ASTM D6831-11(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of particulate matter is widely performed to characterize emissions from stationary sources in terms of emission concentrations and emission rates to the atmosphere for engineering and regulatory purposes.
5.2 This test method provides near real-time measurement results and is particularly well suited for use in performance assessment and optimization of particulate matter controls achieved by air pollution control devices or process modifications (including fuel, feed, or process operational changes) and performance assessments of particulate matter continuous emissions monitoring systems (PM CEMS)
5.3 This test method is well suited for measurement of particulate matter-laden gas streams in the range of 0.2 mg/m3 to 50 mg/m3, especially at low concentrations.
5.4 The U.S. EPA has concurred that this test method has been demonstrated to meet the Method 301 bias3 and precision criteria for measuring particulate matter from coal fired utility boilers when compared with EPA Method 17 and Method 5 (40CFR60, Appendix A).
5.5 This test method can accurately measure relative particulate matter concentrations over short intervals and can be used to assess the uniformity of particulate concentrations at various points on a measurement traverse within a duct or stack.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determining the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous streams using an automated, in-stack test method. This test method, an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This test method is describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and the quality control procedures required to obtain the levels of precision and accuracy stated.
1.2 This test method is suitable for collecting and measuring filterable particulate matter concentrations in the ranges 0.2 mg/m3 and above taken in effluent ducts and stacks.
1.3 This test method may be used for calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature, and this test method (and other in-stack methods) may be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.
1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas temperature up to 200°C (392°F) and having gas velocities from 3 to 27 m/s.
1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples and a description of the procedure used for calculating the results.
1.6 This test method may also be limited from use in sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive species having the potential to react with or within the sample train.
1.7 Appendix X1 provides procedures for assessment of the spatial variation in particulate matter (PM) concentration within the cross section of a stack or duct test location to determine whether a particular sampling point or limited number of sampling points can be used to acquire representative PM samples.
1.8 Appendix X2 provides procedures for reducing the sampling time required to perform calibrations of automated monitoring systems where representative PM samples can be acquired from a single sample point and certain other conditions are met.
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This i...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6831 − 11 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases
Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6831; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope determine whether a particular sampling point or limited
number of sampling points can be used to acquire representa-
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determin-
tive PM samples.
ing the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous
1.8 Appendix X2 provides procedures for reducing the
streams using an automated, in-stack test method. This test
method, an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial sampling time required to perform calibrations of automated
monitoring systems where representative PM samples can be
mass measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This test
method is describes the design of the apparatus, operating acquired from a single sample point and certain other condi-
tions are met.
procedure, and the quality control procedures required to
obtain the levels of precision and accuracy stated.
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
1.2 Thistestmethodissuitableforcollectingandmeasuring
filterable particulate matter concentrations in the ranges 0.2 conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
tion only and are not considered standard.
mg/m and above taken in effluent ducts and stacks.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.3 This test method may be used for calibration of auto-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
unstable, reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measure-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ment will depend on the filtration temperature, and this test
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
method (and other in-stack methods) may be more applicable
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated moni-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
toring systems.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
temperature up to 200°C (392°F) and having gas velocities
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
from 3 to 27 m/s.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment
and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples
2. Referenced Documents
and a description of the procedure used for calculating the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
results.
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
1.6 This test method may also be limited from use in
Atmospheres
sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive D3154 Test Method for Average Velocity in a Duct (Pitot
species having the potential to react with or within the sample
Tube Method)
train. D3685/D3685M Test Methods for Sampling and Determina-
tion of Particulate Matter in Stack Gases
1.7 Appendix X1 provides procedures for assessment of the
D3796 Practice for Calibration of Type S Pitot Tubes
spatial variation in particulate matter (PM) concentration
D6331 Test Method for Determination of Mass Concentra-
within the cross section of a stack or duct test location to
tion of Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources at Low
Concentrations (Manual Gravimetric Method)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient
Atmospheres and Source Emissions. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 15, 2018. Published May 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6831 – 11. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6831-11R18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6831 − 11 (2018)
2.2 EPA Methods from 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A: 3.2.6 sampling line—the line in the sampling plane along
Method 3A Determination of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide which the sampling points are located bounded by the inner
Concentrations in Emissions from Stationary Sources duct wall.
