ASTM E2994-21

Standard Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometry (Performance-Based Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for the chemical analysis of titanium alloys is primarily intended to test material for compliance to compositional requirements of specifications such as those under jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B10. It may also be used to test compliance with other specifications that are compatible with the test method.  
5.2 This is a performance-based test method that relies more on the demonstrated quality of the test result than on strict adherence to specific procedural steps. It is assumed that all who use this test method will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely, and that the work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.  
5.3 It is expected that laboratories using this test method will prepare their own work instructions. These work instructions will include detailed operating instructions for the specific laboratory, the specific reference materials employed, and performance acceptance criteria.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the analysis of titanium and its alloys by spark atomic emission spectrometry (Spark-AES) and glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry (GD-AES). The titanium specimen to be analyzed may be in the form of a disk, casting, foil, sheet, plate, extrusion, or some other wrought form or shape. The elements and ranges covered in the scope by spark-AES of this test method are listed below.    
Element  
Tested Mass Fraction Range (%)  
Aluminum  
0.008 to 7.0  
Chromium  
0.006 to 0.1  
Copper  
0.014 to 0.1  
Iron  
0.043 to 0.3  
Manganese  
0.005 to 0.1  
Molybdenum  
0.014 to 0.1  
Nickel  
0.006 to 0.1  
Silicon  
0.018 to 0.1  
Tin  
0.02 to 0.1  
Vanadium  
0.015 to 5.0  
Zirconium  
0.013 to 0.1  
1.1.1 The elements oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, niobium, boron, yttrium, palladium, and ruthenium, were included in the ILS but the data did not contain the required six laboratories. Precision tables were provided for informational use only.  
1.2 The elements and ranges covered in the scope by GD-AES of this test method are listed below.    
Element  
Tested Mass Fraction Range (%)  
Aluminum  
0.02 to 7.0  
Carbon  
0.02 to 0.1    
Chromium  
0.006 to 0.1  
Copper  
0.028 to 0.1  
Iron  
0.09 to 0.3  
Molybdenum  
0.016 to 0.1  
Nickel  
0.006 to 0.1  
Silicon  
0.018 to 0.1  
Tin  
0.022 to 0.1  
Vanadium  
0.054 to 5.0  
Zirconium  
0.026 to 0.1  
1.2.1 The elements boron, manganese, oxygen, nitrogen, niobium, yttrium, palladium, and ruthenium were included in the ILS, but the data did not contain the required six laboratories. Precision tables were provided for informational use only.  
1.3 The elements and mass fractions given in the above scope tables are the ranges validated through the interlaboratory study. However, it is known that the techniques used in this standard allow the useable range, for the elements listed, to be extended higher or lower based on individual instrument capability, available reference materials, laboratory capabilities, and the spectral characteristics of the specific element wavelength being used. It is also acceptable to analyze elements not listed in 1.1 or 1.2 and still meet compliance to this standard test method. Laboratories must provide sufficient evidence of method validation when extending the analytical range or when analyzing elements not reported in Section 18 (Precision and Bias), as described in Guide E2857.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 9.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pri...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2021
• ICS: 77.120.50 - Titanium and titanium alloys
• Technical Committee: E01 - Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
• Drafting Committee: E01.06 - Ti, Zr, W, Mo, Ta, Nb, Hf, Re

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2994 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Analysis of Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Spark Atomic
Emission Spectrometry and Glow Discharge Atomic
1
Emission Spectrometry (Performance-Based Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2994; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Tested Mass
Element Fraction
1.1 This test method describes the analysis of titanium and
Range (%)
Iron 0.09 to 0.3
its alloys by spark atomic emission spectrometry (Spark-AES)
Molybdenum 0.016 to 0.1
and glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry (GD-AES).
Nickel 0.006 to 0.1
The titanium specimen to be analyzed may be in the form of a
Silicon 0.018 to 0.1
disk, casting, foil, sheet, plate, extrusion, or some other Tin 0.022 to 0.1
Vanadium 0.054 to 5.0
wroughtformorshape.Theelementsandrangescoveredinthe
Zirconium 0.026 to 0.1
scope by spark-AES of this test method are listed below.
1.2.1 The elements boron, manganese, oxygen, nitrogen,
Tested Mass
niobium, yttrium, palladium, and ruthenium were included in
Element Fraction
the ILS, but the data did not contain the required six labora-
Range (%)
Aluminum 0.008 to 7.0
tories. Precision tables were provided for informational use
Chromium 0.006 to 0.1
only.
