ASTM D6117-97
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners In Plastic Lumber and Shapes
Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners In Plastic Lumber and Shapes
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of fastener use with "as manufactured" plastic lumber and shapes through the use of two different testing procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order: Test Method A- Nail, Staple, or Screw Withdrawal Test; Test Method B- Lateral Nail, Staple, or Screw Resistance Test.
1.3 Plastic lumber and lastic shapes are currently made predominately from recycled plastics. However, this test method would also be applicable to similar manufactured plastic products made from virgin resins where the product is non-homogenous in the cross-section.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1- There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
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Designation:D 6117–97
Standard Test Methods for
Mechanical Fasteners in Plastic Lumber and Shapes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The use of plastic lumber and shapes often involves the use of mechanical fasteners, such as nails,
screws, bolts, lag screws, and connectors. Data on the strength and performance of such fasteners are
frequently needed for design and for comparative purposes. Presented herewith are methods of
conducting tests for nail, staple and screw withdrawal resistance and lateral load transmission by nail,
staple, screw, and bolt. The use of standard methods for these tests is recommended as a means of
obtaining comparable data and of eliminating variables in test results because of variation in testing
methods.
1. Scope D5033 GuidefortheDevelopmentofStandardsRelatingto
the Proper Use of Recycled Plastics
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of fastener use
D 6111 Test Method for Bulk Density and Specific Gravity
with “as manufactured” plastic lumber and shapes through the
of Plastic Lumber and Shapes by Displacement
use of two different testing procedures.
E 4 Practices for Load Verification of Testing Machines
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
2.2 ANSI Standards:
Sections
ANSI B18.61 American National Standard for Slotted and
Test MethodA—Nail, Staple, or Screw Withdrawal Test 4 to 13
Test Method B—Lateral Nail, Staple, or Screw Resistance Test 14 to 22
Head Wood Screws
1.3 Plastic lumber and plastic shapes are currently made
3. Terminology
predominately from recycled plastics. However, this test
3.1 Definitions:
method would also be applicable to similar manufactured
3.1.1 plastic lumber, n—a manufactured product composed
plastic products made from virgin resins where the product is
of more than 50 weight percent resin, and in which the product
non-homogeneous in the cross-section.
generally is rectangular in cross-section and typically supplied
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
in board and dimensional lumber sizes, may be filled or
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
unfilled, and may be composed of single or multiple resin
information only.
blends.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 plastic shape, n—manufactured product composed of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
more than 50 weight percent resin, and in which the product
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
generally is not rectangular in cross-section, may be filled or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
unfilled, and may be composed of single or multiple resin
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
blends.
NOTE 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
3.1.3 resin, n—a solid or pseudosolid organic material often
of high molecular weight, which exhibits a tendency to flow
2. Referenced Documents
when subjected to stress, usually has a softening or melting
2.1 ASTM Standards:
range, and usually fractures conchoidally. (See Terminology
D 833 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 883.)
D 1761 Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In a broad sense, the term is used to
designate any polymer that is basic material for plastics.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.20 on Plastic
Products (Section D20.20.01). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
Current edition approved April 10, 1997. Published February 1998. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
D6117
3.2 Additional definition of terms applying to this test the machine is also required. A suitable test mechanism for
method appear in Terminology D 833 and Guide D 5033. screw withdrawal is illustrated in Fig. 1.
TEST METHOD A—NAIL, STAPLE, OR SCREW
8. Test Nails, Staples, or Screws
WITHDRAWAL TEST
8.1 Nails:
8.1.1 Nails used for basic withdrawal tests shall be
4. Scope
diamond-point round-wire, low-carbon-steel nails nominally
4.1 This test method provides a basic procedure for evalu-
0.148 in. (3.76 mm) in diameter and 3 in. (76 mm) in length
ating the resistance or plastic lumber and shapes materials to
(See Note 2). Use each nail only once.
direct withdrawal of nails, staples, and screws. Spikes are
NOTE 2—A 10d galvanized common steel wire nail meets this require-
included as nails in this standard.
ment.
