ASTM A746-09(2014)

Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ductile iron gravity sewer pipe centrifugally cast with push-on joints. This also covers trench load design procedures for both cement-lined pipe and flexible-lined pipe. Maximum depths of cover tables are included for both types of linings. Each pipe shall be subjected to a hydrostatic test and maybe performed either before or after the outside coating and inside coating have been applied, but shall be performed before the application of cement-mortar lining or of a special lining. The standard acceptance tests and additional control tests shall also be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers 4 to 64-in. ductile iron gravity sewer pipe centrifugally cast with push-on joints. This specification may be used for pipe with other types of joints, as may be agreed upon at the time of purchase.  
1.2 This specification covers trench load design procedures for both cement-lined pipe and flexible-lined pipe. Maximum depth of cover tables are included for both types of linings.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2014
• ICS: 23.040.10 - Iron and steel pipes
• Technical Committee: A04 - Iron Castings
• Drafting Committee: A04.12 - Pipes and Tubes

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM A746-09 - Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2014
• Referred By: ASTM G218-19 - Standard Guide for External Corrosion Protection of Ductile Iron Pipe Utilizing Polyethylene Encasement Supplemented by Cathodic Protection
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2014

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A746 −09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Specification for
Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.3 ASCE Standards:
Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, No.
1.1 This specification covers 4 to 64-in. ductile iron gravity
37,(WCPF Manual of Practice No. 9). “Design and
sewer pipe centrifugally cast with push-on joints. This speci-
Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers”
ficationmaybeusedforpipewithothertypesofjoints,asmay
2.4 AASHTO Standard:
be agreed upon at the time of purchase.
AASHTO T-99Standard Method of Test for the Moisture-
1.2 This specification covers trench load design procedures DensityRelationsofSoilsUsinga5.5lb(2.5kg)Rammer
for both cement-lined pipe and flexible-lined pipe. Maximum
and a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop
depth of cover tables are included for both types of linings.
3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1 Symbols:
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.1.1 A—outside radius of pipe,
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
D
and are not considered standard.
ft 5
2. Referenced Documents
D
inmetres 5
S D
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 2
3.1.2 a—conversionfactor,lb/ft topsi=144(kN/m tokPa
D2487Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System) =1)
D3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-
3.1.3 B—1.5 ft (0.457 m)
Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes
3.1.4 b—Effective pipe length: 36 in. (0.914 m)
E8Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
3.1.5 C—surface load factor, Table 1
E23Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-
tallic Materials 3.1.6 D—outside diameter, in., Table 2
6 6
3.1.7 E—modulus of elasticity, 24 × 10 psi (165.5 × 10
2.2 ANSI/AWWA Standards:
kPa)
C104/A21.4 Cement Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipe
and Fittings for Water
3.1.8 E'—modulus of soil reaction, psi, Table 3
C111/A21.11Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pres-
3.1.9 F—impact factor, 1.5
sure Pipe and Fittings
3.1.10 f—designbendingstress,48 000psi(331×10 kPa)
C150/A21.50Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe
C600Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and Their 3.1.11 H—depth of cover, ft (m)
Appurtenances
3.1.12 K — bending moment coefficient, Table 3
b
3.1.13 K — deflection coefficient, Table 3
x
3.1.14 P—wheel load, 16 000 lb (7257 kg)
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
3.1.15 P — earth load, psi (kPa)
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.12 on Pipes and
e
Tubes.
3.1.16 P— truck load, psi (kPa)
t
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originally
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A746–09. DOI: 3.1.17 P — trench load, psi (kPa) = P + P
v e t
10.1520/A0746-09R14.
3.1.18 R—reductionfactorwhichtakesintoaccountthefact
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
that the part of the pipe directly below the wheels is aided in
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Available fromAmerican Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801Alexander
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A746−09 (2014)
TABLE 1 Surface Load Factors for Single Truck on Unpaved Road
Pipe Size—in.
