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ASTM ISO/ASTM51649-22

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Electron Beam Radiation Processing at Energies Between 300 keV and 25 MeV

Standard Practice for Electron Beam Radiation Processing at Energies Between 300 keV and 25 MeV

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Various products and materials are routinely irradiated at pre-determined doses at electron beam facilities to preserve or modify their characteristics. Dosimetry requirements may vary depending on the radiation process and end use of the product. A partial list of processes where dosimetry may be used is given below.  
4.1.1 Polymerization of monomers and grafting of monomers onto polymers,  
4.1.2 Cross-linking or degradation of polymers,  
4.1.3 Curing of composite materials,  
4.1.4 Sterilization of health care products,  
4.1.5 Disinfection of consumer products,  
4.1.6 Food irradiation (parasite and pathogen control, insect disinfestation, and shelf-life extension),  
4.1.7 Control of pathogens and toxins in drinking water,  
4.1.8 Control of pathogens and toxins in liquid or solid waste,  
4.1.9 Modification of characteristics of semiconductor devices,  
4.1.10 Color enhancement of gemstones and other materials, and  
4.1.11 Research on radiation effects on materials.  
4.2 Dosimetry is used as a means of monitoring the irradiation process.
Note 2: Dosimetry with measurement traceability and known uncertainty is required for regulated radiation processes such as sterilization of health care products (see ISO 11137-1 and Refs (1-36)) and preservation of food (see ISO 14470 and Ref (4)). It may be less important for other processes, such as polymer modification, which may be evaluated by changes in the physical and chemical properties of the irradiated materials. Nevertheless, routine dosimetry may be used to monitor the reproducibility of the treatment process.
Note 3: Measured dose is often characterized as absorbed dose in water. Materials commonly found in single-use disposable medical devices and food are approximately equivalent to water in the absorption of ionizing radiation. Absorbed dose in materials other than water may be determined by applying conversion factors (5, 6).  
4.3 An irradiation process usually requires a minimum ab...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines dosimetric procedures to be followed in installation qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ) and performance qualifications (PQ), and routine processing at electron beam facilities.  
1.2 The electron beam energy range covered in this practice is between 300 keV and 25 MeV, although there are some discussions for other energies.  
1.3 Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in radiation processing applications. Other measures besides dosimetry may be required for specific applications such as health care product sterilization and food preservation.  
1.4 Specific standards exist for the radiation sterilization of health care products and the irradiation of food. For the radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO 11137-1 (Requirements) and ISO 11137-3 (Guidance on dosimetric aspects). For irradiation of food, see ISO 14470. In those areas covered by these standards, they take precedence. Information about effective or regulatory dose limits for food products is not within the scope of this practice (see ASTM Guides F1355, F1356, F1736, and F1885).  
1.5 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing and utilizing dosimetry in radiation processing. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628, “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing”.
Note 1: For guidance in the calibration of routine dosimetry systems, see ISO/ASTM Practice 51261. For further guidance in the use of specific dosimetry systems, see relevant ISO/ASTM Practices. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for pulsed radiation, see ICRU Report 34.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and env...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2022
ICS
17.240 - Radiation measurements
Technical Committee
E61 - Radiation Processing
Drafting Committee
E61.03 - Dosimetry Application
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM ISO/ASTM51649-15 - Standard Practice for Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies Between 300 keV and 25 MeV
Effective Date
01-Dec-2022

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ASTM ISO/ASTM51649-22 - Standard Practice for Electron Beam Radiation Processing at Energies Between 300 keV and 25 MeVASTM ISO/ASTM51649-22 - Standard Practice for Electron Beam Radiation Processing at Energies Between 300 keV and 25 MeV
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: 51649 − 22
Standard Practice for
Electron Beam Radiation Processing at Energies Between
1
300 keV and 25 MeV
This standard is issued under the fixed designation 51649; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This practice outlines dosimetric procedures to be fol-
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
lowed in installation qualification (IQ), operational qualifica-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
tion (OQ) and performance qualifications (PQ), and routine
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
processing at electron beam facilities.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.2 The electron beam energy range covered in this practice
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
is between 300 keV and 25 MeV, although there are some
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
discussions for other energies.
