ASTM D5487-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Containers by Shock Machines
Standard Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Containers by Shock Machines
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Shipping containers and the interior packaging materials are used to protect their contents from the hazards encountered in handling, transportation, and storage. Shock is one of the more troublesome of these hazards. Free-fall drop testing, while easy to perform, often understresses the test specimen by subjecting it to drops which are not perpendicular to the dropping surface.
Note 1: For example, testing has shown that non-perpendicular drops, 2° off perpendicularity, result in 8 % lower acceleration into the test specimen resulting from the impact energy dispersing in several axes.4
4.1.1 Controlled shock input by shock machines provides a convenient method for evaluating the ability of shipping containers, interior packaging materials, and contents to withstand shocks. Simulated free-fall drop testing of package systems, which have critical elements, has produced good results where the frequency of the shock pulse is at least three times that of the package system's natural frequency.
4.2 As in most mechanical shock test procedures, fixturing of the package on the shock test machine may have significant influence on the test results. Typically, packages will be firmly held on the table by securing some type of cross member(s) across the top of the package. Care should be taken that any pressure resulting from such fixturing should be minimal, particularly when the container being tested is corrugated or some other similar material.
4.2.1 In cases where low-acceleration, long-duration responses are anticipated, any fixturing can potentially influence packaged item response and can possibly alter any correlation between this test method and free-fall drop testing. Where such correlation is desired, the package can be tested without it being fixed directly to the table. Note that in such circumstances, the shipping container can vigorously rebound from the table and can, if not otherwise controlled, present a safety problem for operators. Fixing the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the general procedures of using shock machines to replicate the effects of vertical drops of loaded shipping containers, cylindrical containers, and bags and sacks.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D5487 − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Simulated Drop of Loaded Containers by Shock Machines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5487; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 critical element—the most fragile component of the
1.1 This test method covers the general procedures of using
3
test specimen.
shock machines to replicate the effects of vertical drops of
3.2.2 shock pulse programmer—a device used to control the
loaded shipping containers, cylindrical containers, and bags
parameters of the shock pulse and shape of the pulse generated
and sacks.
by the shock test machine.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.2.3 shock test machine drop height—the distance through
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
which the carriage of the shock test machine free falls before
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
striking the shock pulse programmer.
and are not considered standard.
3.2.4 velocity—the rate of change of position of a body in a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specified direction with respect to time, measured in inches per
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
second or metres per second.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Shippingcontainersandtheinteriorpackagingmaterials
2. Referenced Documents
are used to protect their contents from the hazards encountered
2
in handling, transportation, and storage. Shock is one of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
more troublesome of these hazards. Free-fall drop testing,
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
while easy to perform, often understresses the test specimen by
ments
subjecting it to drops which are not perpendicular to the
D999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-
dropping surface.
tainers
D3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility of
NOTE 1—For example, testing has shown that non-perpendicular drops,
Products, Using Shock Machines
2° off perpendicularity, result in 8 % lower acceleration into the test
4
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or specimen resulting from the impact energy dispersing in several axes.
Packaging Components for Testing
4.1.1 Controlled shock input by shock machines provides a
D5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by
convenient method for evaluating the ability of shipping
Free Fall
containers, interior packaging materials, and contents to with-
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
stand shocks. Simulated free-fall drop testing of package
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
systems, which have critical elements, has produced good
Lot or Process
results where the frequency of the shock pulse is at least three
times that of the package system’s natural frequency.
3. Terminology
4.2 As in most mechanical shock test procedures, fixturing
3.1 General terms for packaging and distribution environ-
of the package on the shock test machine may have significant
ments are found in Terminology D996.
influence on the test results. Typically, packages will be firmly
held on the table by securing some type of cross member(s)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
across the top of the package. Care should be taken that any
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping
pressure resulting from such fixturing should be minimal,
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5487 – 98 (2008).
3
DOI: 10.1520/D5487-16. Robert E. Newton, FragilityAssessment Theory and Test Procedures, U. Naval
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Fiedler, Robert M. and Fanfu Li, A Study of the Effects of Impact Angles on the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Shock Levels Experienced by Packaged Products, MTS Systems Corporation. On
the ASTM website. file at ASTM. Request RR:D10-1008.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5487 − 98 (Reapproved 2008) D5487 − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Simulated Drop of Loaded Containers by Shock Machines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5487; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the general procedures of using shock machines to replicate the effects of vertical drops of loaded
shipping containers, cylindrical containers, and bags and sacks.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
D3332 Test Methods for Mechanical-Shock Fragility of Products, Using Shock Machines
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
D5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free Fall
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
3. Terminology
3.1 General terms for packaging and distribution environments are found in Terminology D996.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3
3.2.1 critical element—the most fragile component of the test specimen.
3.2.2 shock pulse programmer—a device used to control the parameters of the shock pulse and shape of the pulse generated by
the shock test machine.
3.2.3 shock test machine drop height—the distance through which the carriage of the shock test machine free falls before
striking the shock pulse programmer.
3.2.4 velocity—the rate of change of position of a body in a specified direction with respect to time, measured in inches per
second or metres per second.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Shipping containers and the interior packaging materials are used to protect their contents from the hazards encountered in
handling, transportation, and storage. Shock is one of the more troublesome of these hazards. Free-fall drop testing, while easy to
perform, often understresses the test specimen by subjecting it to drops which are not perpendicular to the dropping surface.
NOTE 1—For example, testing has shown that non-perpendicular drops, 2° off perpendicularity, result in 8 % lower acceleration into the test specimen
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers and
Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2008Nov. 1, 2016. Published May 2008November 2016. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 as
D5487 – 98 (2002).(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D5487-98R08.10.1520/D5487-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Robert E. Newton, Fragility Assessment Theory and Test Procedures, U. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D5487 − 16
4
resulting from the impact energy dispersing in several axes.
4.1.1 Controlled shock input by shock machines provides a convenient method for evaluating the ability of shipping containers,
interior packaging materials, and contents to withstand shocks. Simulated free-fall drop testing of package systems, which have
critical elements, has produced good results where the frequency of the shock pulse is at least three times that of the package
system’s natural frequency.
4.2 As in most mechanical shock test procedures, fixturing of the package on the shock test ma
...
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