Depth
of Cover 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
ft
Surface Load Factor—C
2.5 0.0589 0.0713 0.1020 0.1328 0.1615 0.1901 0.2178 0.2443 0.2698
3 0.0437 0.0530 0.0759 0.0990 0.1207 0.1424 0.1637 0.1843 0.2044
4 0.0265 0.0321 0.0460 0.0602 0.0736 0.0871 0.1005 0.1136 0.1265
5 0.0176 0.0213 0.0306 0.0401 0.0490 0.0581 0.0672 0.0761 0.0849
6 0.0125 0.0151 0.0217 0.0284 0.0348 0.0413 0.0478 0.0542 0.0606
7 0.0093 0.0113 0.0162 0.0212 0.0260 0.0308 0.0357 0.0405 0.0453
8 0.0072 0.0087 0.0125 0.0164 0.0201 0.0238 0.0276 0.0313 0.0350
9 0.0057 0.0069 0.0099 0.0130 0.0160 0.0190 0.0219 0.0249 0.0279
10 0.0046 0.0056 0.0081 0.0106 0.0130 0.0154 0.0179 0.0203 0.0227
12 0.0032 0.0039 0.0056 0.0074 0.0091 0.0108 0.0125 0.0142 0.0159
14 0.0024 0.0029 0.0042 0.0055 0.0067 0.0080 0.0092 0.0105 0.0117
16 0.0018 0.0022 0.0032 0.0042 0.0051 0.0061 0.0071 0.0080 0.0090
20 0.0012 0.0014 0.0020 0.0027 0.0033 0.0039 0.0045 0.0052 0.0058
24 0.0008 0.0010 0.0014 0.0019 0.0023 0.0027 0.0032 0.0036 0.0040
28 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0014 0.0017 0.0020 0.0023 0.0026 0.0030
32 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023
Depth Pipe Size—in.
of Cover 20 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 64
ft Surface Load Factor—C
2.5 0.2941 0.3390 0.3962 0.4437 0.4813 0.5115 0.5366 0.5488 0.5592
3 0.2237 0.2602 0.3085 0.3507 0.3857 0.4153 0.4412 0.4543 0.4657
4 0.1391 0.1635 0.1972 0.2284 0.2559 0.2808 0.3040 0.3164 0.3277
5 0.0936 0.1106 0.1347 0.1576 0.1786 0.1982 0.2173 0.2278 0.2377
6 0.0669 0.0793 0.0970 0.1143 0.1304 0.1458 0.1612 0.1698 0.1781
7 0.0500 0.0594 0.0730 0.0863 0.0988 0.1111 0.1235 0.1306 0.1374
8 0.0387 0.0461 0.0567 0.0672 0.0773 0.0871 0.0973 0.1031 0.1088
9 0.0309 0.0367 0.0453 0.0538 0.0620 0.0700 0.0784 0.0833 0.0880
10 0.0251 0.0299 0.0370 0.0440 0.0507 0.0574 0.0644 0.0685 0.0725
12 0.0176 0.0210 0.0259 0.0309 0.0357 0.0405 0.0456 0.0486 0.0515
14 0.0130 0.0155 0.0192 0.0229 0.0265 0.0301 0.0339 0.0362 0.0384
16 0.0100 0.0119 0.0147 0.0176 0.0204 0.0232 0.0262 0.0279 0.0297
20 0.0064 0.0076 0.0095 0.0113 0.0131 0.0149 0.0169 0.0181 0.0192
24 0.0045 0.0053 0.0066 0.0079 0.0091 0.0104 0.0118 0.0126 0.0134
28 0.0033 0.0039 0.0049 0.0058 0.0067 0.0077 0.0087 0.0093 0.0099
32 0.0025 0.0030 0.0037 0.0044 0.0052 0.0059 0.0067 0.0071 0.0076
TABLE 2 Nominal Thicknesses for Standard Pressure Classes of Ductile-Iron Pipe
Outside Diameter, in. Pressure Class
Size, in.