2. Referenced documents
1.3 Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality
2
assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing prac-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tices used in radiation processing applications. Other measures
E2232 Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Meth-
besides dosimetry may be required for specific applications
ods for Calculating Absorbed Dose in Radiation Process-
such as health care product sterilization and food preservation.
ing Applications
E2303 Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation
1.4 Specific standards exist for the radiation sterilization of
Processing Facilities
health care products and the irradiation of food. For the
E3083 Terminology Relating to Radiation Processing: Do-
radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO 11137-1
simetry and Applications
(Requirements) and ISO 11137-3 (Guidance on dosimetric
F1355 Guide for Irradiation of Fresh Agricultural Produce as
aspects). For irradiation of food, see ISO 14470. In those areas
a Phytosanitary Treatment
covered by these standards, they take precedence. Information
F1356 Guide for Irradiation of Fresh, Frozen or Processed
about effective or regulatory dose limits for food products is
Meat and Poultry to Control Pathogens and Other Micro-
not within the scope of this practice (see ASTM Guides F1355,
organisms
F1356, F1736, and F1885).
F1736 Guide for Irradiation of Finfish and Aquatic Inverte-
1.5 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
brates Used as Food to Control Pathogens and Spoilage
recommendations for properly implementing and utilizing
Microorganisms
dosimetry in radiation processing. It is intended to be read in
F1885 Guide for Irradiation of Dried Spices, Herbs, and
conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628, “Practice for Dosimetry
Vegetable Seasonings to Control Pathogens and Other
in Radiation Processing”.
Microorganisms
NOTE 1—For guidance in the calibration of routine dosimetry systems,
2
see ISO/ASTM Practice 51261. For further guidance in the use of specific
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
dosimetry systems, see relevant ISO/ASTM Practices. For discussion of
51261 Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
radiation dosimetry for pulsed radiation, see ICRU Report 34.
tems for Radiation Processing
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
51275 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
System
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
51539 Guide for the Use of Radiation-Sensitive Indicators
51608 Practice for Dosimetry in an X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung)
Facility for Radiation Processing
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.03 on Dosimetry
Application. Originally developed as a joint ASTM/ISO standard in conjunction
2
with ISO/TC 85/WG 3. For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published May 2024. Originally www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as ISO/ASTM Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
51649:2015(E). DOI: 10.1520/51649-22. Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM I
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: ISO/ASTM 51649 − 2015(E) 51649 − 22
Standard Practice for
Dosimetry in an Electron Beam Facility for Radiation
1
Processing at Energies Between 300 keV and 25 MeV
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51649; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice outlines dosimetric procedures to be followed in installation qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ)
and performance qualifications (PQ), and routine processing at electron beam facilities.
1.2 The electron beam energy range covered in this practice is between 300 keV and 25 MeV, although there are some discussions
for other energies.
1.3 Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used
in radiation processing applications. Other measures besides dosimetry may be required for specific applications such as health care
product sterilization and food preservation.
1.4 Specific standards exist for the radiation sterilization of health care products and the irradiation of food. For the radiation
sterilization of health care products, see ISO 11137-1 (Requirements) and ISO 11137-3 (Guidance on dosimetric aspects). For
irradiation of food, see ISO 14470. In those areas covered by these standards, they take precedence. Information about effective
or regulatory dose limits for food products is not within the scope of this practice (see ASTM Guides F1355, F1356, F1736, and
F1885).
1.5 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing and utilizing dosimetry
in radiation processing. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628, “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation
Processing”.
NOTE 1—For guidance in the calibration of routine dosimetry systems, see ISO/ASTM Practice 51261. For further guidance in the use of specific
dosimetry systems, see relevant ISO/ASTM Practices. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for pulsed radiation, see ICRU Report 34.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory requirementslimitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.03 on Dosimetry
Application, and is also under the jurisdiction of . Originally developed as a joint ASTM/ISO standard in conjunction with ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022Sept. 8, 2014. . Published May 2024February 2015. Originally published as E 1649–94. Last previous ASTM edition E 1649–00.
ε1
ASTM E 1649–94. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO 15569:1998(E). The
present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51649:2015(E) is a major revision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM 51649:2005(E), which replaced ISO/ASTM
51649:2002(E).in 2015 as ISO/ASTM 51649:2015(E). DOI: 10.1520/51649-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
51649 − 22
2. Referenced documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
E2232 Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Methods for Calculating Absorbed Dose in Radiation Processing
Applications
E2303 Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation Processing Facilities
E3083 Terminology Relating to Radiation Processing: Dosimetry and Applications
F1355 Guide for Irradiation of Fresh Agricultural Produce as a Phytosanitary Treatment
F1356 Guide for Irradiation of Fresh, Frozen or Processed Meat and Poultry to Control Pathogens and Other Microorganisms
F1
...

