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ASTM B449-93(2004)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Chromates on Aluminum

Standard Specification for Chromates on Aluminum

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and non rinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance. The materials are classified according to its coating thickness: Class 1; Class 2; Class 3; and Class 4. Chromate conversion coatings are normally applied by dipping: the coating may also be applied by inundation, spraying, roller coating, or by wipe-on techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and nonrinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. This edition of the specification has been coordinated with ISO 10546 and is technically equivalent.
1.2 Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2004
ICS
25.220.99 - Other treatments and coatings
Technical Committee
B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Drafting Committee
B08.07 - Conversion Coatings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B449-93(1998) - Standard Specification for Chromates on Aluminum
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Replaced By
ASTM B449-93(2010)e1 - Standard Specification for Chromates on Aluminum
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010
Referred By
ASTM B767-88(2021) - Standard Guide for Determining Mass Per Unit Area of Electrodeposited and Related Coatings by Gravimetric and Other Chemical Analysis Procedures
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D1014-18 - Standard Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints and Coatings on Metal Substrates
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D8379/D8379M-21 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Nighttime Retroreflective Sheeting Effectiveness Using Positive-Contrast Textual Sign Scenario Performance Analysis
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D8514/D8514M-23 - Standard Specification for Flexible, Retroreflective Sheeting for Use in High Visibility Vehicle Markings
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D4956-19 - Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004

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ASTM B449-93(2004) - Standard Specification for Chromates on AluminumASTM B449-93(2004) - Standard Specification for Chromates on Aluminum
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ASTM B449-93(2004) - Standard Specification for Chromates on Aluminum
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: B449 – 93 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Specification for
1
Chromates on Aluminum
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B449; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope ISO 3892 Conversion Coatings on Metallic Materials—
Determination of Mass Per Unit Area—Gravimetric
1.1 This specification covers the requirements relating to
3
Method
rinsed and nonrinsed chromate conversion coatings on alumi-
ISO 4519 Electrodeposited Metallic Coatings and Related
num and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against
Finishes—Sampling Procedures for Inspection by At-
corrosion and as a base for other coatings. This edition of the
3
tributes
specification has been coordinated with ISO/ 10546 and is
ISO/ DIS 10546 Chemical Conversion Coatings—Rinsed
technically equivalent.
and Nonrinsed Chromate Conversion Coatings—On Alu-
1.2 Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in
3
minum and Aluminum Alloys
order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including
2.3 Federal Standard:
paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating
Fed. Std. No. 141 Paints, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
having a low electrical contact impedance.
4
Materials; Methods of Inspection
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.4 Military Specification:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
MIL-C-5541 Chemical Films forAluminum andAluminum
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4
Alloys
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Definitions:
2
3.1.1 nonrinsed—chromate coatings that are dried immedi-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ately after the chromating step without receiving a water rinse.
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Thisspecialtypeofcoatingistypically
B602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and
used on long coils of aluminum sheet stock that receive an
Inorganic Coatings
immediate subsequent paint or adhesive coating.
B767 Guide for Determining Mass Per Unit Area of Elec-
trodeposited and Related Coatings by Gravimetric and
NOTE 1—Nonrinsed chromate coatings are finding increased usage on
Other Chemical Analysis Procedures fabricated parts and castings.
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and
3.1.2 rinsed—chromate coatings that are rinsed in water
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
prior to drying.
D3359 Test Methods for MeasuringAdhesion by Tape Test
3.1.2.1 Discussion—This type of coating is typically ap-
2.2 ISO Standards:
plied to extruded aluminum fabricated parts and castings.
3
ISO 2409 Paint and Varnishes—Cross-Cut Test
ISO 3768 Metallic Coatings—Neutral Salt Spray Test 4. Classification
3
(NSS Test)
4.1 Chromate finishes can be applied ranging in color from
brown, thick coatings (Class 1) providing maximum corrosion
protection to yellow, intermediate thickness coatings (Class 2)
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on
suitable as an organic film base or to colorless, thin coatings
Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B08.07 on Chemical Conversion Coatings. (Class 3) suitable for low electrical contact resistance. The
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originally
yellow coatings vary from golden yellow to iridescent light
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as B449 – 93 (1998).
yellow. Chromate-phosphate finishes (Class 4) can be applied
DOI: 10.1520/B0449-93R04.
2
ranging in color from green to iridescent light green.The Class
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4 coatings comply with the requirements of MIL-C-5541.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B449 – 93 (2004)
4.2 Finishers can seldom guarantee to supply exact shades than 100t µS/cm. If hot water is used as the fin
...

