ASTM D5591-04(2011)

Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord With a Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Experience shows that yarns or cords on would packages, usually being under tension, exhibit a contraction in length (and a resulting increase in linear density) when removed from the package and allowed to relax over a period of time at room temperature. Consequently, it they are tested without being allowed to relax, they will register higher thermal shrinkage force values as the relaxation shrinkage will be incorrectly included as the thermal shrinkage force.
Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons. For example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible at room temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrinkage force.
The thermal shrinkage force of nylon, p...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures to measure the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage force at 180 ± 2°C (355 ± 4°F) in air does not exceed 20 N (4 lbf). This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and aramid yarns and cords within the applicable range of thermal shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from other polymers.
1.2.1 Test specimens may be taken from yarn or cord packages, or retrieved from fabrics.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2010
• ICS: 59.080.01 - Textiles in general
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.19 - Industrial Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5591 − 04(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord With a Thermal
Shrinkage Force Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures to
3.1 Definitions:
measure the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.
3.1.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtotirecord,beadwire,
hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D6477.
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the
thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage 3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
force at 180 6 2°C (355 6 4°F) in air does not exceed 20 N
adhesive-treated tire cord, cord, greige cord, greige tire cord,
(4 lbf). This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and pneumatic tire, retraction, in yarns and cords, standard atmo-
aramid yarns and cords within the applicable range of thermal sphere for testing textiles, thermal shrinkage force, thermal
shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from shrinkage force tester, and tire.
other polymers.
3.2 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, refer to
1.2.1 Test specimens may be taken from yarn or cord
Terminology D123.
packages, or retrieved from fabrics.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
yarn.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 A specified length of yarn or cord is conditioned in a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
relaxedstate,mountedwithapretensionof5 61mN/tex(0.05
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
6 0.01 gf/den), then exposed to dry heat at a temperature of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
180 6 2°C (355 6 4°F) for 120 65s.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards
statements are given in Section 8. 4.2 The shrinkage force induced in the specimen is read
from the tester.
2. Referenced Documents
2 5. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing
D885 Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and
of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.
Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manufactured
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
Organic-Base Fibers
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
D6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics
assistance.As a minimum, test samples should be used that are
as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material
from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers and
testing. Other materials with established test values may be
Metallic Reinforcements.
used for this purpose.The test results from the two laboratories
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally
should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5591 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/D5591-04R11.
a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of the known bias.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5591 − 04 (2011)
5.2 Experience shows that yarns or cords on would 6.4 Shrinkageforceisacombinationofpretensionforceand
packages, usually being under tension, exhibit a contraction in the force that is developed in the specimen as a result of the
length (and a resulting increase in linear density) when specimen being heated.
removed from the package and allowed to relax over a period
6.5 Shrinkage force can be affected by the pretension, the
of time at room temperature. Consequently, it they are tested
length of specimen exposure, improper location of the speci-
without being allowed to relax, they will register higher
men within the oven, and oven-surface contact of any part of
thermal shrinkage force values as the relaxation shrinkage will
the specimen. Specimens that are spun, textured, or crimped
be incorrectly included as the thermal shrinkage force.
(such as those removed from a fabric) may allow filaments to
5.2.1 Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being
come into contact with interior surfaces of the thermal shrink-
almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons.
age force oven. Such physical contact will cause inaccurate
For example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn
readings of the thermal shrinkage force.
or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature
for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory 7. Apparatus
conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible
7.1 Thermal Shrinkage Oven, consisting of a specimen
at room temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction
heatingcavitycapableofheatingupto250°C(480°F),ameans
in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrink-
of accurately controlling the temperature of the cavity 6 2°C
age force.
(4°F), and a means for measuring and displaying the shrinkage
5.3 The thermal shrinkage force of nylon, polyester, and force up to 0.1 N (0.02 lbf).
aramid fiber is related to the polymer of origin and its
7.2 Stopwatch or Time, capable of reading to 6 1.0 s.
manipulation in processing. Thermal shrinkage force measure-
7.3 Clip-On Tensioning Masses.
ment can be used to control product uniformity.
7.4 Draft Shield for Shrinkage Oven, if the oven does not
5.4 The level of thermal shrinkage force is critical in the
have one provided.
user’s subsequent operations, such as the drum-set (original
length of cord) required to build a tire of a particular size.
8. Hazards
5.5 The thermal shrinkage force is critical to the final shape
8.1 Do not touch the oven while it is in operation because it
and size of fiber-reinforced articles. For example, thermal
can reach temperatures up to 200°C (390°F).
shrinkage force affects the final size of V-belts and their ability
8.2 Do not leave the oven unattended if a specimen is
to maintain tension during their operation.
installed.
5.6 This test method is in agreement with the nominal
procedures of Methods D885 for the determination of thermal 9. Sampling
shrinkage force in yarns and cords.
9.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
5.6.1 Shrinkage force is measured while the specimen is
randomly select the number of shipping containers directed in
within an oven at a specified temperature and after a specified
an applicable material specification or other agreement be-
length of time.
tween the purchaser and the supplier. In the absence of such an
agreement or material specification, proceed as directed in
6. Interferences
PracticeD2258.Considershippingcontainersofyarn,cordand
6.1 If the chamber in which the specimen is heated is open
rolls of fabric to be the lot sampling units.
on three sides, air drafts can effectively shorten the length of
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
specimen experiencing the prescribed temperature environ-
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
ment.The results obtained without a shield are generally lower
between shipping containers, between laboratory sampling units within a
than those obtained with a shield.
shipping container, and between test specimens within a laboratory
sampling unit to produce a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s
6.2 The accurate control of temperature at any prescribed
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
setting is of utmost importance. Differences between the set
point temperature and the temperature experienced by the 9.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
tance testing, proceed as follows:
specimen are a major cause of the bias of test results. The
temperature that the specimen experiences may be checked by 9.2.1 For yarn or cord, take at random the number of
packages per shipping container in the lot sample as directed in
attaching a small calibrated thermocouple to a piece of cord
and suspending
...