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ASTM 51026-23(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Fricke dosimetry system provides a reliable means for measurement of absorbed dose to water, based on a process of oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions in acidic aqueous solution by ionizing radiation (ICRU 80, PIRS-0815, (4)). In situations not requiring traceability to national standards, this system can be used for absolute determination of absorbed dose without calibration, as the radiation chemical yield of ferric ions is well characterized (see Appendix X3).  
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1.1 This practice covers the procedures for preparation, testing, and using the acidic aqueous ferrous ammonium sulfate solution dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. The system will be referred to as the Fricke dosimetry system. The Fricke dosimetry system may be used as either a reference standard dosimetry system or a routine dosimetry system.  
1.2 This practice is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for the Fricke dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.  
1.3 The practice describes the spectrophotometric analysis procedures for the Fricke dosimetry system.  
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation (bremsstrahlung), and high-energy electrons.  
1.5 This practice applies provided the following are satisfied:  
1.5.1 The absorbed dose range shall be from 20 Gy to 400 Gy (1).2  
1.5.2 The absorbed dose rate does not exceed 106 Gy·s−1 (2).  
1.5.3 For radioisotope gamma sources, the initial photon energy is greater than 0.6 MeV. For X-radiation (bremsstrahlung), the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the photons is equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy is greater than 8 MeV.  
Note 1: The lower energy limits given are appropriate for a cylindrical dosimeter ampoule of 12 mm diameter. Corrections for displacement effects and dose gradient across the ampoule may be required for electron beams (3). The Fricke dosimetry system may be used at lower energies by employing thinner (in the beam direction) dosimeter containers (see ICRU Report 35).  
1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter should be within the range of 10 °C to 60 °C.  
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Standard Practice for Dosimetry in an X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Facility for Radiation Processing at Energies between 50 keV and 7.5 MeV

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A variety of products and materials are irradiated with X-radiation to modify their characteristics and improve the economic value or to reduce their microbial population for health-related purposes. Dosimetry requirements might vary depending on the type and end use of the product. Some examples of irradiation applications where dosimetry may be used are:  
4.1.1 Sterilization of health care products;  
4.1.2 Treatment of food for the purpose of parasite and pathogen control, insect disinfestation, and shelf life extension;  
4.1.3 Disinfection of consumer products;  
4.1.4 Cross-linking or degradation of polymers and elastomers;  
4.1.5 Curing composite material;  
4.1.6 Polymerization of monomers and oligomer and grafting of monomers onto polymers;  
4.1.7 Enhancement of color in gemstones and other materials;  
4.1.8 Modification of characteristics of semiconductor devices; and  
4.1.9 Research on materials effects of irradiation.
Note 3: Dosimetry with measurement traceability and with known measurement uncertainty is required for regulated irradiation processes, such as the sterilization of health care products and treatment of food. Dosimetry may be less important for other industrial processes, such as polymer modification, which can be evaluated by changes in the physical properties of the irradiated materials. Nevertheless, routine dosimetry may be used to monitor the reproducibility of the radiation process.  
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1.1 This practice outlines the dosimetric procedures to be followed during installation qualification, operational qualification, performance qualification and routine processing at an X-ray (bremsstrahlung) irradiator. Other procedures related to operational qualification, performance qualification and routine processing that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also discussed.
Note 1: Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in radiation processing applications.
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1.3 For irradiation of food, see ISO 14470, Food irradiation – Requirements for development, validation and routine control of the process of irradiation using ionizing radiation for the treatment of food. In those areas covered by ISO 14470, that standard takes precedence.  
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4.1 Blood and blood components are irradiated to predetermined absorbed doses to inactivate viable lymphocytes to help prevent transfusion-induced graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in certain immunocompromised patients and those receiving related-donor products (1, 2).9  
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1.1 This practice outlines the irradiator installation qualification program and the dosimetric procedures to be followed during operational qualification and performance qualification of the irradiator. Procedures for the routine radiation processing of blood product (blood and blood components) are also given. If followed, these procedures will help ensure that blood product exposed to gamma radiation or X-radiation (bremsstrahlung) will receive absorbed doses with a specified range.  
1.2 This practice covers dosimetry for the irradiation of blood product for self-contained irradiators (free-standing irradiators) utilizing radionuclides such as 137Cs and  60Co, or X-radiation (bremsstrahlung). The absorbed dose range for blood irradiation is typically 15 Gy to 50 Gy.  
