ASTM F2218-02(2022)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Hardware Implementation for Computerized Systems
Standard Guide for Hardware Implementation for Computerized Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is aimed at providing a general understanding of the various types of hardware devices that form the core of information processing systems for ship and marine use. Ship and marine information processing systems require specific devices in order to perform automated tasks in a specialized environment. In addition to providing information services for each individual installation, these devices are often networked and are capable of supplementary functions that benefits ship and marine operations.
3.2 A variety of choices exists for deployment of information processing devices and greatly increases the complexity of the selection task for ship and marine systems. The choice of a particular device or system cannot be made solely on the singular requirements of one application or function. Modern information processing systems are usually installed in a complex environment where systems must be made to interact with each other. Ship and marine installations add an even further layer of complexity to the process of choosing adequate computerized systems. This guide aims to alleviate this task by giving users specific choices that are proven technologies that perform in a complex environment.
3.3 Hardware resources used in ship and marine installations are a result of careful consideration of utility and function. These resources may require some physical specialization in order to inhabit a particular environment, but they are in no way different from equipment used in shore-based situations. Ship and marine computer system configurations, interconnections, and support services are essentially the same as those found in a land-based network environment and as a result, the skill sets of ship and marine information processing system users, administrators, and support personnel are interchangeable with those of shore-based activities.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides assistance in the choice of computing hardware resources for ship and marine environments and describes:
1.1.1 The core characteristics of interoperable systems that can be incorporated into accepted concepts such as the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model;
1.1.2 Process-based models, such as the Technical Reference Model (TRM), that rely on interoperable computing hardware resources to provide the connection between the operator, network, application, and information; and,
1.1.3 The integrated architecture that can be used to meet minimum information processing requirements for ship and marine environments.
1.2 The use of models such as OSI and TRM provide a structured method for design and implementation of practical shipboard information processing systems and provides planners and architects with a roadmap that can be easily understood and conveyed to implementers. The use of such models permit functional capabilities to be embodied within concrete systems and equipment.
1.3 The information provided in this guide is understood to represent a set of concepts and technologies that have, over time, evolved into accepted standards that are proven in various functional applications. However, the one universal notion that still remains from the earliest days of information processing is that technological change is inevitable. Accordingly, the user of this guide must understand that such progress may rapidly invalidate or supersede the information contained herein. Nonetheless, the concept of implementing ship and marine computing systems based on these functional principles allows for logical and rational development and provides a sound process for eventual upgrade and improvement.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2218 − 02 (Reapproved 2022) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Hardware Implementation for Computerized Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2218; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This guide provides assistance in the choice of comput-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ing hardware resources for ship and marine environments and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
describes:
1.1.1 The core characteristics of interoperable systems that
2. Referenced Documents
can be incorporated into accepted concepts such as the Open
System Interconnection (OSI) model; 2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.2 Process-based models, such as the Technical Refer- E1013 Terminology Relating to Computerized Systems
ence Model (TRM), that rely on interoperable computing (Withdrawn 2000)
hardware resources to provide the connection between the F1757GuideforDigitalCommunicationProtocolsforCom-
operator, network, application, and information; and, puterized Systems
1.1.3 The integrated architecture that can be used to meet
2.2 ANSI Standards:
minimum information processing requirements for ship and
X3.131Information Systems—Small Computer Systems
marine environments.
Interface-2 (SCSI-2)
X3.172American National Standard Dictionary for Infor-
1.2 The use of models such as OSI and TRM provide a
structured method for design and implementation of practical mation Systems
X3.230 Information Systems—Fibre Channel—Physical
shipboard information processing systems and provides plan-
ners and architects with a roadmap that can be easily under- and Signaling Interface (FC-PH)
X3.232Information Technology—SCSI-2 Common Access
stood and conveyed to implementers. The use of such models
permit functional capabilities to be embodied within concrete Method Transport and SCSI Interface Module
X3.253 Information Systems—SCSI-3 Parallel Interface
systems and equipment.