(Instrumental Analyzer Procedure)
3.2.7 sampling plane—the plane normal to the centerline of
Method 5 Determination of Particulate Emissions from Sta-
the duct at the sampling position.
tionary Sources
3.2.8 sampling point—the specific position on a sampling
Method 17 Determination of Particulate Emissions from
line at which a sample is extracted.
Stationary Sources (In-Situ Filtration Method)
3.2.9 weighing control procedures—quality control proce-
2.3 EPA Methods from 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix B:
dures used for verifying the calibration constant for the hollow
Performance Specification 11 Specifications and Test Proce-
tube oscillator.
dures for Particulate Matter Continuous Emission Moni-
3.2.9.1 Discussion—Unlike test methods such as D6331 or
toring Systems at Stationary Sources
D3685/D3685M, this test method does not rely on weighing
2.4 EPA Methods from 40 CFR Part 63, Appendix A:
sample media in a laboratory before and after a test is
Method 301 Field Validation of Pollutant Measurement
conducted. The method includes an integrated filter drying
Methods from Various Waste Media
mechanism to desiccate the sample collection media in-situ
immediately prior to and following each test run. No physical
3. Terminology
handling of sample collection media takes place prior to the
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to start of a test run through final filter analysis for the test run.
Terminology D1356. Consequently, control filters typically used to characterize the
impact of filter/sample handling and transportation are not
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
required with this test method.
3.2.1 particulate matter—solid or liquid particles of any
shape, structure, or density (other than water) dispersed in the
4. Summary of Test Method
gas phase at flue gas temperature and pressure conditions.
4.1 The in-stack, inertial microbalance method involves the
3.2.1.1 Discussion—In accordance with the described test
use of a filter cartridge affixed at one end of a hollow tube
method, all material that may be collected by filtration under
oscillator that is housed in a mass transducer housing. The
specified conditions and that remains upstream of the filter and
mass transducer is attached to the end of an integrated sample
on the filter after drying under specified conditions are consid-
probe and inserted through a port into the stack or duct. A
ered to be particulate matter. For the purposes of this test
sample is withdrawn isokinetically from the gas stream and
method,particulatematterisdefinedbygasbornematter(solid
directed through the filter cartridge attached to the end of the
or liquid) captured on or in the filter after drying and weighing
hollow tube oscillator. Captured particulate matter and any
in accordance with this test method.
captured moisture is weighed continuously as the sample gases
3.2.2 in-stack, inertial microbalance—a mechanical oscilla-
pass through the filter cartridge and hollow tube oscillator.
tor constructed of a hollow tube of a specific metal alloy and
Sample gases then continue through the heated probe and
fitted with a filter cartridge that is designed to oscillate at a
umbilical assemblies and into a gas conditioning/control mod-
frequency that is proportional to the mass of the hollow tube
ule where the collected gas sample volume is determined. A
oscillator plus the mass of its filter cartridge.
calibrated, orifice-based flow meter is used to measure the
sample gas volume. In sources where the particulate matter
3.2.3 mass transducer—the mass transducer is a principle
characteristics can result in significant quantity of particulate
component of an in-stack inertial, microbalance. The mass
matter to be trapped on the inlet nozzle walls during sampling,
transducer provides the mechanical structure to support and
the trapped particulate matter can be recovered after sampling
contain the hollow tube oscillator and to support the sample
has been completed using a properly sized brush to detach and
inlet nozzle fixture, source gas temperature thermocouple, and
recover trapped particulate matter from the inlet walls.
S-type Pitot tube assembly. Refer to 6.1.1 for a detailed
description of this component.