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ASTM B449-93(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Chromates on Aluminum

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and non rinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance. The materials are classified according to its coating thickness: Class 1; Class 2; Class 3; and Class 4. Chromate conversion coatings are normally applied by dipping: the coating may also be applied by inundation, spraying, roller coating, or by wipe-on techniques.
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1.1 This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and nonrinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. This edition of the specification has been coordinated with ISO/DIS 10546 and is technically equivalent.  
1.2 Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Hard Anodic Coatings by a Taber-Type Abraser

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hard anodic oxidation coatings are often used to obtain improved resistance to abrasion, and have been used in such applications as valves, sliding parts, hinge mechanisms, cams, gears, swivel joints, pistons, insulation plates, blast shields, etc.  
5.2 This abrasion resistance test method may be useful for acceptance testing of a hard anodic coating, and it can be used to evaluate the effects of processing variables such as substrate preparation before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, and post coating treatments.  
5.3 Results may be used for process control, comparative ranking, or to correlate with end-use performance. The resistance of material surfaces to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory, is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance as experienced in the actual use of the material. Other factors may need to be considered in any calculation of predicted life from specific abrasion data.  
5.4 The properties and characteristics of hard anodic oxidation coatings are significantly affected by both the alloy and the method of production.
Note 2: Hard anodizing will usually result in a dimensional increase on each surface equal to about 50 % of the coating thickness. Normal thickness for wear applications tends to be 40 µm to 60 µm; however the thickness of anodized coatings often ranges between 8 µm to 150 µm.  
5.5 The resistance of hard anodic coatings to abrasion may be affected by factors including test conditions, type of abradant, pressure between the specimen and abradant, composition of the alloy, thickness of the coating, and the conditions of anodizing or sealing, or both.
Note 3: The resistance to abrasion is generally measured on unsealed anodic oxidation coatings. While corrosion resistance is often increased by sealing the coating, it has been observed that sealing or dyeing can reduce the resistance to abrasion by over 50 %.  
5.6 The outer surface of the anod...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of electrolytically formed hard anodic oxidation coatings on a plane, rigid surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy.  
1.2 This test uses a Taber-type abraser,2 which generates a combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative mass loss or loss in mass per thousand cycles of abrasion.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The procedure described in Method A is similar to MIL-PRF-8625 (paragraph 4.5.5) and SAE AMS 2469 (paragraph 3.3.4). The procedure described in Method B includes a break-in period of 1000 cycles and is similar to ISO 10074 Annex B. When no procedure is specified, Method A shall be the default procedure. Although the procedures described in this method may be similar, they are not equivalent to Specification B893 or Test Method D4060.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM B762-21(Guide)
Standard Guide of Variables Sampling of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sampling inspection permits the estimation of the overall quality of a group of product articles through the inspection of a relatively small number of product articles drawn from the group.  
5.2 The specification of a sampling plan provides purchasers and sellers a means of identifying the minimum quality level that is considered to be satisfactory.  
5.3 Because sampling plans yield estimates of the quality of a product, the results of the inspection are subject to error. Through the selection of a sampling plan, the potential error is known and controlled.  
5.4 Sampling inspection is used when a decision must be made about what to do with a quantity of articles. This quantity may be a shipment from a supplier, articles that are ready for a subsequent manufacturing operation, or articles ready for shipment to a customer.  
5.5 In sampling inspection, a relatively small number of articles (the sample) is selected randomly from a larger number of articles (the inspection lot); the sample is inspected for conformance to the requirements placed on the articles. Based on the results, a decision is made whether or not the lot conforms to the requirements.  
5.6 Since only a portion of a production lot is inspected, the quality of the uninspected articles is not known. The possibility exists that some of the uninspected articles are nonconforming. Therefore, basic to any sampling inspection plan is the willingness of the buyer to accept lots that contain some nonconforming articles. The number of nonconforming articles in accepted lots is controlled by the size of the sample and the criteria of acceptance that are placed on the sample.  
5.7 Acceptance sampling plans are used for the following reasons:  
5.7.1 When the cost of inspection is high and the consequences of accepting a nonconforming article are not serious.  
5.7.2 When 100 % inspection is fatiguing and boring and, therefore, likely to result in errors.  
5.7.3 When inspection requires a destru...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides sampling plans that are intended for use in the inspection of metallic and inorganic coatings on products for the purpose of deciding whether submitted lots of coated products comply with the specifications applicable to the coating.  
1.2 The sampling plans are variables plans. In plans of this type, several articles of product are drawn from a production lot. A characteristic of the coating on the drawn articles is measured. The values obtained are used to estimate the number of articles in the lot that do not conform to a numerical limit, for example a minimum thickness. The number is compared to a maximum allowable.  
1.3 Variables plans can only be used when the characteristic of interest is measurable, the test method gives a numerical measure of the characteristic, and the specification places a numerical limit on the measured value. It is also necessary that the variation of the characteristic from article to article in a production lot be normally distributed (see Appendix X2). Each article must be tested in the same way (for example, coating thickness must be measured at the same location, see X2.7) so that the values from article to article are comparable. If one or more of these conditions are not met, a variables plan cannot be used. Instead, an attributes plan must be used. These are given in Guide B602 and Guide B697.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade ...