1.3 The photon energy range of X-radiation used for blood irradiation is typically from 40 keV to 300 keV.  
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4.1 The alanine-EPR dosimetry system provides a means for measuring absorbed dose. It is based on the measurement of specific stable free radicals in crystalline alanine generated by ionizing radiation.  
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1.1 This practice covers dosimeter materials, instrumentation, and procedures for using the alanine-EPR dosimetry system to measure the absorbed dose in the photon or electron radiation processing of materials. The alanine system is based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of free radicals derived from the amino acid alanine.2  
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1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is between 0.001 kGy and 150 kGy.  
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is up to 1 × 102 Gy s-1 for continuous radiation fields and up to 3 × 1010 Gy s-1 for pulsed radiation fields (1-4).3  
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Standard Practice for Dosimetry in a Gamma Facility for Radiation Processing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Various products and materials routinely are irradiated at predetermined doses in gamma irradiation facilities to reduce their microbial population or to modify their characteristics. Dosimetry requirements may vary depending upon the irradiation application and end use of the product. Some examples of irradiation applications where dosimetry may be used are:  
4.1.1 Sterilization of medical devices,  
4.1.2 Treatment of food for the purpose of parasite and pathogen control, insect disinfestation, and shelf life extension,  
4.1.3 Disinfection of consumer products,  
4.1.4 Cross-linking or degradation of polymers and elastomers,  
4.1.5 Polymerization of monomers and grafting of monomers onto polymers,  
4.1.6 Enhancement of color in gemstones and other materials,  
4.1.7 Modification of characteristics of semiconductor devices, and  
4.1.8 Research on materials effects.
Note 3: Dosimetry is required for regulated irradiation processes such as sterilization of medical devices and the treatment of food. It may be less important for other industrial processes, for example, polymer modification, which can be evaluated by changes in the physical and chemical properties of the irradiated materials.  
4.2 An irradiation process usually requires a minimum absorbed dose to achieve the intended effect. There also may be a maximum absorbed dose that the product can tolerate and still meet its functional or regulatory specifications. Dosimetry is essential to the irradiation process since it is used to determine both of these limits and to confirm that the product is routinely irradiated within these limits.  
4.3 The absorbed-dose distribution within the product depends on the overall product dimensions and mass, irradiation geometry, and source activity distribution.  
4.4 Before an irradiation facility can be used, it must be qualified to determine its effectiveness in reproducibly delivering known, controllable absorbed doses. This involves testing the pro...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines the installation qualification program for an irradiator and the dosimetric procedures to be followed during operational qualification, performance qualification, and routine processing in facilities that process products with ionizing radiation from radionuclide gamma sources to ensure that product has been treated within a predetermined range of absorbed dose. Other procedures related to operational qualification, performance qualification, and routine processing that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also discussed.
Note 1: Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in radiation processing applications.
Note 2: ISO/ASTM Practices 51818 and 51649 describe dosimetric procedures for low and high enery electron beam facilities for radiation processing and ISO/ASTM Practice 51608 describes procedures for X-ray (bremsstrahlung) facilities for radiation processing.  
1.2 For the radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO 11137-1. In those areas covered by ISO 11137-1, that standard takes precedence.  
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing and utilizing dosimetry in radiation processing. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ASTM Practice E2628.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization...

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ASTM ISO/ASTM51275-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The radiochromic film dosimetry system provides a means for measuring absorbed dose based on radiation-induced change in color using spectrophotometers, densitometers or scanned images.  
4.2 Radiochromic film dosimetry systems are commonly used in industrial radiation processing, for example in the sterilization of medical devices and the irradiation of foods.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a practice for using radiochromic film dosimetry systems to measure absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons or electrons in terms of absorbed dose to water. Radiochromic film dosimetry systems are generally used as routine dosimetry systems.  
1.2 The radiochromic film dosimeter is classified as a type II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities (see ISO/ASTM 52628).  
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM 52628 “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing” for a radiochromic film dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628.  
1.4 This practice covers the use of radiochromic film dosimetry systems under the following conditions:  
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is 1 Gy to 150 kGy.  
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is 1 × 10-2 to 1 × 1013 Gy·s-1 (1-4).2  
1.4.3 The photon energy range is 0.1 to 50 MeV.  
1.4.4 The electron energy range is 70 keV to 50 MeV.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM ISO/ASTM51956-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of a Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry System (TLD System) for Radiation Processing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In radiation processing, TLDs are mainly used in the irradiation of blood products (see ISO/ASTM Practice 51939) and insects for sterile insect release programs (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51940). TLDs may also be used in other radiation processing applications such as the sterilization of medical products, food irradiation, modification of polymers, irradiation of electronic devices, and curing of inks, coatings and adhesives. (See ISO/ASTM Practices 51608, 51649, and 51702.)  