4.2 This test method also provides a basis for determining
comparable performance of different types and sizes of nails,
8.1.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes or
staples, and screws in direct withdrawal from plastic lumber
types of nails in plastic lumber and shapes, the respective sizes
and shapes.
and types of nail will be as circumstances dictate. These nails
shall be representative of the normal manufacturing process,
5. Summary of Test Method
and special cleaning of the shank shall normally not be
undertaken.
5.1 Specimens consist of “as manufactured” plastic lumber
and shapes, with nails, staples, or screws driven at right angles
8.2 Staples:
to one or more faces. The fasteners are withdrawn at a uniform
8.2.1 Staples used for basic leg withdrawal resistance shall
rate of speed by means of a testing machine, and the maximum
be nominally 2.0 in. ( 51 mm) long, ⁄16 in. ( 11 mm) crown, 15
load is recorded. Supplementary physical properties of the
gage (0.072 in.) (1.83 mm) galvanized steel staples. Use each
plastic lumber and shapes are also determined.
staple only once.
8.2.2 For determining holding ability of different types or
6. Significance and Use
sizes of staples in plastic lumber and shapes, the respective
6.1 The resistance of plastic lumber and shapes to direct staples shall be representative of the normal manufacturing
withdrawalofnails,staples,orscrewsisameasureofitsability process, and special cleaning of the legs shall not normally be
to hold or be held to an adjoining object by means of such undertaken.
fasteners. Factors that affect this withdrawal resistance include
8.3 Screws:
the physical and mechanical properties of the plastic lumber
8.3.1 Screws used for basic withdrawal tests shall be nomi-
and shapes; the size, shape, and surface condition of the
nally 1–in. (25–mm) No. 10–gage flathead low-carbon-steel
fasteners; the speed of withdrawal; physical changes to plastic
wood screws as described in ANSI B18.6.1. Use each screw
lumber and shapes or fasteners between time of driving and
only once.
time of withdrawal; orientation of fiber axis; the occurrence
8.3.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes and
and nature of prebored lead holes; and the temperatures during
types of screws in plastic lumber and shapes, the respective
insertion and withdrawal. These factors will be as circum-
size and types of screw will be as circumstances dictate. These
stancesdictate,andrepresentativeofthenormalmanufacturing
screws shall be representative of the normal manufacturing
process.
process.
6.2 By using a standard size and type of nail, staple, or
screw, withdrawal resistance of plastic lumber and shapes can
9. Sampling
be determined.Throughout the method this is referred to as the
9.1 Sampling should provide for selection of representative
basic withdrawal test. Similarly, comparative performances of
test materials on an objective and unbiased basis, covering an
different sizes or types of nail, staple, or screw can be
appropriate range in density and properties as circumstances
determined by using a standard procedure with a particular
suggest.
plastic lumber and shape, which eliminates the plastic lumber
9.2 The tests should be sufficiently extensive to provide
and shapes product as a variable. Since differences in test
reliable results. Where analysis by statistical procedures is
methods can have considerable influence on results, it is
contemplated, experience and sometimes advance estimates
important that a standard procedure be specified and adhered
can be used to establish the scope of testing and type of
to, if test values are to be related to other test results.
sampling needed to achieve the expected reliability.
7. Apparatus
NOTE 3—The precision required, and thus the manner of sampling and
number of tests, will depend upon specific objectives. No specific criteria
7.1 Testing Machine—Any suitable testing machine that is
therefore can be established. General experience indicates that the
capable of operation at a constant rate of motion of the
coefficient of variation from tests of fasteners ranges from about 15 to
movable head and has an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated in
30 %.Whensuchisthecase,precisionof5to10 %,with95 %confidence
accordance with Test Methods E 4.
(an often accepted general measure of reliability for testing of wood
7.2 Grips—A gripping device shaped to fit the base of the
products) cannot be achieved without making a rather large number of
fastener head and of such a design as to allow accurate
tests. The present recommendation is to make at least ten replications for
clamping assembly that will hold the specimen to one platen of each variable as a minimum requirement.
D6117
FIG. 1 Diagram of Assembly for Screw Withdrawal Test
10. Test Specimen an appropriate tool as in 10.1.1, with the staple crown oriented
at a 45° (610°) angle to the axial dimension of the specimen.
