D13.19 - Industrial Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures for the determination of properties of single-filament hose reinforcing wire made from steel are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of this product because the procedures are the best available and have been used extensively in the trade.  
5.1.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for investigation of bias. As a minimum, two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared by using an appropriate statistical test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
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1.1 These test methods cover testing of single filament steel wires that are used to reinforce hose products. By agreement, these test methods may be applied to similar filaments used for reinforcing other rubber products.  
1.2 These test methods describe test procedures only and do not establish specifications or tolerances.  
1.3 These test methods cover the determinations of the mechanical properties listed below:
Property  
Section  
Breaking force (strength)  
7 – 14  
Yield strength  
7 – 14  
Elongation  
7 – 14  
Knot strength  
15 – 21  
Torsion resistance  
22 – 29  
Reverse bend  
30 – 37  
Wrap  
38 – 44  
Diameter  
45 – 51  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for testing dry and wet abrasion resistance of manufactured fiber yarns. This test method is useful for ropes intended for use in the marine environment and for knitted hoses for various applications. The test method has been used with yarns having linear densities ranging from 65 tex to 335 tex, but may be used with yarns outside these ranges.  
5.2 Yarn to yarn friction is known to have a significant influence on abrasion resistance. To determine the coefficient of friction, use Test Method D3412.  
5.3 Limited interlaboratory correlation testing has been conducted to date. Single-laboratory testing, in accordance with ASTM practices, has been conducted. Test results should be used with caution.  
5.4 This test method is intended to provide additional data for specific applications such as mentioned in 5.1 and is not intended for quality control or test reports.  
5.5 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum the test samples used should be as homogeneous as possible, be drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained and be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two or more laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.6 This test method is conducted at one or several applied tensions that may depend upon the yarn material and size. The number and magnitudes of applied tensions and the number of eight specimen sets generally are agreed up...
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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of abrasion resistance properties for manufactured fiber yarns in dry and wet conditions.  
1.2 This test method applies to manufactured yarns used in rope and knitted hose making.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitions developed by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fabrics.  
1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tire cord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this terminology is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee's terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For application areas such as optical fiber and cable reinforcements, aramid is usually used in a linear – not twisted – form. For designing constructions like this, it is essential to use data based on a specimen without twist applied.  
5.1.1 The modulus and FASE of twisted yarns demonstrate reduced values when compared to p-aramid flat yarns.  
5.1.2 Use Test Method D7269 for testing of twisted p-aramid yarns.  
5.2 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid yarns are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.  
5.3 FASE (Force At Specified Elongation) describes the absolute resistance of the p-aramid flat yarn to an imposed elongation.  
5.4 Modulus is a measure of resistance of yarn or cord to extension as a force is applied. It is useful for estimating the response of a textile reinforced structure to the application of varying forces and rates of stretching. Although modulus may be determined at any specified force, initial modulus is the value most commonly used.  
5.5 Shape, size, and internal construction of the end-product can have appreciable effect on product performance. It is not possible, therefore, to evaluate the performance of end product in terms of the reinforcing material alone.  
5.6 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from ...
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1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of para-aramid flat yarns. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.  
1.2 This standard includes the following test methods:    
Section  
Linear Density  
10  
Force at Specified Elongation (FASE)  
11  
Modulus  
11  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid paper are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.  
5.2 Tensile strength is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of products.  
5.3 Elongation of the paper is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.  
5.4 Stiffness is a measure of the resistance of the paper to extension as a force is applied.  
5.5 Tensile Energy Absorption is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Tensile Energy Absorption is work-to-break per area.  
5.6 It should be emphasized that, although the preceding parameters are related to the performance of the product, the actual configuration of the product is significant. Shape, size, and internal construction also can have appreciable effects on product performance. It is not possible, therefore, to evaluate the performance of the end product in terms of the reinforcing material alone.  
5.7 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assign...
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1.1 This test method covers the tensile testing of aramid paper with thickness less than 1 mm. This test method includes testing procedures only and includes no specifications or tolerances.  
1.2 The procedures given in this test method are for use with computer-controlled constant-rate-of-elongation tensile testing equipment.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for basalt fiber, including rovings and chopped strands. This specification is intended to assist ultimate users by designating the general nomenclature for the strand products that are generally manufactured in the basalt fiber industry.  
1.2 Basalt fibers are produced by melting naturally occurring volcanic rocks, being primarily basalt or other basaltic rocks. The melt is drawn though a bushing and, typically, a sizing is applied to the fiber as it is cooled.  
1.3 Basalt fiber strands have a variety of general uses under specific conditions, such as high physical or chemical stress, high moisture, or high temperature. Property requirements under specific conditions are agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems will result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Experience shows that yarns or cords on would packages, usually being under tension, exhibit a contraction in length (and a resulting increase in linear density) when removed from the package and allowed to relax over a period of time at room temperature. Consequently, it they are tested without being allowed to relax, they will register higher thermal shrinkage force values as the relaxation shrinkage will be incorrectly included as the thermal shrinkage force.  
5.2.1 Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons. For example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible at room temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrinkage force.  
5.3 The thermal...
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1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures to measure the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage force at 180 ± 2 °C (355 ± 4 °F) in air does not exceed 20 N (4 lbf). This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and aramid yarns and cords within the applicable range of thermal shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from other polymers.  
1.2.1 Test specimens may be taken from yarn or cord packages, or retrieved from fabrics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords. Caution is advised because yarn and cord may contract in length over a period of time due to room temperature retraction. Thermal shrinkage values are reduced proportionately by the amount of room temperature retraction.