4.1.1 Discussion—The ability of this mass measurement
technique to precisely quantify the mass of the filter and
3.2.4 articulating elbow—a mechanical component that
collected particulate matter by correlating mass change to a
may be integrated into the sample probe just before the end
measured frequency change of the hollow tube oscillator is
connector attaching to the mass transducer. This elbow is used
predicated on the isolation of the oscillator from external
control the angle of the mass transducer relative to the sample
vibration sources. To remove the potential for external vibra-
probe during insertion of the probe and mass transducer into
tion to interfere with the measurement process, the mass
thestackandwhilepositioningthemasstransducerinletnozzle
transducer housing must be sufficiently massive so that any
into the gas stream.
energy that it absorbs from external vibrations will result in the
3.2.5 filtrationtemperature—thetemperatureofthesampled
mass transducer case oscillating at a resonant frequency that is
gas immediately downstream of the filter cartridge.
much lower the hollow tube oscillator. As a result, a massive
3.2.5.1 Discussion—The temperature of the filter cartridge housing will absorb any external vibrations and prevent those
is maintained at the desired temperature by controlling the vibrations from affecting the resonance of the hollow tube
temperature of the mass transducer case and cap. oscillator.
D6831 − 11 (2018)
4.2 The filter media typically used is PTFE coated glass 5.3 This test method is well suited for measurement of
fiber filter media (TX-40 or equivalent) although other filter particulate matter-laden gas streams in the range of 0.2 mg/m
media can be used if desired. The filter media is mounted in a to 50 mg/m , especially at low concentrations.
specially designed filter cartridge housing that is designed to
5.4 The U.S. EPA has concurred that this test method has
promote a constant face velocity through the entire surface of 3
been demonstrated to meet the Method 301 bias and precision
the filter. The junction of the oscillating element and the base
criteria for measuring particulate matter from coal fired utility
of the filter cartridge is designed to ensure a leak free union.
boilers when compared with EPA Method 17 and Method 5
(40CFR60, Appendix A).
4.3 The sample gases are dried using a selectively perme-
able membrane dryer followed by silica gel before the sample
5.5 This test method can accurately measure relative par-
volume is measured. An integrated computer-controlled feed-
ticulate matter concentrations over short intervals and can be
back system is used to control the sample flow rate based on
used to assess the uniformity of particulate concentrations at
stack gas temperature, velocity and gas density measurements,
various points on a measurement traverse within a duct or
or user input data, to automatically maintain isokinetic sam-
stack.
pling conditions.
6. System Description
4.4 To account for source gas density (molecular weight)
inputstosettheisokineticsamplingconditions,theuserhasthe 6.1 MajorComponents—Thein-stack,inertialmicrobalance
option to use manually input data acquired using an Orsat measurement system is comprised of five major components
analyzer and moisture determination apparatus, or equivalent that are listed in the following table.
methods, or data supplied by an on-board carbon dioxide
Mass Transducer An assembly that houses the sample filter and inertial
analyzer, oxygen analyzer and moisture measurement system. (see 6.1.1) microbalance. Also contains the Pitot tube assembly,
stack gas temperature thermocouple, sample inlet
4.5 Valid measurements can be achieved when: nozzle and mass transducer heaters.
4.5.1 The gas stream in the duct at the sampling plane has a
Sample Probe and A heated support conduit for mass transducer, sample and
sufficiently steady and identified velocity, a sufficient tempera- Probe Extensions purge flow lines; electrical supplies for mass transducer
(see 6.1.2) and probe heaters; mass transducer electrical signal
ture and pressure, and a sufficiently homogeneous composi-
cables; and the pivoting elbow used for positioning the
tion;
mass transducer into the source gas flow.
4.5.2 The flow of the gas is parallel to the centerline of the
Sample A heated, flexible tubing bundle that contains the
duct across the whole sampling plane;
Pneumatic/ pneumatic lines for transporting the sample and purge
Electrical gases from/to the mass transducer; and the electrical
4.5.3 Sampling is carried out without disturbance of the gas
Umbilical Cables supply and signal cabling.
stream, using a sharp edged nozzle facing into the stream;
(see 6.1.3)
4.5.4 Isokinetic sampling conditions are maintained
Control Unit A unit that contains sample and purge supply flow sensors
throughout the test within 610 %;
(see 6.1.4) and controllers; stack gas velocity pressure and
4.5.5 Samples are taken at a pre-selected number of stated
temperature transducers; sample and purge supply
pressure and temperature transducers, data acquisition
positions in the sampling plane to obtain a representative
and instrument control systems; sample and purge gas
sample for a non-uniform distribution of particulate matter in
conditioners; heater relays; and optionally, CO ,O and
2 2
the duct or stack. moisture measurement
...
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