(mm)
150 200 250 300 350
Nominal Thickness, in. (mm)
A
3 3.96 (100.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
A
4 4.80 (121.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
A
6 6.90 (175.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
A
8 9.05 (229.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
10 11.10 (281.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.26 (6.6)
12 13.20 (335.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1)
14 15.30 (388.6) . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1) 0.30 (7.6) 0.31 (7.9)
16 17.40 (442.0) . . . . . . 0.30 (7.6) 0.32 (8.1) 0.34 (8.6)
18 19.50 (495.3) . . . . . . 0.31 (7.9) 0.34 (8.6) 0.36 (9.1)
20 21.60 (548.6) . . . . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.36 (9.1) 0.38 (9.7)
24 25.80 (655.3) . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.37 (9.4) 0.40 (10.2) 0.43 (10.9)
30 32.00 (812.8) 0.34 (8.6) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.45 (11.4) 0.49 (12.4)
36 38.30 (972.8) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.47 (11.9) 0.51 (12.9) 0.56 (14.2)
42 44.50 (1130.3) 0.41 (10.4) 0.47 (11.9) 0.52 (13.2) 0.57 (14.5) 0.63 (16.0)
48 50.80 (1290.3) 0.46 (11.7) 0.52 (13.2) 0.58 (14.7) 0.64 (16.3) 0.70 (17.8)
54 57.56 (1450.3) 0.51 (12.9) 0.58 (14.7) 0.65 (16.5) 0.72 (18.3) 0.79 (20.1)
60 61.61 (1564.9) 0.54 (13.7) 0.61 (15.5) 0.68 (17.3) 0.76 (19.3) 0.83 (21.1)
64 65.67 (1668.0) 0.56 (14.2) 0.64 (16.3) 0.72 (18.3) 0.80 (20.3) 0.87 (22.1)
A
Calculated thicknesses for these sizes and pressure ratings are less than those shown above. Presently these are the lowest nominal thicknesses available in these
sizes.
A746−09 (2014)
A
TABLE 3 Design Values for Standard Laying Conditions
Bedding
B
Laying Condition Description E' psi K K
b x
Angle, °
C D
Flat-bottom trench loose backfill. 150 30 0.235 0.108
C
Flat-bottom trench Backfill lightly consolidated to centerline 300 45 0.210 0.105
of pipe.
E
Pipe bedded in 4-in. (102 mm) min loose soil Backfill 400 60 0.189 0.103
lightly consolidated to top of pipe.
Pipe bedded in sand, gravel, or crushed stone to depth of 500 90 0.157 0.096
⁄8 pipe diameter, 4-in. (102 mm) min. Backfill compacted
to top of pipe. (Approximately 80 percent Standard
F
Proctor, AASHTO T-99)
Pipe bedded in compacted granular material to centerline of 700 150 0.128 0.085
pipe, 4 in. (102 mm) minimum under pipe. Compacted
G E
granular or select material to top of pipe.
(Approximately 90 percent Standard Proctor, AASHTO
T-99)
Pipe bedded to the top of the pipe with angular graded 1500 150 0.128 0.085
1 1
stone ( ⁄4 -to1 ⁄2 - in.) or well-graded gravel . Minimum
under pipe. Compact the angular graded stone or well-
graded gravel to top of pipe. (Approximately 95 percent
Standard Proctor, AASHTO T-99)
Type “Deep Bury”
A
Consideration of the pipe-zone embedment conditions included in this table may be influenced by factors other than pipe strength. For additional information see
ANSI/AWWA C600, Standard for installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and Their Appurtenances.
B
1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.
C
Flat-bottom is defined as undisturbed earth.
D
For pipe 14 in. (350 mm) and larger, consideration should be given to use of laying conditions other than Type 1.
E
Loose soil or select material is defined as native soil excavated from the trench, free of rocks, foreign materials, and frozen earth.
F
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 225, Washington D.C. 20001.
G
Granular materials are defined per AASHTO Soil Classification System (Classification D2487), with the exception that gravel bedding and gravel backfill adjacent to the
pipe is limited to 2 in. maximum particle size per ANSI/AWWA C600.