Note 1: Experience, especially with nylon, shows that yarn retraction, which may be observed directly as shortening of length (or indirectly as denier increase), will occur in unrestrained yarn or cord that is not at equilibrium (equilibrium in this case being defined as essentially zero thermal shrinkage yarn or fully relaxed yarn). Normally, retractive forces are present in most wound packages of yarn and cord; thus, unrestrained yarn near the surface is likely, with time, to undergo some retraction. After retraction, such yarns exhibit lower thermal shrinkage values than yarn or cord deeper within the package. The opposite condition of yarn on the surface exists with yarn or cord wound against or near a rigid package core, such as a metal or hardwood wind-up spool. Such core yarn or cord cannot move against this restraint, and thus, will exhibit thermal shrinkage values even several weeks later near to those which were measured immediately from the surface of the freshly wound package. Elevated humidity will accelerate retraction of unrestrained yarn, but moisture content in itself will have little influence on thermal shrinkage. Exposure of untensioned skeins of yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the room temperature retraction that is possible within a sample to occur.  
5.1.1 In case of differences of practical significance in reported test results from two or more laboratories conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between them. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the invest...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of shrinkage of yarns and cords when exposed in a thermal shrinkage oven.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to yarns and cords made of nylon, polyester, and other polymers not detrimentally affected by the temperature used and with linear densities in the range from 20 to 700 tex [180 to 6300 denier].  
1.2.1 Yarns or cords for testing may be taken from yarn or cord packages or from fabrics.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Referee decisions are to use SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing high performance polyethylene films are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.  
5.2 Breaking force is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of products. When needed to compare intrinsic strength characteristics, films of different sizes or different types of film, breaking tenacity is very useful because, for a given type of film, breaking force is approximately proportional to linear density.  
5.3 Elongation of film is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.  
5.4 The FASE is used to monitor changes in characteristics of the material during the various stages involved in the processing.  
5.5 Modulus is a measure of the resistance of film to extension as a force is applied. Although modulus may be determined at any specified force, initial modulus is the value most commonly used.  
5.6 Work-to-break is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Toughness at break is work-to-break per unit mass.  
5.7 Shape, size, and internal construction of the end-product can have appreciable effect on product performance. It is not possible, therefore, to evaluate the performance of end product in terms of the reinforcing material alone.  
5.8 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparat...
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1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of high performance polyethylene films. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard includes the following test methods:    
Section  
Breaking Force  
11  
Breaking Tenacity  
12  
Toughness at Break  
17  
Elongation at Break  
13  
Force at Specified Elongation (FASE)  
14  
Linear Density  
10  
Modulus  
15  
Work-to-Break  
16  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid yarns and cords are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.  
5.2 Because the force-bearing ability of a reinforced product is related to the strength of the yarn or cord used as a reinforcing material, breaking force is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of textile reinforced products. When needed to compare intrinsic strength characteristics of yarns or cords of different sizes or different types of fiber, breaking tenacity is very useful because, for a given type of fiber, breaking force is approximately proportional to linear density.  
5.3 Elongation of yarn or cord is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.  
5.4 The FASE is used to monitor changes in characteristics of the textile material during the various stages involved in the processing and incorporation of yarn or cord into a product.  
5.5 Modulus is a measure of the resistance of yarn or cord to extension as a force is applied. It is useful for estimating the response of a textile reinforced structure to the application of varying forces and rates of stretching. Although modulus may be determined at any specified force, initial modulus is the value most commonly used.  
5.6 Work-to-break is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Breaking toughness is work-to-break per unit mas...
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1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of aramid yarns, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabrics woven from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard includes the following test methods:    
Section  
Breaking Force  
11  
Breaking Tenacity  
12  
Breaking Toughness  
17  
Elongation at Break  
13  
Force at Specified Elongation (FASE)  
14  
Linear Density  
10  
Modulus  
15  
Stress at Break  
12  
Work-to-Break  
16  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D4776 for the determination of the H-test adhesion of reinforcing cords to rubber compounds may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of reinforcing cords but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In cases of dispute arising from the differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4776 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is used to measure the force required to extract the cord from a rubber compound test block.  
5.3 This test method is designed to test the adhesion of textiles that are bonded to rubber compounds. Variables that may contribute to differences in results of this test method include adhesive type, adhesive application procedure, adhesive cure, fiber type, construction of cords, rubber type, rubber cure, and rubber thickness.  
5.3.1 The deleterious effect of ozone in combination with atmospheric moisture on the ability of adhesives to bond with rubber requires assiduous protection of cords prior to embedment.  
5.4 The expec...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of adhesion of reinforcing cords that are bonded to rubber compounds. This test method is applicable to textile cord structures from both natural and manmade fibers, other than steel. For adhesion testing of steel tire cords, refer to Test Method D2229.  
1.2 This test method is primarily used to evaluate tire cords, using a suitable tire cord adhesive and a suitable rubber compound. This test method is also used to evaluate (1) tire cord adhesives, and (2) the process of adhesive reaction on the cord using one consistent form of tire cord and one consistent rubber compound. This test method may be used to evaluate cords in industrial hose and belting products and other cord reinforced rubber products.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments in the absence of reliable information on between-laboratory precision.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), a comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from a material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue of tire cords in rubber due to compression or extension, or both, using a disc fatigue tester. The fatigue is measured as a loss in strength.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures for the determination of properties of single-filament hose reinforcing wire made from steel are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of this product because the procedures are the best available and have been used extensively in the trade.  
5.1.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for investigation of bias. As a minimum, two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared by using an appropriate statistical test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
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1.1 These test methods cover testing of single filament steel wires that are used to reinforce hose products. By agreement, these test methods may be applied to similar filaments used for reinforcing other rubber products.  
1.2 These test methods describe test procedures only and do not establish specifications or tolerances.  
1.3 These test methods cover the determinations of the mechanical properties listed below:
Property  
Section  
Breaking force (strength)  
7 – 13  
Yield strength  
7 – 13  
Elongation  
7 – 13  
Knot strength  
14 – 20  
Torsion resistance  
21 – 27  
Reverse bend  
28 – 34  
Wrap  
35 – 41  
Diameter  
42 – 48
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitions developed by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fabrics.  
