ASTM F3187-16
(Guide)Standard Guide for Directed Energy Deposition of Metals
Standard Guide for Directed Energy Deposition of Metals
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide applies to directed energy deposition (DED) systems and processes, including electron beam, laser beam, and arc plasma based systems, as well as applicable material systems.
5.2 Directed energy deposition (DED) systems have the following general collection of characteristics: ability to process large build volumes (>1000 mm3), ability to process at relatively high deposition rates, use of articulated energy sources, efficient energy utilization (electron beam and arc plasma), strong energy coupling to feedstock (electron beam and arc plasma), feedstock delivered directly to the melt pool, ability to deposit directly onto existing components, and potential to change chemical composition within a build to produce functionally graded materials. Feedstock for DED is delivered to the melt pool in coordination with the energy source, and the deposition head (typically) indexes up from the build surface with each successive layer.
5.3 Although DED systems can be used to apply a surface cladding, such use does not fit the current definition of AM. Cladding consists of applying a uniform buildup of material on a surface. To be considered AM, a computer aided design (CAD) file of the build features is converted into section cuts representing each layer of material to be deposited. The DED machine then builds up material, layer-by-layer, so material is only applied where required to produce a part, add a feature or make a repair.
5.4 DED has the ability to produce relatively large parts requiring minimal tooling and relatively little secondary processing. In addition, DED processes can be used to produce components with composition gradients, or hybrid structures consisting of multiple materials having different compositions and structures. DED processes are also commonly used for component repair and feature addition.
5.5 Fig. 1 gives a general guide as to the relative capabilities of the main DED processes compared to others currently used for meta...
SCOPE
1.1 Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is used for repair, rapid prototyping and low volume part fabrication. This document is intended to serve as a guide for defining the technology application space and limits, DED system set-up considerations, machine operation, process documentation, work practices, and available system and process monitoring technologies.
1.2 DED is an additive manufacturing process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by melting as they are being deposited.
1.3 DED Systems comprise multiple categories of machines using laser beam (LB), electron beam (EB), or arc plasma energy sources. Feedstock typically comprises either powder or wire. Deposition typically occurs either under inert gas (arc systems or laser) or in vacuum (EB systems). Although these are the predominant methods employed in practice, the use of other energy sources, feedstocks and atmospheres may also fall into this category.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. All units of measure included in this guide are accepted for use with the SI.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3187 − 16
Standard Guide for
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Directed Energy Deposition of Metals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope B214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal Powders
C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
1.1 Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is used for repair,
D6128 Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using
rapid prototyping and low volume part fabrication. This
the Jenike Shear Tester
document is intended to serve as a guide for defining the
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
technology application space and limits, DED system set-up
Sieves
considerations, machine operation, process documentation,
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
work practices, and available system and process monitoring
E1515 Test Method for Minimum Explosible Concentration
technologies.
of Combustible Dusts
1.2 DED is an additive manufacturing process in which
F327 Practice for Sampling Gas Blow Down Systems and
focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by melting as
Components for Particulate Contamination by Automatic
they are being deposited.
Particle Monitor Method
1.3 DEDSystemscomprisemultiplecategoriesofmachines
F2971 Practice for Reporting Data for Test Specimens Pre-
using laser beam (LB), electron beam (EB), or arc plasma
pared by Additive Manufacturing
energy sources. Feedstock typically comprises either powder
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2.3 ISO/ASTM Standards:
or wire. Deposition typically occurs either under inert gas (arc
52900 Additive Manufacturing—General Principles—
systems or laser) or in vacuum (EB systems). Although these
Terminology
are the predominant methods employed in practice, the use of
52921 Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing—
otherenergysources,feedstocksandatmospheresmayalsofall
Coordinate Systems and Test Methodologies
into this category.
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2.4 ASQ Standard
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ASQ C-1 Specification of General Requirement ForAQual-
standard. All units of measure included in this guide are
ity Program
accepted for use with the SI.
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2.5 AWS Standards:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
A3.0/A3.0M Standard Welding Terms and Definitions
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
A5.01/A5.01M Procurement Guidelines for Consumables—
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Welding and Allied Processes
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
A5.02/A5.02M Specification for Filler Metal—Standard
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Sizes Packaging and Physical Attributes
2. Referenced Documents A5.14/A5.14M Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy
Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods
2.1 The latest version of the specifications referenced below
A5.16/A5.16M Specification for Titanium and Titanium-
should be used, unless specifically referenced otherwise in the
Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
main document.
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2.6 DIN Standard:
2.2 ASTM Standards:
DIN 4188 Screening Surfaces;Wire Screens forTest Sieves,
Dimensions
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ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF42onAdditive
Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F42.05 on Materials and Processes.
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Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/F3187–16. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from American Society for Quality, P.O. Box 3005, Milwaukee, WI
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 53201-3005.
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Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 8669 NW 36 St., #130,
the ASTM website. Miami, FL 33166-6672, http://www.aws.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F3187 − 16
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2.7 ISO Standards: surface upon which the building of the part/s is started and
ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems: Requirements supported throughout the build process. In DED, the build
ISO 6983-2 Numerical control of machines – Program platform can also be a component that is to be
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