A746−09 (2014)
TABLE 5 Allowances for Casting Tolerance
carryingthetruckloadbyadjacentpartsofthepipethatreceive
little or no load from the wheels, Table 4 Size, in. Casting Tolerance, in. (mm)
3–8 0.05 (1.3)
3.1.19 t—net thickness, in. (mm)
10–12 0.06 (1.5)
14–42 0.07 (1.8)
3.1.20 t —minimum manufacturing thickness, in., t + 0.08,
48 0.08 (2.0)
(in mm, t + 2.0)
54–64 0.09 (2.3)
3 3
3.1.21 w—soil weight, 120 lb/ft (18.85 kN/m )
3.1.22 ∆X—design deflection, in. (mm),
∆X 5 0.03D ,or ∆X 5 0.05D forflexiblelinings 6. Coating and Lining
@ # @~ ! #
6.1 Outside Coating—The outside coating for use under
4. General Requirements
normal conditions shall be a shop applied coating approxi-
4.1 ThepipeshallbeductileironinaccordancewithSection
mately 1 mil (0.025 mm) thick.The coating shall be applied to
9.
the outside of all pipe, unless otherwise specified.The finished
coating shall be continuous and smooth, neither brittle when
4.2 Push-on joints shall comply with all applicable require-
ments of ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11. cold, nor sticky when exposed to the sun, and shall be strongly
adherent to the pipe.
Pipe with other types of joints shall comply with the joint
dimensions and weights agreed upon at the time of purchase,
6.2 Cement-Mortar Linings—Unless otherwise specified,
but in all other respects shall fulfill the requirements of this
the lining shall be cement-mortar in accordance with ANSI/
specification.
AWWA C104/A21.4.
4.3 Unless otherwise specified, pipe shall have a nominal
6.3 Special Linings—For severely aggressive wastes, other
lengthof18or20ft(5.5or6.1m).Amaximumof20%ofthe
types of linings may be available. Such special linings shall be
total number of pipe of each size specified in an order may be
specified in the invitation for bids and on the purchase order.
furnishedasmuchas24in.(610mm)shorterthanthenominal
laying length, and an additional 10% may be furnished as 7. Pipe Design
muchas6in.(152mm)shorterthanthenominallayinglength.
7.1 Step 1—Design for trench load.
7.1.1 Determine the trench load, P . Table 6 gives the
v
5. Tolerances or Permitted Variations
trenchload,includingtheearthload,P ,plusthetruckload,P,
e t
5.1 Dimensions—The spigot end, bell, and socket of the
for 2.5 to 32 ft (0.76 to 9.75 m) of cover.
pipe and the accessories shall be gaged with suitable gages at
7.1.2 Determine the standard laying condition from the
sufficiently frequent intervals to assure that the dimensions
descriptions in Table 3 and select the appropriate table for
comply with the requirements of this specification. The small-
diameter-thickness ratios from Tables 7-12. Each table lists
estinsidediameter(ID)ofthesocketsandtheoutsidediameter
diameter-thickness ratios calculated for both bending and
(OD) of the spigot ends shall be tested with circular gauges.
deflection over a range of trench loads.
Other socket dimensions shall be gauged as may be appropri-
7.1.3 Refer to the column headed “ Bending-Stress Design”
ate.
intheappropriatetableofTables7-12,andlocatethetabulated
5.2 Thickness—Minus thickness tolerances of pipe shall not trench load P from Sec. 7.1.1. If the calculated P is halfway
v v
exceed those shown in Table 5. between two tabulated values, use the larger P value. Select
v
the corresponding D/t value for this P . Divide the pipe’s
v
NOTE 1—An additional minus tolerance of 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) shall be
outside diameter D (Table 2)bythe D/t value to obtain the net
permitted along the barrel of the pipe for a distance not to exceed 12 in.
thickness t required for bending stress design.
(305 mm).
5.3 Weight—The weight of any single pipe shall not be less 7.2 Step 2—Addition of service allowance.
than the tabulated weight by more than 6% for pipe 12 in. or 7.2.1 Add the service allowance of 0.08 in. (2.0 mm) to the
smaller in diameter, or by more than 5% for pipe larger than net thickness t. The resulting thickness is the minimum
12 in. in diameter. thickness t .
