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ASTM D6128-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell

Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Reliable, controlled flow of bulk solids from bins and hoppers is essential in almost every industrial facility. Unfortunately, flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing are common. Additional problems include uncontrolled flow (flooding) of powders, segregation of particle mixtures, useable capacity which is significantly less than design capacity, caking and spoilage of bulk solids in stagnant zones, and structural failures.
By measuring the flow properties of bulk solids, and designing bins and hoppers based on these flow properties, most flow problems can be prevented or eliminated.
For bulk solids with a significant percentage of particles (typically, one third or more) finer than about 6 mm ( ¼ in.), the cohesive strength is governed by the fines (-6-mm fraction). For such bulk solids, cohesive strength and wall friction tests may be performed on the fine fraction only.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740  provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D 3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method should recognize that the framework of Practice D 3740  is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this test method. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the cohesive strength of bulk solids during both continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various wall surfaces are included.
1.2 This standard is not applicable to testing bulk solids that do not reach the steady state requirement within the travel limit of the shear cell. It is impossible to classify ahead of time which bulk solids cannot be tested, but one example may be those consisting of highly elastic particles.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 The most common use of this information is in the design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smoothness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for structural design of such equipment also may be derived from this data.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2006
ICS
19.060 - Mechanical testing
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.24 - Characterization and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6128-00 - Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D6128-14 - Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell
Effective Date
01-Sep-2014
Referred By
ASTM D8081-17(2021)e1 - Standard Guide for Theory and Principles for Obtaining Reliable and Accurate Bulk Solids Flow Data Using a Direct Shear Cell
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM D653-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7891-15 - Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Powders Using the Freeman Technology FT4 Powder Rheometer Shear Cell
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6773-22 - Standard Test Method for Bulk Solids Using Schulze Ring Shear Tester
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM F3187-16 - Standard Guide for Directed Energy Deposition of Metals
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006

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ASTM D6128-06 - Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear CellASTM D6128-06 - Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell
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ASTM D6128-06 - Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6128 − 06
StandardTest Method for
1
Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6128; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
2
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
measuring the cohesive strength of bulk solids during both
continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measure-
3. Terminology
ments of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on
various wall surfaces are included.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions of terms used in this test method are in
1.2 Thisstandardisnotapplicabletotestingbulksolidsthat
accordance with Terminology D653.
donotreachthesteadystaterequirementwithinthetravellimit
3.1.2 adhesion test, n—a static wall friction test with time
of the shear cell. It is impossible to classify ahead of time
consolidation.
which bulk solids cannot be tested, but one example may be
those consisting of highly elastic particles.
3.1.3 angle of internal friction, φ,n—theanglebetweenthe
i
axis of normal stress (abscissa) and the tangent to the yield
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
locus.
standard.
3.1.4 angle of wall friction, φ', n— the arctan of the ratio of
1.4 The most common use of this information is in the
the wall shear stress to the wall normal stress.
design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages
due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smooth-
3.1.5 bin, n—a container or vessel for holding a bulk solid,
ness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for
frequently consisting of a vertical cylinder with a converging
structural design of such equipment also may be derived from
hopper. Sometimes referred to as silo, bunker, or elevator.
this data.
3.1.6 bulk density, ρ,n—the mass of a quantity of a bulk
b
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
solid divided by its total volume
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.7 bulk solid, n—an assembly of solid particles handled
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in sufficient quantities that its characteristics can be described
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
by the properties of the mass of particles rather than the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
characteristicsofeachindividualparticle.Mayalsobereferred
to as granular material, particulate solid, or powder. Examples
2. Referenced Documents
are sugar, flour, ore, and coal.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.8 bunker, n—synonym for bin, but sometimes under-
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
stood as being a bin without any or only a small vertical part
Fluids
at the top of the hopper.
3.1.9 cohesive strength, n—synonym for unconfined yield
1 strength.
This testing method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Character-
3.1.10 consolidation, n—the process of increasing the
ization and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.
strength of a bulk solid.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D6128–00. DOI:
3.1.11 critical state, n—a state of stress in which the bulk
10.1520/D6128-06.