1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tire cord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this terminology is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee's terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid yarns and cords are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.  
5.2 Because the force-bearing ability of a reinforced product is related to the strength of the yarn or cord used as a reinforcing material, breaking force is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of textile reinforced products. When needed to compare intrinsic strength characteristics of yarns or cords of different sizes or different types of fiber, breaking tenacity is very useful because, for a given type of fiber, breaking force is approximately proportional to linear density.  
5.3 Elongation of yarn or cord is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.  
5.4 The FASE is used to monitor changes in characteristics of the textile material during the various stages involved in the processing and incorporation of yarn or cord into a product.  
5.5 Modulus is a measure of the resistance of yarn or cord to extension as a force is applied. It is useful for estimating the response of a textile reinforced structure to the application of varying forces and rates of stretching. Although modulus may be determined at any specified force, initial modulus is the value most commonly used.  
5.6 Work-to-break is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Breaking toughness is work-to-break per unit mas...
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1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of aramid yarns, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabrics woven from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard includes the following test methods:    
Section  
Breaking Force  
11  
Breaking Tenacity  
12  
Breaking Toughness  
17  
Elongation at Break  
13  
Force at Specified Elongation (FASE)  
14  
Linear Density  
10  
Modulus  
15  
Stress at Break  
12  
Work-to-Break  
16  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Experience shows that yarns or cords on would packages, usually being under tension, exhibit a contraction in length (and a resulting increase in linear density) when removed from the package and allowed to relax over a period of time at room temperature. Consequently, it they are tested without being allowed to relax, they will register higher thermal shrinkage force values as the relaxation shrinkage will be incorrectly included as the thermal shrinkage force.  
5.2.1 Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons. For example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible at room temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrinkage force.  
5.3 The thermal...
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1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures to measure the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage force at 180 ± 2°C (355 ± 4°F) in air does not exceed 20 N (4 lbf). This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and aramid yarns and cords within the applicable range of thermal shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from other polymers.  
1.2.1 Test specimens may be taken from yarn or cord packages, or retrieved from fabrics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords. Caution is advised because yarn and cord may contract in length over a period of time due to room temperature retraction. Thermal shrinkage values are reduced proportionately by the amount of room temperature retraction.
Note 1: Experience, especially with nylon, shows that yarn retraction, which may be observed directly as shortening of length (or indirectly as denier increase), will occur in unrestrained yarn or cord that is not at equilibrium (equilibrium in this case being defined as essentially zero thermal shrinkage yarn or fully relaxed yarn). Normally, retractive forces are present in most wound packages of yarn and cord; thus, unrestrained yarn near the surface is likely, with time, to undergo some retraction. After retraction, such yarns exhibit lower thermal shrinkage values than yarn or cord deeper within the package. The opposite condition of yarn on the surface exists with yarn or cord wound against or near a rigid package core, such as a metal or hardwood wind-up spool. Such core yarn or cord cannot move against this restraint, and thus, will exhibit thermal shrinkage values even several weeks later near to those which were measured immediately from the surface of the freshly wound package. Elevated humidity will accelerate retraction of unrestrained yarn, but moisture content in itself will have little influence on thermal shrinkage. Exposure of untensioned skeins of yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the room temperature retraction that is possible within a sample to occur.  
5.1.1 In case of differences of practical significance in reported test results from two or more laboratories conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between them. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the invest...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of shrinkage of yarns and cords when exposed in a thermal shrinkage oven.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to yarns and cords made of nylon, polyester, and other polymers not detrimentally affected by the temperature used and with linear densities in the range from 20 to 700 tex (180 to 6300 denier).  
1.2.1 Yarns or cords for testing may be taken from yarn or cord packages or from fabrics.  
1.3 This test method shows values in both SI and inch-pound units. SI is the technically correct name for the system of units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of each other, without combining values in any way. Referee decisions are to use SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for testing dry and wet abrasion resistance of manufactured fiber yarns. This test method is especially useful for ropes intended for use in the marine environment. The test method has been used with yarns having linear densities ranging from 70 to 300 tex, but may be used with yarns outside these ranges.  
5.2 Yarn to yarn friction is known to have a significant influence on abrasion resistance. To determine the coefficient of friction, use Test Method D3412.  
5.3 Limited interlaboratory correlation testing has been conducted to date. Single-laboratory testing, in accordance with ASTM practices, has now been conducted. Test results should be used with caution.  
5.4 This test method is intended to provide additional data for specific applications such as mentioned in 5.1 and is not intended for quality control or test reports.  
5.5 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum the test samples used should be as homogeneous as possible, be drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two or more laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.6 This test method is conducted at one or several applied tensions that may depend upon the yarn material and size. The number and magnitudes of applied tensions and the number of eight specimen sets generally are agreed upon in a material specification or c...
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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of abrasion resistance properties for manufactured fiber yarns in dry and wet conditions.  
1.2 This test method applies to manufactured yarns used in rope making.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For application areas such as optical fiber and cable reinforcements, aramid is usually used in a linear – not twisted – form. For designing constructions like this, it is essential to use data based on a specimen without twist applied.  
5.1.1 The modulus and FASE of twisted yarns demonstrate reduced values when compared to p-aramid flat yarns.  
5.1.2 Use Test Method D7269 for testing of twisted p-aramid yarns.  
5.2 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid yarns are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.  
5.3 The FASE is used to describe the absolute resistance of the p-aramid flat yarn to an imposed deformation.  
5.4 The initial modulus of the yarn is the value most commonly used when a specified force is applied to the yarn.  
5.5 Shape, size, and internal construction of the end-product can have appreciable effect on product performance. It is not possible, therefore, to evaluate the performance of end product in terms of the reinforcing material alone.  