TABLE 4 Reduction Factors (R) for Truck Load Calculations
Depth of Cover, ft (m)
<4 (1.2) 4 to 7 >7 to 10 >10 (3.0)
Size, in. (1.2 to 2.1) (2.4 to 3.0)
Reduction Factor
3 to 12 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
14 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00
16 0.88 0.95 1.00 1.00
18 0.85 0.90 1.00 1.00
20 0.83 0.90 0.95 1.00
24 to 30 0.81 0.85 0.95 1.00
36 to 64 0.80 0.85 0.90 1.00
A746−09 (2014)
A
TABLE 6 Earth Loads (P ) Truck Loads (P) and Trench Loads (P ), psi
e t v
Depth of 3-in. Pipe 4-in. Pipe 6-in. Pipe 8-in. Pipe 10-in. Pipe 12-in. Pipe 14-in. Pipe 16-in. Pipe 18-in. Pipe 20-in. Pipe
P
e
Cover, ft (m) P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
t v t v t v t v t v t v t v t v t v t v
2.5 (0.8) 2.1 9.9 12.0 9.9 12.0 9.9 12.0 9.8 11.9 9.7 11.8 9.6 11.7 8.7 10.8 8.2 10.3 7.8 9.9 7.5 9.6
3 (0.9) 2.5 7.4 9.9 7.4 9.9 7.3 9.8 7.3 9.8 7.2 9.7 7.2 9.7
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A746 − 09 A746 − 09 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Specification for
Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers 4 to 64-in. ductile iron gravity sewer pipe centrifugally cast with push-on joints. This specification
may be used for pipe with other types of joints, as may be agreed upon at the time of purchase.
1.2 This specification covers trench load design procedures for both cement-lined pipe and flexible-lined pipe. Maximum depth
of cover tables are included for both types of linings.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
2.2 ANSI/AWWA Standards:
C104/A21.4 Cement Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipe and Fittings for Water
C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe and Fittings
C150/A21.50 Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe
C600 Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and Their Appurtenances
2.3 ASCE Standards:
Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, No. 37, (WCPF Manual of Practice No. 9). “Design and Construction of Sanitary
and Storm Sewers”
2.4 AASHTO Standard:
AASHTO T-99 Standard Method of Test for the Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) Rammer and a 12
in. (305 mm) Drop
3. Terminology
3.1 Symbols:
3.1.1 A—outside radius of pipe,
D
ft 5
D
in metres 5
S D
2 2
3.1.2 a—conversion factor, lb/ft to psi = 144 (kN/m to kPa = 1)
3.1.3 B—1.5 ft (0.457 m)
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.12 on Pipes and Tubes.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2014. Published June 2009October 2014. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
A746 – 03.A746 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/A0746-09.10.1520/A0746-09R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A746 − 09 (2014)
3.1.4 b—Effective pipe length: 36 in. (0.914 m)
3.1.5 C—surface load factor, Table 1
3.1.6 D—outside diameter, in., Table 2
6 6
3.1.7 E—modulus of elasticity, 24 × 10 psi (165.5 × 10 kPa)
3.1.8 E'—modulus of soil reaction, psi, Table 3
3.1.9 F—impact factor, 1.5
3.1.10 f—design bending stress, 48 000 psi (331 × 10 kPa)
3.1.11 H—depth of cover, ft (m)
3.1.12 K — bending moment coefficient, Table 3
b
3.1.13 K — deflection coefficient, Table 3
x
3.1.14 P—wheel load, 16 000 lb (7257 kg)
3.1.15 P — earth load, psi (kPa)
e
3.1.16 P — truck load, psi (kPa)
t
3.1.17 P — trench load, psi (kPa) = P + P
v e t
3.1.18 R—reduction factor which takes into account the fact that the part of the pipe directly below the wheels is aided in
carrying the truck load by adjacent parts of the pipe that receive little or no load from the wheels, Table 4
3.1.19 t—net thickness, in. (mm)
3.1.20 t —minimum manufacturing thickness, in., t + 0.08, (in mm, t + 2.0)
3 3
3.1.21 w—soil weight, 120 lb/ft (18.85 kN/m )
TABLE 1 Surface Load Factors for Single Truck on Unpaved Road
Pipe Size—in.