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4.1 Sampling inspection permits the estimation of the overall quality of a group of product articles through the inspection of a relatively small number of product items drawn from the group.  
4.2 The selection of a sampling plan provides purchasers and sellers a means of identifying the minimum quality levels that are considered to be satisfactory.  
4.3 Because sampling plans will only yield estimates of the quality of a product, the results of the inspection are subject to error. Through the use of sampling plans, the risk of error is known and controlled.
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ABSTRACT
This guide provides information on the deposition of engineering chromium by electroplating. This is sometimes called "functional" or "hard" chromium and is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is usually thicker than decorative deposits. This guide is not intended as a standardized procedure, but as a guide for obtaining smooth, adherent coatings of a desired thickness while retaining the required physical and mechanical properties of the base metals. Engineering chromium may be plated directly to the surface of a commonly used engineering metals such as aluminum, nickel alloys, cast iron, steels, copper, copper alloys, and titanium. Substrate requirements including smoothness, fatigue, high-strength steel stress relief, and oxidation are specified. The procedure and requirements for the following are detailed: (1) racking, including rack and anode designs, (2) cleaning, (3) deoxidizing and etching such as anodic etching in chromic acid solution, in plating solution, and in sulfuric acid solution, and slight etching by acid immersion, (4) chromium electroplating process, (5) treatment of chromium coatings such as baking to avoid hydrogen embrittlement, and mechanical finishing by grinding, grinding and honing, or lapping, (6) repair of chromium electrodeposits on steel substrates, and (7) test methods such as thickness determination, hardness test, and adhesion test.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information about the deposition of chromium on steel for engineering uses. This is sometimes called “functional” or “hard” chromium and is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is usually thicker than decorative deposits.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This guide is not intended as a standardized procedure, but as a guide for obtaining smooth, adherent coatings of chromium of a desired thickness while retaining the required physical and mechanical properties of the base metals. Specified chromium electrodeposits on ferrous surfaces are defined in Specification B650.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is applicable to non-chromate coatings that are colorless, colored, electrochemically applied or non-electrochemically applied. The zinc or cadmium, or both, may be electrodeposited, mechanically deposited, hot-dipped, rolled, or in the form of castings.  
4.2 Because of variables inherent in the salt-spray test which may differ from one test cabinet to another, interpretation of test results for compliance with expected performance should be specified by the purchaser.  
4.3 Properties such as thickness, color, luster, and ability to provide good paint adhesion are not covered in this practice, nor are the chemical composition and the method of application of these finishes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the protective value of chemical and electrochemical conversion coatings produced by non-chromate (chromate being defined as a compound that has chromium in the plus six oxidation state, and as such, chromium compounds in other oxidation states, such as plus three, shall not be excluded) treatments of zinc and cadmium surfaces.  
1.2 The protective value of a non-chromate coating is usually determined by salt-spray test and by determining whether or not the coating possesses adequate abrasion resistance when applied for that purpose.  
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ASTM D6189-97(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating the Efficiency of Chemical Removers for Organic Coatings

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5.1 Old coatings, such as paint or related coatings, may have to be removed from a surface before successful recoating can occur. This practice can be used to test the coatings removal efficiency of products designed for such use.
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1.1 The practice evaluates the effectiveness of coatings removers used on clear or pigmented coatings as applied to wood and metal.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM B449-93(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Chromates on Aluminum

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and non rinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance. The materials are classified according to its coating thickness: Class 1; Class 2; Class 3; and Class 4. Chromate conversion coatings are normally applied by dipping: the coating may also be applied by inundation, spraying, roller coating, or by wipe-on techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements relating to rinsed and nonrinsed chromate conversion coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys intended to give protection against corrosion and as a base for other coatings. This edition of the specification has been coordinated with ISO/DIS 10546 and is technically equivalent.  
1.2 Aluminum and aluminum alloys are chromate coated in order to retard corrosion; as a base for organic films including paints, plastics, and adhesives; and as a protective coating having a low electrical contact impedance.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM B1023-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Hard Anodic Coatings by a Taber-Type Abraser