5.6 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results ...
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1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of para-aramid flat yarns.  
1.1.1 This standard includes procedures used to measure force at specified elongation (FASE) of para-aramid flat yarns.  
1.1.2 This standard includes procedures used to measure linear density of para-aramid flat yarns.  
1.1.3 This standard includes procedures to determine modulus of para-aramid flat yarns.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended for testing dry and wet abrasion resistance of manufactured fiber yarns. This test method is especially useful for ropes intended for use in the marine environment. The test method has been used with yarns having linear densities ranging from 70 to 300 tex, but may be used with yarns outside these ranges.
Limited interlaboratory correlation testing has been conducted to date. Single-laboratory testing, in accordance with ASTM practices, has now been conducted. Additional interlaboratory testing, in accordance with ASTM practices, will be conducted after approval of a definitive test method. Test results should be used with caution pending completion of interlaboratory testing.
This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments in the absence of reliable information on between-laboratory precision.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum the test samples used should be as homogeneous as possible, be drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two or more laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
This test method is conducted at one or several applied tensions that may depend upon the yarn material and size. The number and magnitudes of applied tensions and the number of eight specimen sets generally are agreed upon in a material specification or contract order...
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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of abrasion resistance properties for manufactured fiber yarns in dry and wet conditions.
1.2 This test method applies to manufactured yarns used in rope making.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method describes the measurement of abrasion resistance properties for manufactured fiber yarns in dry and wet conditions.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this practice was withdrawn in January 2016 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid paper are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.  
5.2 Tensile strength is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of products.  
5.3 Elongation of the paper is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.  
5.4 Stiffness is a measure of the resistance of the paper to extension as a force is applied.  
5.5 Tensile Energy Absorption is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Tensile Energy Absorption is work-to-break per area.  
5.6 It should be emphasized that, although the preceding parameters are related to the performance of the product, the actual configuration of the product is significant. Shape, size, and internal construction also can have appreciable effects on product performance. It is not possible, therefore, to evaluate the performance of the end product in terms of the reinforcing material alone.  
5.7 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assign...
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1.1 This test method covers the tensile testing of aramid paper with thickness less than 1 mm. This test method includes testing procedures only and includes no specifications or tolerances.  
1.2 The procedures given in this test method are for use with computer-controlled constant-rate-of-elongation tensile testing equipment.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of tire fabrics since this test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. This test method is also considered satisfactory for quality control.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories may be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is applicable for testing the air permeability of any fabric that is embedded in a rubber compound, but is particularly useful when testing chafer fabrics to be used in a tubeless tire construction. In tubeless tires, chafer fabric yarns that are not wick proof represent potential channels for air to pass through, and thus, this test method provides a prediction of chafer permeability.  
5.3 Evaluation of air wicking in other fabric and cord components in such products as tires, rubber brake diaphragms, and pneumatic hoses, is useful.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of longitudinal air permeability for tire fabrics, tire cord fabrics, tire cords, or yarns embedded in cured rubber compound. This test method is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of fabric treatments intended to prevent air permeability. This test method is applicable to fabrics made from all types of fibers with all types of rubber compound.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See the Note in 11.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures in these test methods should be used with caution for acceptance of commercial shipments owing to the absence of factual information on the between-laboratory precision of many of the test procedures included in these test methods. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier on replicate specimens of the materials to be tested for each property (or properties) to be evaluated.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The significance and use of particular properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of specific test methods.
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1.1 These test methods cover the testing of industrial filament yarns made wholly of manufactured organic-base fibers, cords twisted from such yarns, fabrics woven from such cords, and products that are made specifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. They may be applied to similar yarns and cords used for reinforcing other rubber goods and for other industrial applications. The test methods apply to nylon, polyester, and rayon yarns and tire cords twisted from such yarns and to fabrics made from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.  
1.2 No procedure is included for the determination of fatigue resistance of cord, but several commonly used procedures for the measurement of fatigue resistance of cords in rubber were published in the appendix of these test methods in the  1967 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 24, and in earlier issues of Test Methods D885.  
1.3 The sections on “Growth of Conditioned Yarns and Cords,” “Properties of Yarns and Cords at Elevated Temperature,” and “Properties of Wet Yarns and Cords” have been moved to Appendix X1 – Appendix X3 as non-mandatory informational items because of their very limited use by the industry and because precision and bias statements are not included.  
1.4 This standard includes the following sections:    
Section  
Adhesion of Cord to Elastomers  
34  
Bibliography of Tire Cord Test Methods  
X5  
Breaking Strength (Force) of Yarns and Cords at Elevated Tempera-
ture  
X2.3  
Breaking Strength (Force) of Conditioned Yarns and Cords  
16  
Breaking Strength (Force) of Oven-Dried Rayon Yarns and Cords  
23  
Breaking Strength (Force) of Rayon Yarns and Cords at Specified
Moisture Regain Level, Adjustment of  
17  
Breaking Tenacity of Conditioned Yarns and Cords  
18  
Breaking Tenacity of Oven-Dried Rayon Yarns and Cords  
24  
Breaking Toughness of Yarns and Cords  
28  
Commercial Mass  
9  
Conditioning  
7  
Contraction of Wet Yarns and Cords  
X3  
Count of Tire Cord Fabric  
37  
Dip (Adhesive) Solids Pickup on Yarns and Cords  
33  
Elongation at Break of Conditioned Yarns and Cords  
19  
Elongation at Break of Oven-Dried Rayon Yarns and Cords  
25  
...

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1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitions developed by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fabrics.  
1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tire cord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this terminology is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee's terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.

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1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitions developed by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fabrics.  
