ASTM E143-87(1998)

Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear modulus of structural materials. This test method is limited to materials in which, and to stresses at which, creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading. Elastic properties such as shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio are not determined routinely and are generally not specified in materials specifications. Precision and bias statements for these test methods are therefore not available.
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
1.3 t to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Oct-2001
• ICS: 77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E143-01 - Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1793-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide-Silicon Carbide Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM F3626-23 - Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing — Test Artifacts — Accelerated Build Quality Assurance for Laser Beam Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB)
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1783-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E2207-15(2021) - Standard Practice for Strain-Controlled Axial-Torsional Fatigue Testing with Thin-Walled Tubular Specimens
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 143 – 87 (Reapproved 1998) An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Shear Modulus at Room Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 143; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
and Poisson’s ratio, μ in the relation
1. Scope
E
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear
G 5 (1)
2~1 1 μ!
modulus of structural materials. This test method is limited to
NOTE 2—In general, it is advisable, in reporting values of shear
materials in which, and to stresses at which, creep is negligible
modulus to state the stress range over which it is measured.
compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading.
3.1.2 torque, [FL]—a moment (of forces) that produces or
Elastic properties such as shear modulus, Young’s modulus,
tends to produce rotation or torsion.
and Poisson’s ratio are not determined routinely and are
−2
3.1.3 torsional stress [FL ]—the shear stress in a body, in
generally not specified in materials specifications. Precision
a plane normal to the axis or rotation, resulting from the
and bias statements for these test methods are therefore not
application of torque.
available.
3.1.4 angle of twist (torsion test)— the angle of relative
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as
rotation measured in a plane normal to the torsion specimen’s
the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
longitudinal axis over the gage length.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
3.1.5 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
refer to Terminology E 6.
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
4. Summary of Test Method
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
4.1 The cylindrical or tubular test specimen is loaded either
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
incrementally or continuously by applying an external torque
2. Referenced Documents
so as to cause a uniform twist within the gage length.
4.1.1 Changes in torque and the corresponding changes in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
angle of twist are determined either incrementally or continu-
E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
ously. The appropriate slope is then calculated from the shear
ing
stress-strain curve, which may be derived under conditions of
E 8 Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
either increasing or decreasing torque (increasing from pre-
E 111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
torque to maximum torque or decreasing from maximum
and Chord Modulus
torque to pretorque).
3. Terminology
5. Significance and Use
3.1 Definitions:
−2
5.1 Shear modulus is a material property useful in calculat-
3.1.1 shear modulus [FL ]—the ratio of shear stress to
ing compliance of structural materials in torsion provided they
corresponding shear strain below the proportional limit of the
follow Hooke’s law, that is, the angle of twist is proportional to
material (see Fig. 1).
the applied torque. Examples of the use of shear modulus are
NOTE 1—The value of shear modulus may depend on the direction in
in the design of rotating shafts and helical compression springs.
which it is measured if the material is not isotropic. Wood, many plastics
and certain metals are markedly anisotropic. Deviations from isotropy
NOTE 3—For materials that follow nonlinear elastic stress-strain behav-
should be suspected if the shear modulus, G, differs from that determined
ior, the value of tangent or chord shear modulus is useful for estimating
by substituting independently measured values of Young’s modulus, E,
the change in torsional strain to corresponding stress for a specified stress
or stress-range, respectively. Such determinations are, however, outside
the scope of this standard. (See for example Ref (1).)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-28 on
5.2 The procedural steps and precision of the apparatus and
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.03 on
Elastic Properties.
Current edition approved Aug. 28, 1987. Published November 1987. Originally
e1 3
published as E 143 – 59 T. Last previous edition E 143– 61 (1979) . The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 143
FIG. 1 Shear Stress-Strain Diagram Showing a Straight Line, Corresponding to the Shear Modulus, Between R , a Pretorque Stress,
and P , the Proportional Limit
the test specimens should be appropriate to the shape and the to be used for applying the required torque to the specimen,
material type, since the method applies to a wide variety of shall be calibrated for the range of torques used in the
materials and sizes. determination. Corrections may be applied for demonstrated
5.3 Precise determination of shear modulus depends on the systematic errors. The torques should be chosen such as to
numerous variables that may affect such determinations. bring the error DG in shear modulus, due to errors in torque
5.3.1 These factors include characteristics of the specimen DT, well within the required accuracy (see 11.3.1).
such as residual stress, concentricity, wall thickness in the case
7.2 Grips—The ends of the specimen shall be gripped
of tubes, deviation from nominal value, previous strain history
firmly between the jaws of a testing machine which have been
and specimen dimension.
designed to produce a state of uniform twist within the gage
5.3.2 Testing conditions that influence the results include:
length. In the case of tubes, closely fitting rigid plugs, such as
axial position of the specimen, temperature and temperature
are shown in Fig. 11 (Metal Plugs for Testing Tubular
variations, and maintenance of the apparatus.
Specimens) of Test Methods E 8 may be inserted in the ends to
5.3.3 Interpretation of data also influences results.
permit tightening the grips without crushing the specimen. The
grips shall be such that axial alignment can be obtained and
6. General Considerations
maintained in order to prevent the application of bending
6.1 Shear modulus for a specimen of circular cross-section
moments. One grip shall be free to move axially to prevent the
is given by the equation
application of axial forces.
G 5 TL/Ju (2) 7.3 Twist Gages—The angle of twist may be measured by
two pairs of lightweight but rigid arms, each pair fastened
where:
diametrically to a ring attached at three points to the section at
G = shear modulus of the specimen,
an end of the gage length and at least one diameter removed
T = torque,
from the grips. The relative rotational displacement of the two
L = gage length,
sections may be measured by mechanical, optical, or electrical
J = polar moment of inertia of the section about its center,
means; for example, the displacement of a pointer on one arm
and
relative to a scale on the other (2), or the reflection of a light
u = angle of twist, in radians.
beam from mirrors or prisms attached to the arms (3). Readings
6.1.1 For a solid cylinder:
should be taken for both sets of arms and averaged to eliminate
J5pD /32 (3)
errors due to bending of the specimen (see 11.3.2).
where:
8. Test Specimens
D = diameter.
6.1.2 For a tube: 8.1 Selection and Preparation of Specimens:
8.1.1 Specimens shall be chosen from sound, clean material.
p
4 4
J 5 ~D 2 D ! (4)
0 i
Slight imperfections near the surface, such as fissures which
would have negligible effect in determining Young’s modulus,
where:
may cause appreciable errors in shear modulus. In the case of
D = outside diameter, and
machined specimens care shall be taken to prevent changing
D = inside diameter.
i
the properties of the material at the surface of the specimen.
8.1.1.1 Specimens in the form of solid cylinders should be
7. Apparatus
straight and of uniform diameter for a length equal to the g
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