Copper 0.014 to 0.1
Iron 0.043 to 0.3
1.3 The elements and mass fractions given in the above
Manganese 0.005 to 0.1
scope tables are the ranges validated through the interlabora-
Molybdenum 0.014 to 0.1
Nickel 0.006 to 0.1
tory study. However, it is known that the techniques used in
Silicon 0.018 to 0.1
thisstandardallowtheuseablerange,fortheelementslisted,to
Tin 0.02to0.1
be extended higher or lower based on individual instrument
Vanadium 0.015 to 5.0
Zirconium 0.013 to 0.1
capability, available reference materials, laboratory
capabilities, and the spectral characteristics of the specific
1.1.1 The elements oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, niobium,
element wavelength being used. It is also acceptable to analyze
boron, yttrium, palladium, and ruthenium, were included in the
elements not listed in 1.1 or 1.2 and still meet compliance to
ILS but the data did not contain the required six laboratories.
this standard test method. Laboratories must provide sufficient
Precision tables were provided for informational use only.
evidence of method validation when extending the analytical
1.2 The elements and ranges covered in the scope by
range or when analyzing elements not reported in Section 18
GD-AES of this test method are listed below.
(Precision and Bias), as described in Guide E2857.
Tested Mass
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Element Fraction
Range (%)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Aluminum 0.02 to 7.0
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Carbon 0.02 to 0.1
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Chromium 0.006 to 0.1
Copper 0.028 to 0.1
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 9.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
1
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on
Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
responsibility of Subcommittee E01.06 on Ti, Zr, W, Mo, Ta, Nb, Hf, Re.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E2994 – 16. DOI:
10.1520/E2994-21. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2994 − 21
2. Referenced Documents of a specimen and the tip of a counter electrode. The energy of
2 the discharge is sufficient to ablate material from the surface of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the specimen, break the chemical or physical bonds, and cause
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
the resulting atoms or ions to emit radiant energy. The radiant
Determine Conformance with Specifications
energies of the selected analytical lines and the internal
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2994 − 16 E2994 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Analysis of Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Spark Atomic
Emission Spectrometry and Glow Discharge Atomic
1
Emission Spectrometry (Performance-Based Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2994; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the analysis of titanium and its alloys by spark atomic emission spectrometry (Spark-AES) and
glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry (GD-AES). The titanium specimen to be analyzed may be in the form of a disk,
casting, foil, sheet, plate, extrusion, or some other wrought form or shape. The elements and ranges covered in the scope by
spark-AES of this test method are listed below.
Tested Mass
Element Fraction
Range (%)
Aluminum 0.008 to 7.0
Chromium 0.006 to 0.1
Copper 0.014 to 0.1
Iron 0.043 to 0.3
Manganese 0.005 to 0.1
Molybdenum 0.014 to 0.1
Nickel 0.006 to 0.1
Silicon 0.018 to 0.1
Tin 0.02 to 0.1
Vanadium 0.015 to 5.0
Zirconium 0.013 to 0.1
1.1.1 The elements oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, niobium, boron, yttrium, palladium, and ruthenium, were included in the ILS but
the data did not contain the required six laboratories. Precision tables were provided for informational use only.
1.2 The elements and ranges covered in the scope by GD-AES of this test method are listed below.
Tested Mass
Element Fraction
Range (%)
Aluminum 0.02 to 7.0
Carbon 0.02 to 0.1
Chromium 0.006 to 0.1
Copper 0.028 to 0.1
Iron 0.09 to 0.3
Molybdenum 0.016 to 0.1
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E01.06 on Ti, Zr, W, Mo, Ta, Nb, Hf, Re.
Current edition approved April 15, 2016Dec. 1, 2021. Published May 2016January 2022. Originally approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as
E2994 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/E2994-16.10.1520/E2994-21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2994 − 21
Tested Mass
Element Fraction
Range (%)
Nickel 0.006 to 0.1
Silicon 0.018 to 0.1
Tin 0.022 to 0.1
Vanadium 0.054 to 5.0
Zirconium 0.026 to 0.1
1.2.1 The elements boron, manganese, oxygen, nitrogen, niobium, yttrium, palladium, and ruthenium were included in the ILS,
but the data did not contain the required six laboratories. Precision tables were provided for informational use only.
1.3 The elements and mass fractions given in the above scope tables are the ranges validated through the interlaboratory study.
However, it is known that the techniques used in this standard allow the useable range range, for the elements listed, to be extended
higher or lower based on individual instrument and capability, available reference materials, laboratory capabilities, and the
spectral characteristics of the specific element wavelength being used. It is also acceptable to analyze elements not listed in 1.1
or 1.2 and still meet compliance to this standard test method. Laboratories must provide sufficient evidence of method validation
when extending the analytical range or when analyzing elements not reported in Section 18 (Precision and Bias), as described in
Guide E2857 Validating Analytical Methods.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 9.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E177 Practice for Use of the Ter
...