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ASTM D6831-05a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance

Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The measurement of particulate matter is widely performed to characterize emissions from stationary sources in terms of total emission rates to the atmosphere for regulatory purposes.  
This test method is particularly well suited for use in performance assessment and optimization of particulate matter control systems, continuous particulate matter emissions monitoring systems and the measurement of low concentration particulate matter laden gas streams in the range of 0.2 mg/m3 to 50 mg/m3.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determining the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous streams using an automated, in-stack test method. This method, an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This method is describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and the quality control procedures required to obtain the levels of precision and accuracy stated.
1.2 This method is suitable for collecting and measuring filterable particulate matter concentrations in the ranges 0.2 mg/m3 and above taken in effluent ducts and stacks.
1.3 This test method may be used for calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature, and this method (and other in-stack methods) may be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.
1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas temperature up to 200C and having gas velocities from 3 to 27 m/s.
1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples and a description of the procedure used for calculating the results.
1.6 Stack temperatures limitation for this test method is approximately 200C (392F).
1.7 This test method may be also be limited from use in sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive species having the potential to react with or within the sample train.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2005
ICS
07.100.01 - Microbiology in general
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6831-05 - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D6831-11 - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
Effective Date
15-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM D7392-20 - Standard Practice for PM Detector and Bag Leak Detector Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications for Cement Plants
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005

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ASTM D6831-05a - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial MicrobalanceASTM D6831-05a - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
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ASTM D6831-05a - Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6831 – 05a
Standard Test Method for
Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases
1
Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6831; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determin- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
streamsusinganautomated,in-stacktestmethod.Thismethod, Atmospheres
an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass D3154 Test Method for Average Velocity in a Duct (Pitot
measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This method is Tube Method)
describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and D3685/D3685M Test Methods for Sampling and Determi-
the quality control procedures required to obtain the levels of nation of Particulate Matter in Stack Gases
precision and accuracy stated. D3796 Practice for Calibration of Type S Pitot Tubes
1.2 This method is suitable for collecting and measuring D6331 Test Method for Determination of Mass Concentra-
filterable particulate matter concentrations in the ranges 0.2 tion of Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources at Low
3
mg/m and above taken in effluent ducts and stacks. Concentrations (Manual Gravimetric Method)
1.3 This test method may be used for calibration of auto-
3. Terminology
mated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to
unstable, reactive, or semi-volatile substances, the measure-
ment will depend on the filtration temperature, and this method Terminology D1356.
3.2 Definition of terms specific to this standard:
(and other in-stack methods) may be more applicable than
out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring 3.2.1 particulate matter—for solid particles of any shape,
structure, or density dispersed in the gas phase at flue gas
systems.
1.4 This test method can be employed in sources having gas temperature and pressure conditions.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—In accordance with the described test
temperatureupto200°Candhavinggasvelocitiesfrom3to27
method, all material that may be collected by filtration under
m/s.
1.5 This test method includes a description of equipment specified conditions and that remains upstream of the filter and
on the filter after drying under specified conditions are consid-
and methods to be used for obtaining and analyzing samples
and a description of the procedure used for calculating the ered to be particulate matter. For the purposes of this test
method,particulatematterisdefinedbygasbornematter(solid
results.
1.6 Stack temperatures limitation for this test method is or liquid) captured on or in the filter after drying and weighing
in accordance with this test method.
approximately 200°C [392°F].
1.7 This test method may be also be limited from use in 3.2.2 in-stack, inertial microbalance—a mechanical oscilla-
tor constructed of a hollow tube of a specific metal alloy and
sampling gas streams that contain fluoride, or other reactive
species having the potential to react with or within the sample fitted with a filter cartridge that is designed to oscillate at a
frequency that is proportional to the mass of the hollow tube
train.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the oscillator plus the mass of its filter cartridge.
3.2.3 mass transducer—the mass transducer is a principle
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- component of an in-stack inertial, microbalance. The mass
transducer provides the mechanical structure to support and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. contain the hollow tube oscillator and to support the sample
inlet nozzle fixture, source gas temperature thermocouple, and
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient
2
Atmospheres and Source Emissions. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved October 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6831 - 05. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6831-05A. the ASTM website.
C
...