1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tire cord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this terminology is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee's terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing high performance polyethylene tapes are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gauge length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.
Breaking strength is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of products. When needed to compare intrinsic strength characteristics tapes of different sizes or different types of tape, breaking tenacity is very useful because, for a given type of tape, breaking force is approximately proportional to linear density.
Elongation of tape is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.
The FASE is used to monitor changes in characteristics of the material during the various stages involved in the processing.
Modulus is a measure of the resistance of tape to extension as a force is applied. Although modulus may be determined at any specified force, initial modulus is the value most commonly used.
Work-to-break is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Breaking toughness is work-to-break per unit mass.
Shape, size, and internal construction of the end-product can have appreciable effect on product performance. It is not possible, therefore, to evaluate the performance of end product in terms of the reinforcing material alone.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to dete...
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1.1 The test method covers the tensile testing of high performance polyethylene tapes. The method includes testing procedure only and includes no specifications or tolerances.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard includes the following test methods: Section Breaking Strength (Force)11 Breaking Tenacity12 Breaking Toughness17 Elongation at Break13 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE)14 Linear Density10 Modulus15 Work-to-Break16
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid yarns and cords are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gage length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.
Because the force-bearing ability of a reinforced product is related to the strength of the yarn or cord used as a reinforcing material, breaking strength is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of textile reinforced products. When needed to compare intrinsic strength characteristics of yarns or cords of different sizes or different types of fiber, breaking tenacity is very useful because, for a given type of fiber, breaking force is approximately proportional to linear density.
Elongation of yarn or cord is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.
The FASE is used to monitor changes in characteristics of the textile material during the various stages involved in the processing and incorporation of yarn or cord into a product.
Modulus is a measure of the resistance of yarn or cord to extension as a force is applied. It is useful for estimating the response of a textile reinforced structure to the application of varying forces and rates of stretching. Although modulus may be determined at any specified force, initial modulus is the value most commonly used.
Work-to-break is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Breaking toughness is work-to-break per unit mass.
It should be emphasize...
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1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of aramid yarns, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabrics woven from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Experience shows that yarns or cords on would packages, usually being under tension, exhibit a contraction in length (and a resulting increase in linear density) when removed from the package and allowed to relax over a period of time at room temperature. Consequently, it they are tested without being allowed to relax, they will register higher thermal shrinkage force values as the relaxation shrinkage will be incorrectly included as the thermal shrinkage force.
Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons. For example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible at room temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrinkage force.
The thermal shrinkage force of nylon, p...
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1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures to measure the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage force at 180 ± 2°C (355 ± 4°F) in air does not exceed 20 N (4 lbf). This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and aramid yarns and cords within the applicable range of thermal shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from other polymers.
1.2.1 Test specimens may be taken from yarn or cord packages, or retrieved from fabrics.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.

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1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitions developed by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fabrics.
1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tire cord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this terminology is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee's terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures for the determination of properties of single-filament bead wire made from steel are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of this product because the procedures are the best available and have been used extensively in the trade.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative test to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal number to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
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1.1 These test methods cover testing of single-filament steel wires that are components of tire beads used in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be applied to similar filaments used for reinforcing other rubber products.  
1.2 These test methods describe test procedures only and do not establish specifications and tolerances.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords. Caution is advised because yarn and cord may contract in length over a period of time due to room temperature retraction. Thermal shrinkage values are reduced proportionately by the amount of room temperature retraction.
Note 1—Experience, especially with nylon, shows that yarn retraction, which may be observed directly as shortening of length (or indirectly as denier increase), will occur in unrestrained yarn or cord that is not at equilibrium (equilibrium in this case being defined as essentially zero thermal shrinkage yarn or fully relaxed yarn). Normally, retractive forces are present in most wound packages of yarn and cord; thus, unrestrained yarn near the surface is likely, with time, to undergo some retraction. After retraction, such yarns exhibit lower thermal shrinkage values than yarn or cord deeper within the package. The opposite condition of yarn on the surface exists with yarn or cord wound against or near a rigid package core, such as a metal or hardwood wind-up spool. Such core yarn or cord cannot move against this restraint, and thus, will exhibit thermal shrinkage values even several weeks later near to those which were measured immediately from the surface of the freshly wound package. Elevated humidity will accelerate retraction of unrestrained yarn, but moisture content in itself will have little influence on thermal shrinkage. Exposure of untensioned skeins of yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the room temperature retraction that is possible within a sample to occur.
In case of differences of practical significance in reported test results from two or more laboratories conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between them. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of ...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of shrinkage of yarns and cords when exposed in a thermal shrinkage oven.
1.2 This test method is applicable to yarns and cords made of nylon, polyester, and other polymers not detrimentally affected by the temperature used and with linear densities in the range from 20 to 700 tex (180 to 6300 denier).
1.2.1 Yarns or cords for testing may be taken from yarn or cord packages or from fabrics.
1.3 This test method shows values in both SI and inch-pound units. SI is the technically correct name for the system of units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of each other, without combining values in any way. Referee decisions are to use SI units.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments in the absence of reliable information on between-laboratory precision.
If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), a comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from a material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue of tire cords in rubber due to compression or extension, or both, using a disc fatigue tester. The fatigue is measured as a loss in strength.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments in the absence of reliable information on between-laboratory precision.
If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), a comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from a material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue of tire cords in rubber due to compression or extension, or both, using a disc fatigue tester. The fatigue is measured as a loss in strength.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures in these test methods should be used with caution for acceptance of commercial shipments owing to the absence of factual information on the between-laboratory precision of many of the test procedures included in these test methods. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier on replicate specimens of the materials to be tested for each property (or properties) to be evaluated.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The significance and use of particular properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of specific test methods.