Depth
of Cover 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
ft
Surface Load Factor—C
2.5 0.0589 0.0713 0.1020 0.1328 0.1615 0.1901 0.2178 0.2443 0.2698
3 0.0437 0.0530 0.0759 0.0990 0.1207 0.1424 0.1637 0.1843 0.2044
4 0.0265 0.0321 0.0460 0.0602 0.0736 0.0871 0.1005 0.1136 0.1265
5 0.0176 0.0213 0.0306 0.0401 0.0490 0.0581 0.0672 0.0761 0.0849
6 0.0125 0.0151 0.0217 0.0284 0.0348 0.0413 0.0478 0.0542 0.0606
7 0.0093 0.0113 0.0162 0.0212 0.0260 0.0308 0.0357 0.0405 0.0453
8 0.0072 0.0087 0.0125 0.0164 0.0201 0.0238 0.0276 0.0313 0.0350
9 0.0057 0.0069 0.0099 0.0130 0.0160 0.0190 0.0219 0.0249 0.0279
10 0.0046 0.0056 0.0081 0.0106 0.0130 0.0154 0.0179 0.0203 0.0227
12 0.0032 0.0039 0.0056 0.0074 0.0091 0.0108 0.0125 0.0142 0.0159
14 0.0024 0.0029 0.0042 0.0055 0.0067 0.0080 0.0092 0.0105 0.0117
16 0.0018 0.0022 0.0032 0.0042 0.0051 0.0061 0.0071 0.0080 0.0090
20 0.0012 0.0014 0.0020 0.0027 0.0033 0.0039 0.0045 0.0052 0.0058
24 0.0008 0.0010 0.0014 0.0019 0.0023 0.0027 0.0032 0.0036 0.0040
28 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0014 0.0017 0.0020 0.0023 0.0026 0.0030
32 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023
Depth Pipe Size—in.
of Cover 20 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 64
ft Surface Load Factor—C
2.5 0.2941 0.3390 0.3962 0.4437 0.4813 0.5115 0.5366 0.5488 0.5592
3 0.2237 0.2602 0.3085 0.3507 0.3857 0.4153 0.4412 0.4543 0.4657
4 0.1391 0.1635 0.1972 0.2284 0.2559 0.2808 0.3040 0.3164 0.3277
5 0.0936 0.1106 0.1347 0.1576 0.1786 0.1982 0.2173 0.2278 0.2377
6 0.0669 0.0793 0.0970 0.1143 0.1304 0.1458 0.1612 0.1698 0.1781
7 0.0500 0.0594 0.0730 0.0863 0.0988 0.1111 0.1235 0.1306 0.1374
8 0.0387 0.0461 0.0567 0.0672 0.0773 0.0871 0.0973 0.1031 0.1088
9 0.0309 0.0367 0.0453 0.0538 0.0620 0.0700 0.0784 0.0833 0.0880
10 0.0251 0.0299 0.0370 0.0440 0.0507 0.0574 0.0644 0.0685 0.0725
12 0.0176 0.0210 0.0259 0.0309 0.0357 0.0405 0.0456 0.0486 0.0515
14 0.0130 0.0155 0.0192 0.0229 0.0265 0.0301 0.0339 0.0362 0.0384
16 0.0100 0.0119 0.0147 0.0176 0.0204 0.0232 0.0262 0.0279 0.0297
20 0.0064 0.0076 0.0095 0.0113 0.0131 0.0149 0.0169 0.0181 0.0192
24 0.0045 0.0053 0.0066 0.0079 0.0091 0.0104 0.0118 0.0126 0.0134
28 0.0033 0.0039 0.0049 0.0058 0.0067 0.0077 0.0087 0.0093 0.0099
32 0.0025 0.0030 0.0037 0.0044 0.0052 0.0059 0.0067 0.0071 0.0076
A746 − 09 (2014)
TABLE 2 Nominal Thicknesses for Standard Pressure Classes of Ductile-Iron Pipe
Outside Diameter, in. Pressure Class
Size, in.