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hard anodic oxidation coatings are often used to obtain improved resistance to abrasion, and have been used in such applications as valves, sliding parts, hinge mechanisms, cams, gears, swivel joints, pistons, insulation plates, blast shields, etc.  
5.2 This abrasion resistance test method may be useful for acceptance testing of a hard anodic coating, and it can be used to evaluate the effects of processing variables such as substrate preparation before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, and post coating treatments.  
5.3 Results may be used for process control, comparative ranking, or to correlate with end-use performance. The resistance of material surfaces to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory, is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance as experienced in the actual use of the material. Other factors may need to be considered in any calculation of predicted life from specific abrasion data.  
5.4 The properties and characteristics of hard anodic oxidation coatings are significantly affected by both the alloy and the method of production.
Note 2: Hard anodizing will usually result in a dimensional increase on each surface equal to about 50 % of the coating thickness. Normal thickness for wear applications tends to be 40 µm to 60 µm; however the thickness of anodized coatings often ranges between 8 µm to 150 µm.  
5.5 The resistance of hard anodic coatings to abrasion may be affected by factors including test conditions, type of abradant, pressure between the specimen and abradant, composition of the alloy, thickness of the coating, and the conditions of anodizing or sealing, or both.
Note 3: The resistance to abrasion is generally measured on unsealed anodic oxidation coatings. While corrosion resistance is often increased by sealing the coating, it has been observed that sealing or dyeing can reduce the resistance to abrasion by over 50 %.  
5.6 The outer surface of the anod...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of electrolytically formed hard anodic oxidation coatings on a plane, rigid surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy.  
1.2 This test uses a Taber-type abraser,2 which generates a combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative mass loss or loss in mass per thousand cycles of abrasion.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The procedure described in Method A is similar to MIL-PRF-8625 (paragraph 4.5.5) and SAE AMS 2469 (paragraph 3.3.4). The procedure described in Method B includes a break-in period of 1000 cycles and is similar to ISO 10074 Annex B. When no procedure is specified, Method A shall be the default procedure. Although the procedures described in this method may be similar, they are not equivalent to Specification B893 or Test Method D4060.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1624-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Adhesion Strength and Mechanical Failure Modes of Ceramic Coatings by Quantitative Single Point Scratch Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test is intended to assess the mechanical integrity, failure modes, and practical adhesion strength of a specific hard ceramic coating on a given metal or ceramic substrate. The test method does not measure the fundamental “adhesion strength” of the bond between the coating and the substrate. Rather, the test method gives a quantitative engineering measurement of the practical (extrinsic) adhesion strength and damage resistance of the coating-substrate system as a function of applied normal force. The adhesion strength and damage modes depend on the complex interaction of the coating-substrate properties (hardness, fracture strength, modulus of elasticity, damage mechanisms, microstructure, flaw population, surface roughness, and so forth) and the test parameters (stylus properties and geometry, loading rate, displacement rate, and so forth).  
5.2 The test method as described herein is not appropriate for polymer coatings, ductile metal coatings, very thin (30 μm) ceramic coatings.
Note 2: Under narrow circumstances, the test may be used for ceramic coatings on polymer substrates with due consideration of the differences in elastic modulus, ductility, and strength between the two types of materials. Commonly, the low comparative modulus of the polymer substrate means that the ceramic coating will generally tend to fail in bending (through-thickness adhesive failure) before cohesive failure in the coating itself.  
5.3 The quantitative coating adhesion scratch test is a simple, practical, and rapid test. However, reliable and reproducible test results require careful control of the test system configuration and testing parameters, detailed analysis of the coating damage features, and appropriate characterization of the properties and morphology of the coating and the substrate of the test specimens.  
5.4 The coating adhesion test has direct application across the full range of coating development, engineering, and production efforts. Measurements of t...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the practical adhesion strength and mechanical failure modes of hard (Vickers Hardness HV = 5 GPa or higher), thin (≤30 μm) ceramic coatings on metal and ceramic substrates at ambient temperatures. These ceramic coatings are commonly used for wear/abrasion resistance, oxidation protection, and functional (optical, magnetic, electronic, biological) performance improvement.  
1.2 In the test method, a diamond stylus of defined geometry (Rockwell C, a conical diamond indenter with an included angle of 120° and a spherical tip radius of 200 μm) is drawn across the flat surface of a coated test specimen at a constant speed and a defined normal force (constant or progressively increasing) for a defined distance. The damage along the scratch track is microscopically assessed as a function of the applied force. Specific levels of progressive damage are associated with increasing normal stylus forces. The force level(s) which produce a specific type/level of damage in the coating are defined as a critical scratch load(s). The test method also describes the use of tangential force and acoustic emission signals as secondary test data to identify different coating damage levels.  
1.3 Applicability to Coatings—This test method is applicable to a wide range of hard ceramic coating compositions: carbides, nitrides, oxides, diamond, and diamond-like carbon on ceramic and metal substrates. The test method, as defined with the 200 μm radius diamond stylus, is commonly used for coating thicknesses in the range of 0.1 to 30 μm. Test specimens generally have a planar surface for testing, but cylinder geometries can also be tested with an appropriate fixture.  
1.4 Principal Limitations:  
1.4.1 The test method does not measure the fundamental adhesion strength of the bond between the coating and the substrate. Rather, the test method gives an engineering measurement of the practical (ext...

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