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1.1 These test methods cover the testing of industrial filament yarns made wholly of manufactured organic-base fibers, cords twisted from such yarns, fabrics woven from such cords, and products that are made specifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. They may be applied to similar yarns and cords used for reinforcing other rubber goods and for other industrial applications. The test methods apply to nylon, polyester, and rayon yarns and tire cords twisted from such yarns and to fabrics made from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.
1.2 No procedure is included for the determination of fatigue resistance of cord, but several commonly used procedures for the measurement of fatigue resistance of cords in rubber were published in the appendix of these test methods in the 1967 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 24, and in earlier issues of Test Methods D885.
1.3 The sections on “Growth of Conditioned Yarns and Cords,” “Properties of Yarns and Cords at Elevated Temperature,” and “Properties of Wet Yarns and Cords” have been moved to Appendix X1-Appendix X3 as non-mandatory informational items because of their very limited use by the industry and because precision and bias statements are not included.
1.4 This standard includes the following sections:

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Most paper is bought and sold in accordance with its mass per unit area, and therefore the grammage has great significance both to the consumer and the producer in defining price. Also the values of many physical properties such as bursting strength, thickness, and bulk are interpreted and specified with regard to the particular grammage involved.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the grammage of paper and paperboard (mass per unit area). In English-speaking countries the customary or commercial practice of expressing the "weight" per unit area (more properly "mass per unit area") of paper has been "basis weight," "ream weight," or "substance," defined as the mass in pounds of a ream of a given sheet size and number of sheets (usually 500 sheets, occasionally 480 sheets). In most other countries and increasingly in English-speaking countries, the mass per unit area is expressed in grams per square metre. The French term for mass per unit area," grammage," is recommended by ISO Committee TC 6 on Paper for use in English as well as in French because of its convenience and clear relationship to grams per square metre.
1.2 The mass per unit area of paperboard has been expressed in the customary system as the mass in pounds per thousand square feet, and in the metric system as grams per square metre.
1.3 The SI metric units, in which grammage (mass per unit area) is expressed in grams per square metre (g/m2), are the preferred units for ASTM test methods for paper and paperboard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the grammage of paper and paperboard (mass per unit area). In English-speaking countries the customary or commercial practice of expressing the “weight” per unit area (more properly “mass per unit area”) of paper has been “basis weight,” “ream weight,” or “substance,” defined as the mass in pounds of a ream of a given sheet size and number of sheets (usually 500 sheets, occasionally 480 sheets). In most other countries and increasingly in English-speaking countries, the mass per unit area is expressed in grams per square metre. The French term for mass per unit area, “grammage,” is recommended by ISO Committee TC 6 on Paper for use in English as well as in French because of its convenience and clear relationship to grams per square metre.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D06 on Paper and Paper Products, this test method was withdrawn in February 2010 because equivalent TAPPI and ISO publications exist.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method D4776 for the determination of the H-test adhesion of reinforcing cords to rubber compounds may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of reinforcing cords but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
In cases of dispute arising from the differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4776 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
This test method is used to measure the force required to extract the cord from a rubber compound test block.
This test method is designed to test the adhesion of textiles that are bonded to rubber compounds. Variables that may contribute to differences in results of this test method include adhesive type, adhesive application procedure, adhesive cure, fiber type, construction of cords, rubber type, rubber cure, and rubber thickness.
The deleterious effect of ozone in combination with atmospheric moisture on the ability of adhesives to bond with rubber requires assiduous protection of cords prior to embedment.
The expected range of values which charact...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of adhesion of reinforcing cords that are bonded to rubber compounds. This test method is applicable to textile cord structures from both natural and manmade fibers, other than steel. For adhesion testing of steel tire cords, refer to Test Method D2229.
1.2 This test method is primarily used to evaluate tire cords, using a suitable tire cord adhesive and a suitable rubber compound. This test method is also used to evaluate (1) tire cord adhesives, and (2) the process of adhesive reaction on the cord using one consistent form of tire cord and one consistent rubber compound. This test method may be used to evaluate cords in industrial hose and belting products and other cord reinforced rubber products.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments in the absence of reliable information on between-laboratory precision.
If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), a comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from a material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue of tire cords in rubber due to compression or extension, or both, using a disc fatigue tester. The fatigue is measured as a loss in strength.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures in these test methods should be used with caution for acceptance of commercial shipments owing to the absence of factual information on the between-laboratory precision of many of the test procedures included in these test methods. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier on replicate specimens of the materials to be tested for each property (or properties) to be evaluated.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The significance and use of particular properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of specific test methods.
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1.1 These test methods cover the testing of industrial filament yarns made wholly of manufactured organic-base fibers, cords twisted from such yarns, fabrics woven from such cords, and products that are made specifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. They may be applied to similar yarns and cords used for reinforcing other rubber goods and for other industrial applications. The test methods apply to nylon, polyester, and rayon yarns and tire cords twisted from such yarns and to fabrics made from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.
1.2 No procedure is included for the determination of fatigue resistance of cord, but several commonly used procedures for the measurement of fatigue resistance of cords in rubber were published in the appendix of these test methods in the 1967 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 24, and in earlier issues of Test Methods D885.
1.3 The sections on “Growth of Conditioned Yarns and Cords,” “Properties of Yarns and Cords at Elevated Temperature,” and “Properties of Wet Yarns and Cords” have been moved to Appendix X1-Appendix X3 as non-mandatory informational items because of their very limited use by the industry and because precision and bias statements are not included.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of steel tire cord because current estimates of between-laboratory precision for single materials are considered acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
If there are differences or practical significances between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogenous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The mold described in this test method is primarily designed for quality acceptance testing for steel cord where the sample size for each cord is 4 or a multiple thereof, but any mold/cavity combination which will provide the required test block dimensions (Figs. 1 and 2) is acceptable.