2 density of a bulk solid and the shear stress in the shear zone
This test method is based on the “Standard Shear Testing Technique for
ParticulateSolidsUsingtheJenikeShearCell,”areportoftheEFCEWorkingParty remain constant.
on the Mechanics of Particulate Solids. Copyright is held by the Institution of
3.1.12 effective angle of friction, δ,n—the inclination of the
Chemical Engineers and the European Federation of Chemical Engineering.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or effective yield locus (EYL).
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.13 effective yield locus (EYL), n—straight line passing
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. throughtheoriginofthe σ, τ-planeandtangentialtothesteady
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6128 − 06
stateMohrcircle,corres
...

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ASTM D6128-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reliable, controlled flow of bulk solids from bins and hoppers is essential in almost every industrial facility. Unfortunately, flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing are common. Additional problems include uncontrolled flow (flooding) of powders, segregation of particle mixtures, useable capacity which is significantly less than design capacity, caking and spoilage of bulk solids in stagnant zones, and structural failures.  
5.2 By measuring the flow properties of bulk solids, and designing bins and hoppers based on these flow properties, most flow problems can be prevented or eliminated.  
5.3 For bulk solids with a significant percentage of particles (typically, one third or more) finer than about 6 mm, the cohesive strength is governed by the fines (-6-mm fraction). For such bulk solids, cohesive strength and wall friction tests may be performed on the fine fraction only.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this test method. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this test method.
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1.1 This method 2covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the cohesive strength of bulk solids during both continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various wall surfaces are included.  
1.2 This standard is not applicable to testing bulk solids that do not reach the steady state requirement within the travel limit of the shear cell. It is difficult to classify ahead of time which bulk solids cannot be tested, but one example may be those consisting of highly elastic particles.  
1.3 The most common use of this information is in the design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smoothness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for structural design of such equipment also may be derived from this data.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard  
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ASTM D8081-17(2021)e1(Guide)
Standard Guide for Theory and Principles for Obtaining Reliable and Accurate Bulk Solids Flow Data Using a Direct Shear Cell

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A large number of industrial processes involve transfer and feeding of bulk solids, and the ability of such materials to flow in a controlled manner during these operations is critical to product quality.  
5.2 Direct shear cells are among the most important methods for measuring the flow properties of bulk solids in industrial applications for bulk solids handling.  
5.3 Direct shear cells have many advantages over simpler methods of measuring bulk solids flow properties, but their operation is more complex and the procedures for their use must be carefully controlled to produce accurate and reproducible data.  
5.4 The three most popular direct shear cell types are: Translational (D6128), Annular (D6773), and Rotational (D6682 and D7891).  
5.5 From shear cell data, a wide variety of parameters can be obtained, including the yield locus representing the shear stress to normal stress relationship at incipient flow, angle of internal friction, unconfined yield strength, cohesion, and a variety of related parameters such as the flow function.  
5.6 In addition, these three direct shear cells can be set up with wall coupons to measure wall friction.  
5.7 When the shear cell data are combined with unconfined yield strength, wall friction data, and bulk density data, they can be used for bin and hopper evaluation and design.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers theory and principles for obtaining reliable and accurate bulk solids flow data using a direct shear cell. It includes characteristics and limitations of the three most popular direct shear cell types: Translational (D6128), Annular (D6773), and Rotational (D6682 and D7891).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.  
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Low strain impact integrity testing provides acceleration or velocity and force (optional) data on slender structural elements (that is, structural columns, driven concrete piles, cast in place concrete piles, concrete filled steel pipe piles, timber piles, etc.). The method works best on solid concrete sections, and has limited application to unfilled steel pipe piles, H piles, or steel sheet piles. These data assist evaluation of the pile cross-sectional area and length, the pile integrity and continuity, as well as consistency of the pile material, although evaluation is approximate. This test method will not provide information regarding the pile bearing capacity. It is generally helpful to consider the soil profile, construction method and site records when evaluating data obtained by this method. Other useful information to consider and compare with results of this test includes low strain integrity test results of similar piles at the same site, concrete cylinder or core strength test results, automated monitoring data on equipment placing the concrete when augered piles are used, or information obtained from crosshole sonic logging (Test Method D6760) or thermal integrity profiling (Test Methods D7949) if available.  