(mm)
150 200 250 300 350
Nominal Thickness, in. (mm)
A
3 3.96 (100.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
A
4 4.80 (121.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
A
6 6.90 (175.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
A
8 9.05 (229.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 (6.4)
10 11.10 (281.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.26 (6.6)
12 13.20 (335.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1)
14 15.30 (388.6) . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1) 0.30 (7.6) 0.31 (7.9)
16 17.40 (442.0) . . . . . . 0.30 (7.6) 0.32 (8.1) 0.34 (8.6)
18 19.50 (495.3) . . . . . . 0.31 (7.9) 0.34 (8.6) 0.36 (9.1)
20 21.60 (548.6) . . . . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.36 (9.1) 0.38 (9.7)
24 25.80 (655.3) . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.37 (9.4) 0.40 (10.2) 0.43 (10.9)
30 32.00 (812.8) 0.34 (8.6) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.45 (11.4) 0.49 (12.4)
36 38.30 (972.8) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.47 (11.9) 0.51 (12.9) 0.56 (14.2)
42 44.50 (1130.3) 0.41 (10.4) 0.47 (11.9) 0.52 (13.2) 0.57 (14.5) 0.63 (16.0)
48 50.80 (1290.3) 0.46 (11.7) 0.52 (13.2) 0.58 (14.7) 0.64 (16.3) 0.70 (17.8)
54 57.56 (1450.3) 0.51 (12.9) 0.58 (14.7) 0.65 (16.5) 0.72 (18.3) 0.79 (20.1)
60 61.61 (1564.9) 0.54 (13.7) 0.61 (15.5) 0.68 (17.3) 0.76 (19.3) 0.83 (21.1)
64 65.67 (1668.0) 0.56 (14.2) 0.64 (16.3) 0.72 (18.3) 0.80 (20.3) 0.87 (22.1)
A
Calculated thicknesses for these sizes and pressure ratings are less than those shown above. Presently these are the lowest nominal thicknesses available in these
sizes.
3.1.22 ΔX—design deflection, in. (mm),
@ΔX5 0.03 D#, or @~ΔX5 0.05 D! for flexible linings#
4. General Requirements
4.1 The pipe shall be ductile iron in accordance with Section 9.
4.2 Push-on joints shall comply with all applicable requirements of ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11.
Pipe with other types of joints shall comply with the joint dimensions and weights agreed upon at the time of purchase, but in
all other respects shall fulfill the requirements of this specification.
4.3 Unless otherwise specified, pipe shall have a nominal length of 18 or 20 ft (5.5 or 6.1 m). A maximum of 20 % of the total
number of pipe of each size specified in an order may be furnished as much as 24 in. (610 mm) shorter than the nominal laying
length, and an additional 10 % may be furnished as much as 6 in. (152 mm) shorter than the nominal laying length.
5. Tolerances or Permitted Variations
5.1 Dimensions—The spigot end, bell, and socket of the pipe and the accessories shall be gaged with suitable gages at
sufficiently frequent intervals to assure that the dimensions comply with the requirements of this specification. The smallest inside
diameter (ID) of the sockets and the outside diameter (OD) of the spigot ends shall be tested with circular gauges. Other socket
dimensions shall be gauged as may be appropriate.
5.2 Thickness—Minus thickness tolerances of pipe shall not exceed those shown in Table 5.
NOTE 1—An additional minus tolerance of 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) shall be permitted along the barrel of the pipe for a distance not to exceed 12 in. (305
mm).
5.3 Weight— The weight of any single pipe shall not be less than the tabulated weight by more than 6 % for pipe 12 in. or
smaller in diameter, or by more than 5 % for pipe larger than 12 in. in diameter.
6. Coating and Lining
6.1 Outside Coating—The outside coating for use under normal conditions shall be a shop applied coating approximately 1 mil
(0.025 mm) thick. The coating shall be applied to the outside of all pipe, unless otherwise specified. The finished coating shall be
continuous and smooth, neither brittle when cold, nor sticky when exposed to the sun, and shall be strongly adherent to the pipe.
6.2 Cement-Mortar Linings—Unless otherwise specified, the lining shall be cement-mortar in accordance with ANSI/AWWA
C104/A21.4.
6.3 Special Linings—For severely aggressive wastes, other types of linings may be available. Such special linings shall be
specified in the invitation for bids and on the purchase order.
A746 − 09 (2014)
A
TABLE 3 Design Values for Standard Laying Conditions
Bedding
B
Laying Condition Description E' psi K K
b x
Angle, °
C D
Flat-bottom trench loose backfill. 150 30 0.235 0.108
C
Flat-bottom trench Backfill lightly consolidated to centerline 300 45 0.210 0.105
of pipe.
E
Pipe bedded in 4-in. (102 mm) min loose soil Backfill 400 60 0.189 0.103
lightly consolidated to top of pipe.