Appendix X1 contains suggested ranges of environmental conditions for aging tests.
The property measured by this test method indicates whether the adhesion of the steel cord to the rubber is greater than the cohesion of the rubber, that is, complete rubber coverage of the steel cord, or less than the cohesion of the rubber, that is, lack of rubber coverage.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to pull a steel cord from a block of vulcanized rubber.
1.2 Although designed primarily for steel cord, this test method may be applied with modifications to wire used in rubber products.
1.3 This test method can also be used for evaluating rubber compound performance with respect to adhesion to steel cord.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid yarns and tire cords are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gage length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.
Because the force-bearing ability of a reinforced rubber product is related to the strength of the yarn or cord used as a reinforcing material, breaking strength is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of textile reinforced rubber products. When needed to compare intrinsic strength characteristics of yarns or cords of different sizes or different types of fiber, breaking tenacity is very useful because, for a given type of fiber, breaking force is approximately proportional to linear density.
Elongation of yarn or cord is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced rubber products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.
The FASE is used to monitor changes in characteristics of the textile material during the various stages involved in the processing and incorporation of yarn or cord into a rubber product.
Modulus is a measure of the resistance of yarn or cord to extension as a force is applied. It is useful for estimating the response of a textile reinforced structure to the application of varying forces and rates of stretching. Although modulus may be determined at any specified force, initial modulus is the value most commonly used.
Work-to-break is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Breaking toughness is work-to-break per un...
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1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of aramid yarns, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabrics woven from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard includes the following test methods:

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
To contribute to the mechanical properties required in a product, tire bead wire must have good adhesion to the rubber matrix. This allows the rubber to absorb part of the energy, distributing it uniformly between the reinforcing material and the rubber compound. This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wire since it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose. This test method may be used for purchase specification requirements or manufacturing control of bead wire.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The characteristics of single filament steel wires that affect the adhesion property are wire diameter, coating composition, and coating mass. The storage conditions, age, and vulcanization conditions of the rubber compound will affect the test results and must be specified by the supplier of the rubber compound.
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1.1 This test method cover procedures for testing the strength of adhesion of single-filament wire to vulcanized rubber compounds. The method applies to, but is not limited to, wire made from brass, bronze, or zinc coated steel wire. The adhesion strength is expressed as the magnitude of the pull-out force for the single filament of wire.
1.2 This test method is applicable to single-filament wires used in reinforced rubber products as single filaments and is normally used to evaluate the adhesion of samples of wire to a standard rubber applied under specified conditions. It is primarily used to evaluate tire bead wire and may be applied, with modifications and by agreement between supplier and customer, to various wire types used in rubber product reinforcing.
1.3 This test method is written in SI units.  
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 6.5.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures for the determination of properties of single-filament hose reinforcing wire made from steel are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of this product because the procedures are the best available and have been used extensively in the trade.  
In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for investigation of bias. As a minimum, two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared by using an appropriate statistical test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
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1.1 These test methods cover testing of single filament steel wires that are used to reinforce hose products. By agreement, these test methods may be applied to similar filaments used for reinforcing other rubber products.
1.2 These test methods describe test procedures only and do not establish specifications or tolerances.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures in these test methods may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments, but caution is advised because technicians may fail to get good agreement between results on certain yarns, cords, or fabrics. Comparative tests as directed in Section 5.1.1 may be advisable.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The significance and use of particular properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specific test methods.
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1.1 These test methods cover the testing of industrial yarns made of glass filaments, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabric woven from such cords—products that are made specifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be applied to similar glass yarns and cords used for reinforcing other rubber goods and for other industrial applications. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams, woven into fabric, or in other forms. These test methods include testing procedures only. These test methods do not include specifications or tolerances.
1.2 No procedure is included for the determination of fatigue resistance of cords, but several articles relating to the measurement of fatigue resistance of cords made from man-made filaments and cured in rubber were published in the bibliography of Test Methods D885.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures for the determination of properties of single-filament bead wire made from steel are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of this product because the procedures are the best available and have been used extensively in the trade.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative test to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal number to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
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1.1 These test methods cover testing of single-filament steel wires that are components of tire beads used in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be applied to similar filaments used for reinforcing other rubber products.  
1.2 These test methods describe test procedures only and do not establish specifications and tolerances.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures in Test Methods D2969 for the determination of the properties of steel tire cord and related materials are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of such products because the procedures are the best available and have been used extensively in the trade. When a purchaser frequently uses a specific supplier, it is recommended that the two parties investigate the methods to determine if there is any bias between their two laboratories as directed in 5.1.1.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
The significance and use of particular properties are discussed in the appropriate sections.
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1.1 These test methods cover the testing of cords made from steel that are specifically designed for use in the reinforcement of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be used to test similar cords or filaments used for reinforcing other rubber products. The steel cords may be wound on spools or beams. The steel cords may also be woven into fabric, in which case they must be removed from the fabric prior to testing.
Note 1—For other methods of testing tire cords and tire cord fabrics, refer to Methods D885, Test Methods D1871, Specifications , and Test Methods D2692 and D2970/D2970M. For tolerances on tire cords and tire cord fabrics, refer to Specifications  and Methods D885.
1.2 These test methods include test procedures only; they do not establish specifications or tolerances.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of tire fabrics since this test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. This test method is also considered satisfactory for quality control.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories may be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
This test method is applicable for testing the air permeability of any fabric that is embedded in a rubber compound, but is particularly useful when testing chafer fabrics to be used in a tubeless tire construction. In tubeless tires, chafer fabric yarns that are not wick proof represent potential channels for air to pass through, and thus, this test method provides a prediction of chafer permeability.