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4.1.1.1 Pulse Echo Method (PEM)—The pile head motion is measured as a function of time. The time domain record is then evaluated for pile integrity.
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the integrity of individual vertical or inclined piles by measuring and analyzing the velocity (required) and force (optional) response of the pile induced by an (hand held hammer or other similar type) impact device usually applied axially and perpendicularly to the pile head surface. This test method is applicable to long structural elements that function in a manner similar to any deep foundation units (such as driven piles, augeured piles, or drilled shafts), regardless of their method of installation provided that they are receptive to low strain impact testing.  
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for low strain impact testing of piles. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test(s), may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
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1.1 This test method describes an in-situ penetration plus expansion test. The test is initiated by forcing the steel, flat plate, dilatometer blade2, with its sharp cutting edge, into a soil. Each test consists of an increment of penetration, generally vertical, followed by the expansion of a flat, circular, metallic membrane into the surrounding soil. The test provides information about the soil's in-situ stratigraphy, stress, strength, compressibility, and pore-water pressure for use in the design of earthworks and foundations.  
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4.1 This test method applies to one-dimensional, laminar flow of water within laboratory-compacted, porous materials such as soil.  
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4.3 This test method applies to permeation of porous materials with water. Permeation with other liquids, such as chemical wastes, can be accomplished using procedures similar to those described in this test method. However, this test method is only intended to be used when water is the permeant liquid.  
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1.1 This test method covers laboratory measurement of the hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coefficient of permeability) of laboratory-compacted materials with a rigid-wall, compaction-mold permeameter.  
1.2 This test method may be used with laboratory-compacted specimens that have a hydraulic conductivity less than or equal to 1 × 10−5 m/s. The hydraulic conductivity of compacted materials that have hydraulic conductivities greater than 1 × 10−5 m/s may be determined by Test Method D2434.  
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4.1 Cycle counting is used to summarize (often lengthy) irregular load-versus-time histories by providing the number of times cycles of various sizes occur. The definition of a cycle varies with the method of cycle counting. These practices cover the procedures used to obtain cycle counts by various methods, including level-crossing counting, peak counting, simple-range counting, range-pair counting, and rainflow counting. Cycle counts can be made for time histories of force, stress, strain, torque, acceleration, deflection, or other loading parameters of interest.
SCOPE
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1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is often used to determine bulk density values that are necessary for use for many methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures.  
4.2 The bulk density also may be used for determining mass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agreements. However, the relationship between degree of compaction of aggregates in a hauling unit or stockpile and that achieved in this test method is unknown. Further, aggregates in hauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed and surface moisture (the latter affecting bulking), while this test method determines the bulk density on a dry basis.  
4.3 A procedure is included for computing the percentage of voids between the aggregate particles based on the bulk density determined by this test method.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate in a compacted or loose condition, and calculated voids between particles in fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination. This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 125 mm [5 in.] in nominal maximum size.  
Note 1: Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is weight per unit volume (more correctly, mass per unit volume or density).  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for a specification with which this test method is used. An exception is with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in which the SI values are the standard as stated in Specification E11. Within the text, inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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ASTM E2658-15(2023)(Practice)
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4.1 Material testing requires repeatable and predictable testing machine speed. The speed measuring devices integral to the testing machines may be used for measurement of crosshead speed over a defined range of operation. The accuracy of the speed value shall be traceable to a National or International Standards Laboratory. Practices E2658 provides procedures to verify testing machines, in order that the indicated speed values may be traceable. A key element to having traceability is that the devices used in the verification produce known speed characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with adequate calibration standards.  
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4.2.2 Verifying the capability of the testing machine to adequately indicate the speed of the crosshead.  
4.3 Where applicable, determine the testing machine's ramp-to-speed condition. This condition can be significant especially when verifying fast speeds or testing conditions with very short testing durations.  
4.4 This procedure will establish the relationship between the actual crosshead speed and the testing machine indicated speed and or selected setting. It is this relationship that will allow confidence in the reported displacement over time data acquired by the testing machine during use.
Note 1: Many material tests never reach the desired test speed. Unless the actual data from the material test is examined, it is often impossible to know if the test speed has been reached or is repeatable from test to test.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures and requirements for the calibration and verification of testing machine speed by means of standard calibration devices. This practice is not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines.  
