ASTM D6128-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell
Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reliable, controlled flow of bulk solids from bins and hoppers is essential in almost every industrial facility. Unfortunately, flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing are common. Additional problems include uncontrolled flow (flooding) of powders, segregation of particle mixtures, useable capacity which is significantly less than design capacity, caking and spoilage of bulk solids in stagnant zones, and structural failures.
5.2 By measuring the flow properties of bulk solids, and designing bins and hoppers based on these flow properties, most flow problems can be prevented or eliminated.
5.3 For bulk solids with a significant percentage of particles (typically, one third or more) finer than about 6 mm, the cohesive strength is governed by the fines (-6-mm fraction). For such bulk solids, cohesive strength and wall friction tests may be performed on the fine fraction only.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this test method. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This method 2covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the cohesive strength of bulk solids during both continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various wall surfaces are included.
1.2 This standard is not applicable to testing bulk solids that do not reach the steady state requirement within the travel limit of the shear cell. It is difficult to classify ahead of time which bulk solids cannot be tested, but one example may be those consisting of highly elastic particles.
1.3 The most common use of this information is in the design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smoothness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for structural design of such equipment also may be derived from this data.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and dete...
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Designation: D6128 − 14
StandardTest Method for
1
Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6128; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
as standard. No other units of measure are included in this
2
1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for
standard
measuring the cohesive strength of bulk solids during both
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measure-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ments of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
various wall surfaces are included.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 Thisstandardisnotapplicabletotestingbulksolidsthat bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
donotreachthesteadystaterequirementwithinthetravellimit
2. Referenced Documents
of the shear cell. It is difficult to classify ahead of time which
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bulk solids cannot be tested, but one example may be those
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
consisting of highly elastic particles.
Fluids
1.3 The most common use of this information is in the
D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater
design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smooth-
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
ness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
structural design of such equipment also may be derived from
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
this data.
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
Data
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
3. Terminology
Practice D6026.
3.1 For common definitions of technical terms in this
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the
4. Summary of Test Method
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
4.1 A representative specimen of bulk solid is placed in a
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
shear cell of specific dimensions. This specimen is preconsoli-
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
dated by twisting the shear cell cover while applying a
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
compressive load normal to the cover.
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
4.2 When running an instantaneous or time shear test, a
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
normal load is applied to the cover, and the specimen is
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
presheared until a steady state shear value has been reached.
methods for engineering design.
4.3 An instantaneous test is run by shearing the specimen
underareducednormalloaduntiltheshearforcegoesthrough
a maximum value and then begins to decrease.
1
This testing method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil
4.4 A time shear test is run similarly to an instantaneous
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Character-
ization and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.
sheartest,exceptthatthespecimenisplacedinaconsolidation
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published September 2014. Originally
bench between preshear and shear.
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D6128–06. DOI:
10.1520/D6128-14.
2 3
This test method is based on the “Standard Shear Testing Technique for For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ParticulateSolidsUsingtheJenikeShearCell,”areportoftheEFCEWorkingParty contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
on the Mechanics of Particulate Solids. Copyright is held by the Institution of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Chemical Engineers and the European Federation of Chemical Engineering. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6128 − 06 D6128 − 14
Standard Test Method for
1
Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6128; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the cohesive strength of bulk solids during both continuous
flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various wall surfaces
are included.
1.2 This standard is not applicable to testing bulk solids that do not reach the steady state requirement within the travel limit
of the shear cell. It is impossibledifficult to classify ahead of time which bulk solids cannot be tested, but one example may be those
consisting of highly elastic particles.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 The most common use of this information is in the design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages due to
arching and ratholing, including the slope and smoothness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for structural design
of such equipment also may be derived from this data.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions of terms used in this test method are in accordance with Terminology D653.
3.1.2 adhesion test, n—a static wall friction test with time consolidation.
1
This testing method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterization
and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006Sept. 1, 2014. Published January 2007September 2014. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20002006
as D6128 – 00.D6128 – 06. DOI: 10.1520/D6128-06.10.1520/D6128-14.
2
This test method is based on the “Standard Shear Testing Technique for Particulate Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell,” a report of the EFCE Working Party on the
Mechanics of Particulate Solids. Copyright is held by the Institution of Chemical Engineers and the European Federation of Chemical Engineering.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D6128 − 14
3.1.3 angle of internal friction, φ , n—the angle b
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