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Standard Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particulate Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, Inertial Microbalance

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5.1 The measurement of particulate matter is widely performed to characterize emissions from stationary sources in terms of emission concentrations and emission rates to the atmosphere for engineering and regulatory purposes.  
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1.1 This test method describes the procedures for determining the mass concentration of particulate matter in gaseous streams using an automated, in-stack test method. This test method, an in-situ, inertial microbalance, is based on inertial mass measurement using a hollow tube oscillator. This test method is describes the design of the apparatus, operating procedure, and the quality control procedures required to obtain the levels of precision and accuracy stated.  
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1.1.1 Water samples that may be used in testing include, but are not limited to, water associated with crude oil or liquid fuels in storage tanks, fuel tanks, or pipelines.  
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5.1 Bacteria that exist in biofilms are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. Research has shown that biofilm bacteria are more difficult to kill than suspended bacteria (4, 5). Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. The purpose of this practice is to direct a user in the growth of a P. aeruginosa or S. aureus biofilm by clearly defining the operational parameters to grow a biofilm that can be assessed for efficacy using the Standard Test Method for Evaluating Disinfectant Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown in CDC Biofilm Reactor Using Single Tube Method (E2871).  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice specifies the parameters for growing a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) biofilm that can be used for disinfectant efficacy testing using the Test Method for Evaluating Disinfectant Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown in CDC Biofilm Reactor Using Single Tube Method (E2871) or in an alternate method capable of accommodating the coupons used in the CDC Biofilm Reactor. The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exist on hard, non-porous surfaces under shear rather than being representative of one particular environment. Additional bacteria may be grown using the basic procedure outlined in this document, however, alternative preparation procedures for frozen stock cultures and biofilm generation (for example, medium concentrations, baffle speed, temperature, incubation times, coupon types, etc.) may be necessary.  
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1.3 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this practice.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
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5.1.2 The package design, including factors such as adhesion between materials, the presence or absence of secondary and tertiary packaging, and the nature of the device within the package.  
5.1.3 The rate and volume exchange of air that the porous package encounters during its distribution and shelf life. This can be influenced by factors including the free-air volume within the package and pressure changes occurring as a result of transportation, manipulation, weather, or mechanical influences (such as room door closures and HVAC systems).  
5.1.4 The microstructure of a porous material which influences the relative ability to adsorb or entrap microorganisms, or both, under different air-flow conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the passage of airborne bacteria through porous materials intended for use in packaging sterile medical devices. This test method is designed to test materials under conditions that result in the detectable passage of bacterial spores through the test material.  
1.1.1 A round-robin study was conducted with eleven laboratories participating. Each laboratory tested duplicate samples of six commercially available porous materials to determine the Log Reduction Value (LRV) (see calculation in Section 12). Materials tested under the standard conditions described in this test method returned average values that range from LRV 1.7 to 4.3.  
1.1.2 Results of this round-robin study indicate that caution should be used when comparing test data and ranking materials, especially when a small number of sample replicates are used. In addition, further collaborative work (such as described in Practice E691) should be conducted before this test method would be considered adequate for purposes of setting performance standards.  
1.2 This test method requires manipulation of microorganisms and should be performed only by trained personnel. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services publication Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (CDC/NIH-HHS Publication No. 84-8395) should be consulted for guidance.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3321-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Intraluminal Catheter Model used to Evaluate Antimicrobial Urinary Catheters for Prevention of Escherichia coli Biofilm Growth

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the battle to reduce medical device and implant-related infections, prevention of bacterial colonization of surfaces is a logical strategy. Bacterial colonization of a surface is a precursor to biofilm formation. Biofilm is the etiological agent of many implant and device-related infections and once established, microorganisms in biofilm can be up to 1000 times more tolerant to antibiotic therapy. Often the best treatment strategy is removal of the implant or device at a high socioeconomic cost. Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are the most prevalent of the device-related healthcare associated infections. Catheter associated infections account for 37 % of all hospital acquired infections (HAI) and 70 % of all nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTI) in the U.S. (2, 3). The Intraluminal Catheter Model (ICM) was developed to evaluate the ability of antimicrobial catheters to inhibit biofilm growth on the catheter lumen.  
5.2 The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in how to grow, sample, and analyze an E. coli biofilm in a urinary catheter under a constant flow of artificial urine. The test method incorporates operational parameters utilized in similar published methods (4). The E. coli biofilm that grows has a patchy appearance that varies across the catheter. Microscopically, the biofilm is heterogenous, with large clusters in some areas, and flat sheets of cells or even single cells in others. By 24 h, the biofilm is developed in the control catheters. If the goal is to monitor early stage biofilm development, then tubing and effluent samples need to be collected prior to the 24 h sample collection. Monitoring biofilm development requires sampling. The biofilm generated in the Intraluminal Catheter Model is suitable for comparison testing between antimicrobial and control catheters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to assess the ability of antimicrobial urinary catheters to prevent or control biofilm growth. Efficacy is reported as the log reduction in viable bacteria when compared to a repeatable (1)2  Escherichia coli biofilm grown in the intra-lumen of a urinary catheter under a constant flow of artificial urine.  
1.2 The test method is versatile and may also be used for growing and/or characterizing biofilms and suspended bacteria of different species, although this will require changing the operational parameters to optimize the method based upon the growth requirements of the new organism.  
1.3 This test method may be used to evaluate surface modified urinary catheters that contain no antimicrobial agent.  
1.4 This test method describes how to sample and analyze catheter segments and effluent for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log colony forming units per surface area. Suspended bacterial population density is reported as log colony forming units per volume.  
1.5 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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