1.2 These practices apply to the verification of the speed application and measuring systems associated with the testing machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, setting, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the speed-measuring system(s) to be verified.  
1.3 These practices give guidance, recommendations, and examples, specific to electro-mechanical testing machines. The practice may also be used to verify actuator speed for hydraulic testing machines.  
1.4 This standard cannot be used to verify cycle counting or frequency related to cyclic fatigue testing applications.  
1.5 Since conversion factors are not required in this practice, either SI units (mm/min), or English [in/min], can be used as the standard.  
1.6 Speed measurement values and or settings on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems-be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted-which are within the Classification criteria listed in Table 1, comply with Practices E2658.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6643-01(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Testing Wood-Base Panel Corner Impact Resistance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines the corner impact damage that could be used to measure the relative corner impact resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method shall be used to measure the relative corner impact resistance and other damage that may occur during the rough handling of wood-base panels or composite materials. This test method is suitable for all wood-base panels such as plywood, oriented strand board, hardboard, particleboard and medium density fiberboard as well as other composite panel products.  
1.2 This test method covers determination and evaluation of the effects of panels being dropped from various heights with a predetermined amount of dead load and angle of impact to simulate an equivalent field application.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G134-17(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by Cavitating Liquid Jet

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to estimate the relative resistances of materials to cavitation erosion, as may be encountered for instance in pumps, hydraulic turbines, valves, hydraulic dynamometers and couplings, bearings, diesel engine cylinder liners, ship propellers, hydrofoils, internal flow passages, and various components of fluid power systems or fuel systems of diesel engines. It can also be used to compare erosion produced by different liquids under the conditions simulated by the test. Its general applications are similar to those of Test Method G32.  
5.2 In this test method cavitation is generated in a flowing system. Both the velocity of flow which causes the formation of cavities and the chamber pressure in which they collapse can be changed easily and independently, so it is possible to study the effects of various parameters separately. Cavitation conditions can be controlled easily and precisely. Furthermore, if tests are performed at constant cavitation number (σ), it is possible, by suitably altering the pressures, to accelerate or slow down the testing process (see 11.2 and Fig. A2.2).  
5.3 This test method with standard conditions should not be used to rank materials for applications where electrochemical corrosion or solid particle impingement plays a major role. However, it could be adapted to evaluate erosion-corrosion effects if the appropriate liquid and cavitation number, for the service conditions of interest, are used (see 11.1).  
5.4 For metallic materials, this test method could also be used as a screening test for applications subjected to high-speed liquid drop impingement, if the use of Practice G73 is not feasible. However, this is not recommended for elastomeric coatings, composites, or other nonmetallic aerospace materials.  
5.5 The mechanisms of cavitation erosion and liquid impingement erosion are not fully understood and may vary, depending on the detailed nature, scale, and intensity of the liquid/solid interaction...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a test that can be used to compare the cavitation erosion resistance of solid materials. A submerged cavitating jet, issuing from a nozzle, impinges on a test specimen placed in its path so that cavities collapse on it, thereby causing erosion. The test is carried out under specified conditions in a specified liquid, usually water. This test method can also be used to compare the cavitation erosion capability of various liquids.  
1.2 This test method specifies the nozzle and nozzle holder shape and size, the specimen size and its method of mounting, and the minimum test chamber size. Procedures are described for selecting the standoff distance and one of several standard test conditions. Deviation from some of these conditions is permitted where appropriate and if properly documented. Guidance is given on setting up a suitable apparatus, test and reporting procedures, and the precautions to be taken. Standard reference materials are specified; these must be used to verify the operation of the facility and to define the normalized erosion resistance of other materials.  
1.3 Two types of tests are encompassed, one using test liquids which can be run to waste, for example, tap water, and the other using liquids which must be recirculated, for example, reagent water or various oils. Slightly different test circuits are required for each type.  
1.4 This test method provides an alternative to Test Method G32. In that method, cavitation is induced by vibrating a submerged specimen at high frequency (20 kHz) with a specified amplitude. In the present method, cavitation is generated in a flowing system so that both the jet velocity and the downstream pressure (which causes the bubble collapse) can be varied independently.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to addres...

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