(SPI)
1.3 The information provided in this guide is understood to
X3.269Information Technology—Fibre Channel Protocol
represent a set of concepts and technologies that have, over
for SCSI
time, evolved into accepted standards that are proven in
X3.270 Information Technology—SCSI-3 Architecture
various functional applications. However, the one universal
Model (SAM)
notion that still remains from the earliest days of information
X3.276Information Technology—SCSI-3 Controller Com-
processing is that technological change is inevitable.
mands (SCC)
Accordingly, the user of this guide must understand that such
X3.277Information Technology—SCSI-3 Fast-20
progress may rapidly invalidate or supersede the information
X3.292Information Technology—SCSI-3 Interlocked Pro-
contained herein. Nonetheless, the concept of implementing
tocol (SIP)
ship and marine computing systems based on these functional
X3.294 Information Technology—Serial Storage
principles allows for logical and rational development and
Architecture—SCSI-2 Protocol (SSA-S2P)
provides a sound process for eventual upgrade and improve-
X3.297 Information Systems—Fibre Channel—Physical
ment.
and Signaling Interface-2 (FC-PH2)
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.05 on the ASTM website.
Computer Applications. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally www.astm.org.
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F2218–02 (2015). Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
DOI: 10.1520/F2218-02R22. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2218 − 02 (2022)
X3.301Information Technology—SCSI-3 Primary Com- 3.2 A variety of choices exists for deployment of informa-
mands (SPC) tionprocessingdevicesandgreatlyincreasesthecomplexityof
X3.304 Information Technology—SCSI-3 Multimedia the selection task for ship and marine systems.The choice of a
Commands (MMC) particular device or system cannot be made solely on the
MS58Information Technology—Standard Recommended singular requirements of one application or function. Modern
Practice for Implementation of Small Computer Systems information processing systems are usually installed in a
Interface (SCSI-2), (X3.131.1994) for Scanners complex environment where systems must be made to interact
NCITS 306 Information Technology—Serial Storage with each other. Ship and marine installations add an even
Architecture—SCSI-3 Protocol (SSA-S3P) furtherlayerofcomplexitytotheprocessofchoosingadequate
NCITS 309Information Technology—SCSI-3 Block Com- computerizedsystems.Thisguideaimstoalleviatethistaskby
mands (SBC) giving users specific choices that are proven technologies that
2.3 IEEE Standards: perform in a complex environment.
100Standard Dictionary for Electrical and ElectronicTerms
3.3 Hardware resources used in ship and marine installa-
488 Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation
tions are a result of careful consideration of utility and
610.7Standard Glossary for Computer Networking Termi-
function. These resources may require some physical special-
nology
izationinordertoinhabitaparticularenvironment,buttheyare
796Microcomputer System Bus
in no way different from equipment used in shore-based
802.11Wireless LAN MediumAccess Control and Physical
situations. Ship and marine computer system configurations,
Layer Specifications
interconnections, and support services are essentially the same
1003.2dPOSIX—Part 2 Shell and Utilities—Amendment:
as those found in a land-based network environment and as a
Batch Environment
result, the skill sets of ship and marine information processing
1003.5 Binding for System Application Program Interface
system users, administrators, and support personnel are inter-
(API)
changeable with those of shore-based activities.
1003.bBinding for SystemApplication Programming Inter-
face (API)—Amendment 1: Real-time Extensions
4. Standards Profiles
1014Versatile Backplane Bus: VMEbus
4.1 Standards profiles are sets of specifications bundled
1101.10Additional Mechanical Specifications for Micro-
together to describe the technical standard for a function or a
computers using the IEEE Std 1101.1 Equipment Practice
service (such as operating systems, network, and data inter-
1155VMEbus Extensions for Instrumentation: VXIbus
change services), and will include minimum criteria for the
1212.1Communicating Among Processors and Peripherals
information and technology that support specific functional
Using Shared Memory (Direct Memory Access DMA)
requirements. Profiles equate to the lowest level process, and
1394High Performance Serial Bus
document agreed-to implementation requirements used in
1496Chip and Module Interconnect Bus: Sbus
building and operating systems. Systems using the same
139432-bit Microprocessor Architecture
standards, but different options, will probably not interface
2.4 ISO Standards:
correctly. The Technical Reference Model (TRM) is useful for
1155Portable Operating System Interface for Computer
assembling standards profiles across technology categories of
Environments (POSIX)
Computing Resources, Information Management, and Appli-
9945-1System Application Program Interface (API) [C
cations.