Evaluation of air wicking in other fabric and cord components in such products as tires, rubber brake diaphragms, and pneumatic hoses, is useful.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of longitudinal air permeability for tire fabrics, tire cord fabrics, tire cords, or yarns embedded in cured rubber compound. This test method is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of fabric treatments intended to prevent air permeability. This test method is applicable to fabrics made from all types of fibers with all types of rubber compound.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See the Note in 11.1.

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1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitions developed by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fabrics.
1.2 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tire cord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outside the tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilations or in dictionaries of general usage.
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this terminology is also a tool for managing the Subcommittee's terminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventing redundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to the same concept are defined in different words.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The levels of tensile properties obtained when testing aramid yarns and tire cords are dependent on the age and history of the specimen and on the specific conditions used during the test. Among these conditions are rate of stretching, type of clamps, gage length of specimen, temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, rate of airflow across the specimen, and temperature and moisture content of the specimen. Testing conditions accordingly are specified precisely to obtain reproducible test results on a specific sample.
Because the force-bearing ability of a reinforced rubber product is related to the strength of the yarn or cord used as a reinforcing material, breaking strength is used in engineering calculations when designing various types of textile reinforced rubber products. When needed to compare intrinsic strength characteristics of yarns or cords of different sizes or different types of fiber, breaking tenacity is very useful because, for a given type of fiber, breaking force is approximately proportional to linear density.
Elongation of yarn or cord is taken into consideration in the design and engineering of reinforced rubber products because of its effect on uniformity of the finished product and its dimensional stability during service.
The FASE is used to monitor changes in characteristics of the textile material during the various stages involved in the processing and incorporation of yarn or cord into a rubber product.
Modulus is a measure of the resistance of yarn or cord to extension as a force is applied. It is useful for estimating the response of a textile reinforced structure to the application of varying forces and rates of stretching. Although modulus may be determined at any specified force, initial modulus is the value most commonly used.
Work-to-break is dependent on the relationship of force to elongation. It is a measure of the ability of a textile structure to absorb mechanical energy. Breaking toughness is work-to-break per un...
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1.1 These test methods cover the tensile testing of aramid yarns, cords twisted from such yarns, and fabrics woven from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.
1.2 These test methods show the values in both SI and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of each other, without combining values in any way.
1.3 This standard includes the following test methods: Section Breaking Strength (Force)11 Breaking Tenacity12 Breaking Toughness17 Elongation at Break 13 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE)14 Linear Density10 Modulus15 Work-to-Break16
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of tire fabrics since this test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. This test method is also considered satisfactory for quality control.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories may be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
This test method is applicable for testing the air permeability of any fabric that is embedded in a rubber compound, but is particularly useful when testing chafer fabrics to be used in a tubeless tire construction. In tubeless tires, chafer fabric yarns that are not wick proof represent potential channels for air to pass through, and thus, this test method provides a prediction of chafer permeability.
Evaluation of air wicking in other fabric and cord components in such products as tires, rubber brake diaphragms, and pneumatic hoses, is useful.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of longitudinal air permeability for tire fabrics, tire cord fabrics, tire cords, or yarns embedded in cured rubber compound. This test method is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of fabric treatments intended to prevent air permeability. This test method is applicable to fabrics made from all types of fibers with all types of rubber compound.
1.2 This test method is written in SI units. The inch pound units which are provided are not necessarily exact equivalents of the SI units. Either system of units may be used in this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See the Note in 11.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures in these test methods should be used with caution for acceptance of commercial shipments owing to the absence of factual information on the between-laboratory precision of many of the test procedures included in these test methods. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier on replicate specimens of the materials to be tested for each property (or properties) to be evaluated.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The significance and use of particular properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of specific test methods.
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1.1 These test methods cover the testing of industrial filament yarns made wholly of manufactured organic-base fibers, cords twisted from such yarns, fabrics woven from such cords, and products that are made specifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. They may be applied to similar yarns and cords used for reinforcing other rubber goods and for other industrial applications. The test methods apply to nylon, polyester, and rayon yarns and tire cords twisted from such yarns and to fabrics made from such cords. The yarn or cord may be wound on cones, tubes, bobbins, spools, or beams; may be woven into fabric; or may be in some other form. The methods include testing procedure only and include no specifications or tolerances.
1.2 No procedure is included for the determination of fatigue resistance of cord, but several commonly used procedures for the measurement of fatigue resistance of cords in rubber were published in the appendix of these test methods in the 1967 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 24, and in earlier issues of Test Methods D 885.
1.3 The sections on "Growth of Conditioned Yarns and Cords," "Properties of Yarns and Cords at Elevated Temperature," and "Properties of Wet Yarns and Cords" have been moved to as non-mandatory informational items because of their very limited use by the industry and because precision and bias statements are not included.
1.4 This standard includes the following sections:SectionAdhesion of Cord to Elastomers34Bibliography of Tire Cord Test MethodsX5Breaking Strength (Force) of Yarns and Cords at Elevated Tempera-tureX2.3Breaking Strength (Force) of Conditioned Yarns and Cords16Breaking Strength (Force) of Oven-Dried Rayon Yarns and Cords23Breaking Strength (Force) of Rayon Yarns and Cords at SpecifiedMoisture Regain Level, Adjustment of17Breaking Tenacity of Conditioned Yarns and Cords18Breaking Tenacity of Oven-Dried Rayon Yarns and Cords24Breaking Toughness of Yarns and Cords28Commercial Mass9Conditioning7Contraction of Wet Yarns and CordsX3Count of Tire Cord Fabric37Dip (Adhesive) Solids Pickup on Yarns and Cords33Elongation at Break of Conditioned Yarns and Cords19Elongation at Break of Oven-Dried Rayon Yarns and Cords25Elongation of Rayon Yarns and Cords at a Specified Moisture RegainLevel, Adjustment of Observed20Extractable Matter in Yarns and Cords32Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) of Conditioned Yarns andCords21Force at ...