10.1 Nail and Staple Withdrawal
10.1.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-
10.1.1 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic lumber, cut
lar sizes and shapes of nails or staples in plastic lumber and
the test specimens to length from the “as manufactured”
shapes, the specimen shall be of convenient size to accommo-
profile. Drive nails of the type outlined in 8.1.1 and staples of
date the quantity of fasteners to be tested in each specimen,
the type outlined in 8.2.1 at right angles to the face of the
without exceeding the edge and end distances and spacing
specimen to a minimum total penetration of 1 ⁄4in. (32 mm).
necessarytoavoidsplitting.Inplasticlumberandshapes,drive
With the specimen oriented in a flatwise (plank) position, drive
fasteners to 70 % of their length; in plastic lumber and shapes
two fasteners into the top face (width), two into the side face
less than 1 in. (25mm) thick, drive them completely through
(height), and one into each end. End and edge distances shall
the thickness with at least ⁄2 in. (13 mm) of the shank portion
be sufficient to avoid splitting. In general, edge distances
1 remaining above the surface. Drive the fasteners by the method
should not be less than 1 ⁄2 in. (38 mm) and two fasteners shall
intended to be used in practice, that is, either manually with a
not be driven in line with each other or less than 2 in. (50 mm)
hammer, or with an applicator or appropriate tool if this is the
apart on the top and side faces. Drive nails manually with a
normal method.
hammer. Insert staples with an appropriate tool, as nearly as
10.1.3.1 If the withdrawal resistance may be influenced by
possible perpendicular to the specimen surface, with the staple
the material in which the fastener is to be driven, drive the
crown at a 45° (610°) angle to the axial dimension of the
fastener through the fastened member (cleat) into the base
specimen.
fastening member.
10.1.2 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic shapes, the
10.2 Screw Withdrawal:
test specimen shall be a single thickness of the “as manufac-
tured” product. Drive nails of the type outlined in 8.1.1 though 10.2.1 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic lumber, cut
the specimen at right angles to the face, permitting at least ⁄2 the test specimens to length from the “as manufactured”
in. (13 mm) of the shank portion to remain above the surface. profile. With the specimen oriented in a flatwise (plank)
Drivenailsmanuallybymeansofahammer.Insertstapleswith position, thread two screws of the type outlined in 8.3.1 into
D6117
lead holes at right angles to the top face (width), two into the the performance of the plastic lumber and shapes materials but
side face (height), and one into each end, each to a total report them; consider such failures in the evaluation of the
penetrationequaltothelengthofthethreadedportion.Endand
performance of different types and sizes of fasteners. In such
edge distance shall be sufficient to avoid splitting. that in
cases, an additional replication is desirable.
3 1
general will be at least ⁄4 in. (19 mm) from the edge and 1 ⁄2
12.2.2 Wherethespecimenconsistsofabasepiecetowhich
in. (38 mm) from the end, and spacing will be at least 2 ⁄2 in.
one or more cleats have been fastened thereto with a fastener,
(63 mm) apart on the top and side faces.
two test procedures are possible. The fastened member (cleat)
10.2.2 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic shapes, the
can be grasped and pushed or pulled away for the base
test specimen shall be a single thickness of the “as manufac-
fastening member in the axial direction of the fastener,
tured” product. The depth of the specimen shall be at least
whereby the fastener head exerts a force on the fastened
equal to the length of the screw. Thread screws of the type
member. Under this procedure, if the fastened member exerts
outlined in 8.3.1 into the specimen a distance of ⁄3 in. (17 mm)
less resistance to the passage of the fastener head than the
at midwidth, at least 2 in. (50 mm) from the end of the
fastening member exerts on fastener withdrawal, head pull-
specimen. The size of lead hole shall be 70 % of the root
throughcanoccur.Insuchacase,thepull-throughresistanceof
diameterofthescrewanditshallextend ⁄2in.(13mm)intothe
the fastened material will be indicated. The fastened member
face of the specimen.
can be split off and the fastener withdrawn as in 12.2.1.
10.2.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-
12.3 Special Loading Methods—It may sometimes be nec-
lar sizes and types of screws in plastic lumber and shapes, the
essary to determine the resistance to withdrawal
...
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