ASTM D2709-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used as an indication of free water and sediment suspended as haze, cloudiness, or droplets in middle distillate fuels such as Grades No. 1 and 2 fuel oil (Specification D396), Grades No. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel (Specification D975), and Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels (Specification D2880), similar fuels and blendstocks used to make these fuels.
5.2 Appreciable amounts of free water and sediment in a fuel oil tend to cause fouling of fuel-handling facilities and to give trouble in the fuel system of a burner or engine. An accumulation of sediment in storage tanks and on filter screens can obstruct the flow of oil from the tank to the combustor. Free water in middle distillate fuels can cause corrosion of tanks and equipment, and if detergent is present, the water can cause emulsions or a hazy appearance. Free water can support microbiological growth at fuel-water interfaces in fuel systems. (A) Measured between tips of opposite tubes when in rotating position.(B) “r/min” is the correct SI symbol for the former term “rpm.”
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume of free water and sediment (as a percentage of the sample) that is suspended in the bulk fuel in middle distillate fuels with viscosities in the range of 1.0 mm2/s to 4.1 mm2/s at 40 °C (1.0 cSt to 4.1 cSt at 104 °F) and densities in the range of 770 kg/m3 to 900 kg/m3 at 15 °C.
Note 1: Fuels corresponding to Specification D396 Grades No. 1 and 2, D975 Grades No. 1-D and 2-D, Specification D2880 Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT and 2-GT, and Specification D3699 Grades No. 1-K and 2-K and similar middle distillate fuels and blendstocks will usually fall in this viscosity and density range. Test Method D1796 is intended for higher viscosity fuel oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The non-SI values are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D2709 − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
Fuels, and Lubricants
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
of free water and sediment (as a percentage of the sample) that
Petroleum Products
is suspended in the bulk fuel in middle distillate fuels with
2 2
viscosities in the range of 1.0 mm /s to 4.1 mm /s at 40 °C
3. Terminology
(1.0 cSt to 4.1 cSt at 104 °F) and densities in the range of
3 3
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to
770 kg⁄m to 900 kg⁄m at 15 °C.
Terminology D4175.
NOTE 1—Fuels corresponding to Specification D396 Grades No. 1 and
2, D975 Grades No. 1-D and 2-D, Specification D2880 Grades No. 0-GT, 3.2 Definitions:
1-GT and 2-GT, and Specification D3699 Grades No. 1-K and 2-K and
3.2.1 free water, n—water in excess of that soluble in the
similar middle distillate fuels and blendstocks will usually fall in this
fuel at the temperature of the test and appearing in the fuel as
viscosity and density range. Test Method D1796 is intended for higher
a haze, cloudiness, droplets, or water layer.
viscosity fuel oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3.2.1.1 Discussion—Note that when there is a water layer in
a biodiesel fuel blend, there can be water-soluble components
standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The non-SI values are for information present in the free water.
3.3 Abbreviations:
only.
3.3.1 rcf—relative centrifugal force.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4.1 A100 mL sample of the undiluted fuel is centrifuged at
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. a relative centrifugal force (see 6.2) of 800 for 10 min at 21 °C
to 32 °C (70 °F to 90 °F) in a specified centrifuge tube. After
2. Referenced Documents
centrifugation, the volume of free water and sediment that has
2
settled into the tip of the centrifuge tube is read to the nearest
2.1 ASTM Standards:
0.005 mL and reported as the volumetric percent water and
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
sediment by centrifuge.
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
5. Significance and Use
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
5.1 This test method is used as an indication of free water
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
and sediment suspended as haze, cloudiness, or droplets in
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
middle distillate fuels such as Grades No. 1 and 2 fuel oil
Petroleum Products
(Specification D396), Grades No. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel
(Specification D975), and Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT
gas turbine fuels (Specification D2880), similar fuels and
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
blendstocks used to make these fuels.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
5.2 Appreciable amounts of free water and sediment in a
Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally
ɛ1
fuel oil tend to cause fouling of fuel-handling facilities and to
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D2709 – 96 (2011) .
DOI: 10.1520/D2709-16.
give trouble in the fuel system of a burner or engine. An
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
accumulation of sediment in storage tanks and on filter screens
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
can obstruct the flow of oil from the tank to the combustor.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Free water in middle distillate fuels can cause corrosion of
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D2709 − 16
TABLE 1 Rotation Speeds Applicable f
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D2709 − 96 (Reapproved 2011) D2709 − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Added part of speech to term in 3.1.1 editorially in May 2011.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume of free water and sediment in (as a percentage of the sample) that
is suspended in the bulk fuel in middle distillate fuels having viscosities at 40°C (104°F) with viscosities in the range of
2 2 3
1.01.0 mm /s to 4.1 mm4.1 mm /s (1.0 to 4.1 cSt) at 40 °C (1.0 cSt to 4.1 cSt at 104 °F) and densities in the range of 770770 kg ⁄m
3 3
to 900900 kg ⁄m kg/mat . 15 °C.
NOTE 1—Fuels corresponding to Specification D396 Grades No. 1 and 2, D975 Grades 1D No. 1-D and 2D,2-D, Specification D2880 Grades No. 0-GT,
1-GT and 2-GT, and Specification D3699 Grades No. 1-K and 2-K and similar middle distillate fuels and blendstocks will usually fall in this viscosity
and density range. Test Method D1796 is intended for higher viscosity fuel oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.2.1 Exception—The non-SI values are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Definitions:
3.2.1 distillate fuel,free water, n—a virgin or cracked or blend of virgin and cracked distillate having a flash point greater than
38°C. water in excess of that soluble in the fuel at the temperature of the test and appearing in the fuel as a haze, cloudiness,
droplets, or water layer.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011April 1, 2016. Published August 2011May 2016. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
ɛ1
D2709–96(2006).D2709 – 96 (2011) . DOI: 10.1520/D2709-96R11E01.10.1520/D2709-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D2709 − 16
TABLE 1 Rotation Speeds Applicable for Centrifuges
of Various Diameters of Swing
A
Diameters of Swing
Rpm at 500 Rpm at 800
rcf rcf
in. cm
12 30.5 1710 2160
13 33.0 1650 2080
14 35.6 1590 2000
15 38.1 1530 1930
16 40.6 1480 1870
17 43.2 1440 1820
18 45.7 1400 1770
19 48.3 1360 1720
20 50.8 1330 1680
21 53.3 1300 1640
22 55.9 1270 1600
23 58.4 1240 1560
24 61.0 1210 1530
TABLE 1 Rotation Speeds Applicable for Centrifuges
of Various Diameters of Swing
A
B
Diameter of Swing
r/min at 800
rcf
in. cm
12 30.5 2160
13 33.0 2080
14 35.6 2000
15 38.1 1930
16 40.6 1870
17 43.2 1820
18 45.7 1770
19 48.3 1720
20 50.8 1680
21 53.3 1640
22 55.9 1600
23 58.4 1560
24
...
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