language]
4.1.1 The TRM identifies and specifies the support services
9945-2 Shell and Utilities
(multimedia,communications,andsoforth)andinterfacesthat
2.5 TIA/EIA Standard:
provideacommonoperatingenvironmentandsupporttheflow
568-ACommercial Building Telecommunications Cabling
of information among enterprise and common support appli-
Standard
cations. This model represents the computer resources, infor-
mationmanagement,andapplicationscategoriesandinterfaces
3. Significance and Use
withthecommunicationandnetworkingtechnologycategories
3.1 This guide is aimed at providing a general understand-
that are appropriately represented by the ISO Open System
ing of the various types of hardware devices that form the core
Interconnect model. The TRM addresses standard profiles that
of information processing systems for ship and marine use.
provide seamless application support over widely distributed
Ship and marine information processing systems require spe-
computing resources and attendant interfaces between the
cific devices in order to perform automated tasks in a special-
computing resources and other technologies.
ized environment. In addition to providing information ser-
4.2 Computing hardware resources represent generally con-
vices for each individual installation, these devices are often
sists of Central Processing Unit(s) (CPU), Input and Output
networked and are capable of supplementary functions that
(I/O) interfaces, main memory, buses, and peripherals. The
benefits ship and marine operations.
external environment considerations that affect computing
hardware resource selection are security, communications,
Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),
real-time, and high availability. The computing hardware
445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331, http://www.ieee.org.
resource provides the environment necessary to support appli-
Available from Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), 1320 North
Courthouse Road, Suite 200, Arlington, VA 22201, http://www.tiaonline.org. cation software. From the perspective of the application
F2218 − 02 (2022)
software, services are provided by the computing resource, servers are homogeneous as well. Independent of whether or
whethertheparticularservicesareprovidedlocallyorremotely not the server suite employed is heterogeneous or
as part of a distributed system. homogeneous, it is important that they perform their function
transparently to the user (that is, the user neither knows nor
4.3 The architecture needed to support a typical application
cares about the location, number, or vendor of the server being
consists of computers that perform as clients and servers. The
used.) Requiring servers to be homogeneous would restrict the
servers host the primary application software and contain the
introductionofnewservertechnology,chokinginnovationand
processing power necessary to support multiple users. Servers
preventing the installation from taking advantage of advances
also host the data needed to support the application. The
in computing such as massively parallel processors.
standard 3-tiered application architecture consists of (1)an
applicationserver,(2)adataserver,and(3)presentationclients
5. Computing Hardware
(see Fig. 1).
5.1 Computing Resources—Computing resources consist of
4.4 In the future, most application processing software will
be hosted on the server computers. Clients will use presenta- many computing hardware components and configurations of
tion software that connects to the servers using a common these components. This section covers the various hardware
interface. At that time, client computers will likely be less components that make up a computing resource system and
expensive and tailored to the user’s individual preference examines how these components are commonly configured.
because application interoperability will not be a significant
5.2 Component Technologies—The major hardware compo-
factor.
nents of Computing Resources are the Central Processing Unit
4.5 Today, however, most application software is hosted on
(CPU), one or more backplane buses, main memory (both
the client and interoperability among clients is a critical factor.
RAM and cache), Input/Output (I/O) interfaces, and peripher-
Even within the client-server application architecture, applica-
als. This section will examine each of these areas and provide
tion specific software resident on the client is still prevalent.
guidance on the selection of these component technologies as
This demands consistency of client workstations across an
part a computing resource system.
entire installation to achieve seamless interoperability. Table 1
5.2.1 CPU—The CPU is the “engine” of the computer
outlines a rationale for the client-server deployment strategy.
system and, combined with the OS (operating system), forms
4.6 Driven by the current state of client-server technology, the core of the computing resource. Since the OS drives many
the general philosophy for implementing computing resources decisions concerning the computer resource, a CPU that is
is the concept of homogeneous clients and heterogeneous compatible with the OS becomes an overriding factor in
servers. Homogeneous clients facilitate providing a consistent determining the type of CPU. Other than the OS, the main
interface between the user and the system and make system factors to consider in determining the type of CPU for the
support and maintenance less complex. Heterogeneous servers computer are processing speed (performance) and cost. For
support the various computing requirements of applications computing resources, such as servers and multiprocessors,
needed to support ship and marine operations. The same
scalability of the number of processors can be a significant
advantages that homogeneous clients enjoy can be achieved if factor in determining CPU.
FIG. 1 Three-Tiered Application Architecture
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TABLE 1 Client-Server Deployment Rationale
Rationale for Heterogeneous The server must be tailored to the specific application that may not be supportable by computers most prevalent in the
Servers marketplace.
Many applications work well in their current computing environment and it is not cost effective to change.
It is not practical to have all applications on a common server for m
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