the neutralizer controls within the assay device. The small well volume is advantageous for testing expensive disinfectants, or when only small volumes of the disinfectant are available.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow and treat a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a high throughput screening assay known as the MBEC (trademarked)2 (Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration) Physiology and Genetics Assay. The assay device consists of a plastic lid with ninety-six (96) pegs and a corresponding receiver plate with ninety-six (96) individual wells that have a maximum 200 μL working volume. Biofilm is established on the pegs under batch conditions (that is, no flow of nutrients into or out of an individual well) with gentle mixing. The established biofilm is transferred to a new receiver plate for disinfectant efficacy testing.3, 4 The reactor design allows for the simultaneous testing of multiple disinfectants or one disinfectant with multiple concentrations, and replicate samples, making the assay an efficient screening tool.  
1.2 This test method defines the specific operational parameters necessary for growing a Pseudomonas aeruginosa  biofilm, although the device is versatile and has been used for growing, evaluating and/or studying biofilms of different species as seen in Refs (1-4).5  
1.3 Validation of disinfectant neutralization is included as part of the assay.  
1.4 This test method describes how to sample the biofilm and quantify viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log10 colony forming units per surface area. Efficacy is reported as the log10 reduction of viable cells.  
1.5 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this assay.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2562-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown with High Shear and Continuous Flow using CDC Biofilm Reactor

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Bacteria that exist in biofilms are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. Research has shown that biofilm bacteria are more difficult to kill than suspended bacteria (5, 7). Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. For example, research has shown that biofilm grown under high shear is more difficult to kill than biofilm grown under low shear (5, 8). The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in the laboratory study of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm by clearly defining each system parameter. This test method will enable an investigator to grow, sample, and analyze a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm grown under high shear. The biofilm generated in the CDC Biofilm Reactor is also suitable for efficacy testing. After the 48 h growth phase is complete, the user may add the treatment in situ or remove the coupons and treat them individually.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow a reproducible (1)2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 700888 biofilm under high shear. The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exists under high shear rather than being representative of one particular environment.  
1.2 This test method uses the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Biofilm Reactor. The CDC Biofilm Reactor is a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with high wall shear. Although it was originally designed to model a potable water system for the evaluation of Legionella pneumophila (2), the reactor is versatile and may also be used for growing and/or characterizing biofilm of varying species (3-5).  
1.3 This test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log10 colony forming units per surface area.  
1.4 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8412-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Quantification of Microbial Contamination in Liquid Fuels and Fuel-Associated Water by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides a protocol for detecting, characterizing, and quantifying nucleic acids (that is, DNA) of living and recently dead microorganisms in fuels and fuel-associated waters by means of a culture independent qPCR procedure. Microbial contamination is inferred when elevated DNA levels are detected in comparison to the expected background DNA level of a clean fuel and fuel system.  
5.2 A sequence of protocol steps is required for successful qPCR testing.  
5.2.1 Quantitative detection of microorganisms depends on the DNA-extraction protocol and selection of appropriate oligonucleotide primers.  
5.2.2 The preferred DNA extraction protocol depends on the type of microorganism present in the sample and potential impurities that could interfere with the subsequent qPCR reaction.  
5.2.3 Primers vary in their specificity. Some 16S and 18S RNA gene regions present in the DNA of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms appear to have been conserved throughout evolution and thus provide a reliable and repeatable target for gene amplification and detection. Amplicons targeting these conserved nucleotide sequences are useful for quantifying total population densities. Other target DNA regions are specific to a metabolic class (for example, sulfate reducing bacteria) or individual taxon (for example, the bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Primers targeting these unique nucleotide sequences are useful for detecting and quantifying specific microbes or groups of microbes known to be associated with biodeterioration.  
5.3 Just as the quantification of microorganisms using microbial growth media employs standardized formulations of growth conditions enabling the meaningful comparison of data from different laboratories (Practice D6974), this guide seeks to provide standardization to detect, characterize, and quantify nucleic acids associated with living and recently dead microorganisms in fuel-associated samples using qPCR.
Note 3: Many primers, an...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a genomic tool, to detect, characterize and quantify nucleic acids associated with microbial DNA present in liquid fuels and fuel-associated water samples.  
1.1.1 Water samples that may be used in testing include, but are not limited to, water associated with crude oil or liquid fuels in storage tanks, fuel tanks, or pipelines.  
