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ASTM D4868-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burner and Diesel Fuels

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burner and Diesel Fuels

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the gross and net heat of combustion in SI units, megajoules per kilogram, of petroleum fuels from the fuel density, sulfur, water, and ash content.
Note 1--The equation for estimation of net and gross heat of combustion used in this method were originally published by the NIST Publication No. 97.
1.2 This test method is especially useful for estimating, using a minimum number of tests, the heat of combustion of burner and diesel fuels for which it is not usually critical to obtain very precise heat determinations.
Note 2--More accurate estimation methods are available for aviation fuels (Test Methods D1405 and D3338, and D4529). However, those estimation methods require additional tests to those required in this test method.
1.3 This test method is purely empirical (Note 1). It is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil that conform to the requirements of specifications for petroleum fuels as described in Note 3. This test method is valid for those fuels in the density range from 750 to 1,000 kg/m3  and those that do not contain an unusually high aromatic content. High aromatic content fuels will not normally meet fuel specification criteria.
Note 3--The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its density and sulfur, water, and ash content is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to well-defined classes for which a relationship between these quantities have been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of these classes. Even in these classes, the possibility that the estimate may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. This test method has been tested for a limited number of fuels from oil sand bitumen and shale oil origin and has been found to be valid. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications:FuelSpecificationFuel OilsGrades 1, 2, 4 (light), 4, 5 (light), 5 (heavy), and 6D 396DieselGrades 1-D, 2-D, and 4-dD 975Aviation TurbineJet A, Jet A-1, and Jet BD 1655Gas TurbineGrades 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT and 4-GT D 2880KerosineGrades 1-K and 2-KD 3699
1.4 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 4).
Note 4--The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.
1.5 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2000
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.05 - Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4868-90(1995)e1 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burner and Diesel Fuels
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6823-08(2021) - Standard Specification for Commercial Boiler Fuels With Used Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6448-16(2022) - Standard Specification for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000

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ASTM D4868-00 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burner and Diesel FuelsASTM D4868-00 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burner and Diesel Fuels
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ASTM D4868-00 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burner and Diesel Fuels
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D4868–00
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Burner
1
and Diesel Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Grades 1, 2, 4 (light), 4, 5 (light), 5 (heavy), and 6 D 396
Diesel
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the gross and
Grades 1-D, 2-D, and 4-d D 975
net heat of combustion in SI units, megajoules per kilogram, of
Aviation Turbine
Jet A, Jet A-1, and Jet B D 1655
petroleum fuels from the fuel density, sulfur, water, and ash
Gas Turbine
content.
Grades 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT and 4-GT D 2880
Kerosine
NOTE 1—The equation for estimation of net and gross heat of combus-
Grades 1-K and 2-K D 3699
tion used in this method were originally published by the NIST Publica-
1.4 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons.
tion No. 97.
Itisnotintendedasasubstituteforexperimentalmeasurements
1.2 This test method is especially useful for estimating,
of heat of combustion (Note 4).
using a minimum number of tests, the heat of combustion of
burner and diesel fuels for which it is not usually critical to NOTE 4—The procedures for the experimental determination of the
gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D 240
obtain very precise heat determinations.
and D 4809.
NOTE 2—More accurate estimation methods are available for aviation
1.5 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be
fuels (Test Methods D 1405 and D 3338, and D 4529). However, those
regarded as the standard.
estimation methods require additional tests to those required in this test
method. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 This test method is purely empirical (Note 1). It is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
refining processes from conventional crude oil that conform to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the requirements of specifications for petroleum fuels as
described in Note 3. This test method is valid for those fuels in
2. Referenced Documents
3
thedensityrangefrom750to1,000kg/m andthosethatdonot
2.1 ASTM Standards:
contain an unusually high aromatic content. High aromatic
D 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
content fuels will not normally meet fuel specification criteria.
2
Bituminous Materials by Distillation
NOTE 3—The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
fuel from its density and sulfur, water, and ash content is justifiable only 2
eral Bomb Method)
when the fuel belongs to well-defined classes for which a relationship
D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
between these quantities have been derived from accurate experimental
2
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
measurements on representative samples of these classes. Even in these
2
D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils
classes, the possibility that the estimate may be in error by large amounts
2
D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
forindividualfuelsshouldberecognized.Thistestmethodhasbeentested
2
for a limited number of fuels from oil sand bitumen and shale oil origin
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
and has been found to be valid. The classes of fuels used to establish the
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following 2
(Lamp Method)
applications:
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Fuel Specification
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
Fuel Oils
2
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
D 1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-
2
bustion of Aviation Fuels
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D 1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Oil Shale.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2000. Published January 2001. Originally
2
published as D 4868 – 88. Last previous edition D 4868 – 90(1995)e1. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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D4868
(Spec
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
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5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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