Pipe bedded in sand, gravel, or crushed stone to depth of 500 90 0.157 0.096
⁄8 pipe diameter, 4-in. (102 mm) min. Backfill compacted
to top of pipe. (Approximately 80 percent Standard
F
Proctor, AASHTO T-99)
Pipe bedded in compacted granular material to centerline of 700 150 0.128 0.085
pipe, 4 in. (102 mm) minimum under pipe. Compacted
G E
granular or select material to top of pipe.
(Approximately 90 percent Standard Proctor, AASHTO
T-99)
Pipe bedded to the top of the pipe with angular graded 1500 150 0.128 0.085
1 1
stone ( ⁄4 - to 1 ⁄2 - in.) or well-graded gravel . Minimum
under pipe. Compact the angular graded stone or well-
graded gravel to top of pipe. (Approximately 95 percent
Standard Proctor, AASHTO T-99)
Type “Deep Bury”
A
Consideration of the pipe-zone embedment conditions included in this table may be influenced by factors other than pipe strength. For additional information see
ANSI/AWWA C600, Standard for installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and Their Appurtenances.
B
1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.
C
Flat-bottom is defined as undisturbed earth.
D
For pipe 14 in. (350 mm) and larger, consideration should be given to use of laying conditions other than Type 1.
E
Loose soil or select material is defined as native soil excavated from the trench, free of rocks, foreign materials, and frozen earth.
F
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 225, Washington D.C. 20001.
G
Granular materials are defined per AASHTO Soil Classification System (Classification D2487), with the exception that gravel bedding and gravel backfill adjacent to the
pipe is limited to 2 in. maximum particle size per ANSI/AWWA C600.
A746 − 09 (2014)
TABLE 4 Reduction Factors (R) for Truck Load Calculations
Depth of Cover, ft (m)
<4 (1.2) 4 to 7 >7 to 10 >10 (3.0)
Size, in. (1.2 to 2.1) (2.4 to 3.0)
Reduction Factor
3 to 12 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
14 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00
16 0.88 0.95 1.00 1.00
18 0.85 0.90 1.00 1.00
20 0.83 0.90 0.95 1.00
24 to 30 0.81 0.85 0.95 1.00
36 to 64 0.80 0.85 0.90 1.00
TABLE 5 Allowances for Casting Tolerance
Size, in. Casting Tolerance, in. (mm)
3–8 0.05 (1.3)
10–12 0.06 (1.5)
14–42 0.07 (1.8)
48 0.08 (2.0)
54–64 0.09 (2.3)
7. Pipe Design
7.1 Step 1—Design for trench load.
7.1.1 Determine the trench load, P . Table 6 gives the trench load, including the earth load, P , plus the truck load, P , for 2.5
v e t
to 32 ft (0.76 to 9.75 m) of cover.
A
TABLE 6 Earth Loads (P ) Truck Loads (P ) and Trench Loads (P ), psi
e t v
Depth of 3-in. Pipe 4-in. Pipe 6-in. Pipe 8-in. Pipe 10-in. Pipe 12-in. Pipe 14-in. Pipe 16-in. Pipe 18-in. Pipe 20-in. Pipe
P
e
Cover, ft (m) P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
t v t v t v t v t v t v t v t v t v t v
2.5 (0.8) 2.1 9.9 12.0 9.9 12.0 9.9 12.0 9.8 11.9 9.7 11.8 9.6 11.7 8.7 10.8 8.2 10.3 7.8 9.9 7.5 9.6
3 (0.9) 2.5 7.4 9.9 7.4 9.9 7.3 9.8 7.3 9.8 7.2 9.7 7.2 9.7 6.6 9.1 6.2 8.7 5.9 8.4 5.7 8.2
4 (1.2) 3.3 4.4 7.7 4.5 7.8 4.4 7.7 4.4 7.7 4.4 7.7 4.4 7.7 4.4 7.7 4.1 7.4 3.9 7.2 3.9 7.2
5 (1.5) 4.2 3.0 7.2 3.0 7.2 3.0 7.2 3.0 7.2 2.9 7.1 2.9 7.1 2.9 7.1 2.8 7.0 2.6 6.8 2.6 6.8
6 (1.8) 5.0 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.0 7.0 1.9 6.9 1.9 6.9
7 (2.1) 5.8 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.5 7
...