1.1.2 While the intent of this guide is to focus on the analysis of fuel-associated samples, the procedures described here are also relevant to the analysis of water used in hydrotesting of pipes and equipment, water injected into geological formations to maintain pressure and/or facilitate the recovery of hydrocarbons in oil and gas recovery, water co-produced during the production of oil and gas, water in fire protection sprinkler systems, potable water, industrial process water, and wastewater.  
1.1.3 To test a fuel sample, the live and recently dead microorganisms must be separated from the fuel phase which can include any DNA fragments by using one of various methods such as filtration or any other microbial capturing methods.  
1.1.4 Some of the protocol steps are universally required and are indicated by the use of the word must. Other protocol steps are testing-objective dependent. At those process steps, options are offered and the basis for choosing among them are explained.  
1.2 The guide describes the application of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology to determine total bioburden or total microbial population present in fuel-associated samples using universal primers that allow for the quantification of 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes that are present in all prokaryotes (that is, bacteria and archaea) and eucaryotes (that is, mold and yeast collectively termed fungi), respectively.  
1.3 This guide describes laboratory protocols. As described in Practice D7464, the...

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E3161-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparing a Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm using the CDC Biofilm Reactor

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Bacteria that exist in biofilms are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. Research has shown that biofilm bacteria are more difficult to kill than suspended bacteria (4, 5). Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. The purpose of this practice is to direct a user in the growth of a P. aeruginosa or S. aureus biofilm by clearly defining the operational parameters to grow a biofilm that can be assessed for efficacy using the Standard Test Method for Evaluating Disinfectant Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown in CDC Biofilm Reactor Using Single Tube Method (E2871).  
5.2 Operating the CDC Biofilm Reactor at the conditions specified in this method generates biofilm at log densities (log10 CFU per coupon) ranging from 8.0 to 9.5 for P. aeruginosa and 7.5 to 9.0 for S. aureus. These levels of biofilm are anticipated on surfaces conducive to biofilm formation such as the conditions outlined in this method.  
5.2.1 To achieve an S. aureus biofilm with a population comparable to that for P. aeruginosa using the bacterial liquid growth medium conditions specified here, the S. aureus biofilm must be grown at 36 °C ±2 °C rather than at room temperature (21 °C ±2 °C).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice specifies the parameters for growing a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) biofilm that can be used for disinfectant efficacy testing using the Test Method for Evaluating Disinfectant Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown in CDC Biofilm Reactor Using Single Tube Method (E2871) or in an alternate method capable of accommodating the coupons used in the CDC Biofilm Reactor. The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exist on hard, non-porous surfaces under shear rather than being representative of one particular environment. Additional bacteria may be grown using the basic procedure outlined in this document, however, alternative preparation procedures for frozen stock cultures and biofilm generation (for example, medium concentrations, baffle speed, temperature, incubation times, coupon types, etc.) may be necessary.  
1.2 This practice uses the CDC Biofilm Reactor created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1).2 The CDC Biofilm Reactor is a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with high wall shear. The reactor is versatile and may also be used for growing or characterizing various species of biofilm, or both (2-4) provided appropriate adjustments are made to the growth media and operational parameters of the reactor.  
1.3 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this practice.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E3273-21(Practice)
Standard Practice to Assess Microbial Decontamination of Indoor Air using an Aerobiology Chamber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is to help in the development of protocols to assess the survival, removal and/or inactivation of human pathogens or their surrogates in indoor air. It accommodates the testing of technologies based on physical (for example, UV light) and chemical agents (for example, vaporized hydrogen peroxide) or simple microbial removal by air filtration or a combination thereof.  
5.2 While this practice is designed primarily for work with aerobic, mesophilic vegetative bacteria, it can be readily adapted to handle other classes of microbial pathogens or their surrogates.  
5.3 The pieces of equipment given here are as examples only. Other similar devices may be used as appropriate.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is to assess technologies for microbial decontamination of indoor air using a sealed, room-sized chamber (~24 m3) as recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (3). The test microbe is aerosolized inside the chamber where a fan uniformly mixes the aerosols and keeps them airborne. Samples of the air are collected and assayed, firstly to determine the rates of physical and biological decay of the test microbe, and then to assess the air decontaminating activity of the technology under test as log10 or percentage reductions in viability per m3 (1). The air temperature and relative humidity (RH) in the chamber are measured and recorded during each test.  
1.2 The chamber can be used to assess microbial survival in indoor air as well as to test the ability of physical (for example, ultraviolet light) and chemical agents (for example, vaporized hydrogen peroxide) to inactivate representative pathogens or their surrogates in indoor air.  
1.3 This practice does not cover testing of microbial contamination introduced into the chamber as a dry powder.  
1.4 This practice does not cover work with human pathogenic viruses, which require additional safety and technical considerations.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F1608-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Microbial Ranking of Porous Packaging Materials (Exposure Chamber Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The exposure-chamber method is a quantitative procedure for determining the microbial-barrier properties of porous materials under the conditions specified by the test. Data obtained from this test is useful in assessing the relative potential of a particular porous material in contributing to the loss of sterility to the contents of the package versus another porous material. This test method is not intended to predict the performance of a given material in a specific sterile-packaging application. The maintenance of sterility in a particular packaging application will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to the following:  
5.1.1 The bacterial challenge (number and kinds of microorganisms) that the package will encounter in its distribution and use. This may be influenced by factors such as shipping methods, expected shelf life, geographic location, and storage conditions.  
5.1.2 The package design, including factors such as adhesion between materials, the presence or absence of secondary and tertiary packaging, and the nature of the device within the package.  
5.1.3 The rate and volume exchange of air that the porous package encounters during its distribution and shelf life. This can be influenced by factors including the free-air volume within the package and pressure changes occurring as a result of transportation, manipulation, weather, or mechanical influences (such as room door closures and HVAC systems).  
5.1.4 The microstructure of a porous material which influences the relative ability to adsorb or entrap microorganisms, or both, under different air-flow conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the passage of airborne bacteria through porous materials intended for use in packaging sterile medical devices. This test method is designed to test materials under conditions that result in the detectable passage of bacterial spores through the test material.  
1.1.1 A round-robin study was conducted with eleven laboratories participating. Each laboratory tested duplicate samples of six commercially available porous materials to determine the Log Reduction Value (LRV) (see calculation in Section 12). Materials tested under the standard conditions described in this test method returned average values that range from LRV 1.7 to 4.3.  
1.1.2 Results of this round-robin study indicate that caution should be used when comparing test data and ranking materials, especially when a small number of sample replicates are used. In addition, further collaborative work (such as described in Practice E691) should be conducted before this test method would be considered adequate for purposes of setting performance standards.  
1.2 This test method requires manipulation of microorganisms and should be performed only by trained personnel. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services publication Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (CDC/NIH-HHS Publication No. 84-8395) should be consulted for guidance.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E3321-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Intraluminal Catheter Model used to Evaluate Antimicrobial Urinary Catheters for Prevention of Escherichia coli Biofilm Growth

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the battle to reduce medical device and implant-related infections, prevention of bacterial colonization of surfaces is a logical strategy. Bacterial colonization of a surface is a precursor to biofilm formation. Biofilm is the etiological agent of many implant and device-related infections and once established, microorganisms in biofilm can be up to 1000 times more tolerant to antibiotic therapy. Often the best treatment strategy is removal of the implant or device at a high socioeconomic cost. Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are the most prevalent of the device-related healthcare associated infections. Catheter associated infections account for 37 % of all hospital acquired infections (HAI) and 70 % of all nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTI) in the U.S. (2, 3). The Intraluminal Catheter Model (ICM) was developed to evaluate the ability of antimicrobial catheters to inhibit biofilm growth on the catheter lumen.  
5.2 The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in how to grow, sample, and analyze an E. coli biofilm in a urinary catheter under a constant flow of artificial urine. The test method incorporates operational parameters utilized in similar published methods (4). The E. coli biofilm that grows has a patchy appearance that varies across the catheter. Microscopically, the biofilm is heterogenous, with large clusters in some areas, and flat sheets of cells or even single cells in others. By 24 h, the biofilm is developed in the control catheters. If the goal is to monitor early stage biofilm development, then tubing and effluent samples need to be collected prior to the 24 h sample collection. Monitoring biofilm development requires sampling. The biofilm generated in the Intraluminal Catheter Model is suitable for comparison testing between antimicrobial and control catheters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to assess the ability of antimicrobial urinary catheters to prevent or control biofilm growth. Efficacy is reported as the log reduction in viable bacteria when compared to a repeatable (1)2  Escherichia coli biofilm grown in the intra-lumen of a urinary catheter under a constant flow of artificial urine.  
1.2 The test method is versatile and may also be used for growing and/or characterizing biofilms and suspended bacteria of different species, although this will require changing the operational parameters to optimize the method based upon the growth requirements of the new organism.  
1.3 This test method may be used to evaluate surface modified urinary catheters that contain no antimicrobial agent.  
1.4 This test method describes how to sample and analyze catheter segments and effluent for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log colony forming units per surface area. Suspended bacterial population density is reported as log colony forming units per volume.  
1.5 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off