4.2 For radiation processing, the absorbed-dose range of interest is from 1 Gy to 100 kGy. Some TLDs can be used in applications requiring much lower absorbed doses (for example, for personnel dosimetry), but such applications are outside the scope of this practice. Examples of TLDs and applicable dose ranges are given in Table 1. Information on various types of TLDs and their applications can be found in Refs (1-10).7 (A) This table is taken from Ref (6). Ranges are approximate, and may vary with batch. Supralinearity refers to a region where the slope of the response versus dose curve is greater than that for the linear region.  
4.3 Information on other dosimetry systems used for radiation processing can be found in ICRU Report 80.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the use of thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) to measure the absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons or electrons in terms of absorbed dose to water. Thermoluminescence-dosimetry systems (TLD systems) are generally used as routine dosimetry systems.  
1.2 The thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) is classified as a type II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities on the dosimeter response. See ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.  
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM 52628 “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing” for a TLD system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628.  
1.4 This practice covers the use of TLD systems under the following conditions:  
1.4.1 The absorbed-dose range is from 1 Gy to 10 kGy.  
1.4.2 The absorbed-dose rate is between 1 × 10-2 and 1 × 1010 Gy s-1.  
1.4.3 The radiation-energy range for photons and electrons is from 0.1 to 50 MeV.  
1.5 This practice does not cover measurements of absorbed dose in materials subjected to neutron irradiation.  
1.6 This practice does not cover procedures for the use of TLDs for determining absorbed dose in radiation-hardness testing of electronic devices or for clinical dosimetry. Procedures for the use of TLDs for radiation-hardness testing are given in ASTM Practice E668. Procedures for use of TLDs in clinical dosimetry are given in ISO 28057.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM ISO/ASTM51401-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The dichromate system provides a reliable means for measuring absorbed dose to water. It is based on a process of reduction of dichromate ions to chromic ions in acidic aqueous solution by ionizing radiation.  
4.2 The dosimeter is a solution containing silver and dichromate ions in perchloric acid in an appropriate container such as a sealed glass ampoule. The solution indicates absorbed dose by a change (decrease) in optical absorbance at a specified wavelength(s) ((3), ICRU Report 80). A calibrated spectrophotometer is used to measure the absorbance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation, testing, and procedure for using the acidic aqueous silver dichromate dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will be referred to as the dichromate system. The dichromate dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter on the basis of the effect of influence quantities. The dichromate system may be used as either a reference standard dosimetry system or a routine dosimetry system.  
1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for the dichromate dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.  
1.3 This practice describes the spectrophotometric analysis procedures for the dichromate system.  
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.  
1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions are satisfied:  
1.5.1 The absorbed dose range is from 2 × 10 3 to 5 × 104 Gy.  
1.5.2 The absorbed dose rate does not exceed 600 Gy/pulse (12.5 pulses per second), or does not exceed an equivalent dose rate of 7.5 kGy/s from continuous sources (1).2  
1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma sources, the initial photon energy shall be greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung photons, the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the bremsstrahlung photons shall be equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy shall be greater than 8 MeV.  
Note 1: The lower energy limits given are appropriate for a cylindrical dosimeter ampoule of 12 mm diameter. Corrections for displacement effects and dose gradient across the ampoule may be required for electron beams (2). The dichromate system may be used at lower energies by employing thinner (in the beam direction) dosimeter containers (see ICRU Report 35).  
1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter shall be above 0 °C and should be below 80 °C.  
Note 2: The temperature coefficient of dosimeter response is known only in the range of 5 to 50 °C (see 5.2). Use outside this range requires determination of the temperature coefficient.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 9.3.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM ISO/ASTM51650-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of a Cellulose Triacetate Dosimetry System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The CTA dosimetry system provides a means for measuring absorbed dose based on a change in optical absorbance in the CTA dosimeter following exposure to ionizing radiation (2-10).  
4.2 CTA dosimetry systems are commonly used in industrial radiation processing, for example in the modification of polymers and sterilization of health care products.  
4.3 CTA dosimeter film can be particularly useful in absorbed dose mapping because it is available in a reel of 100 m whereby the user can cut any length of strip for use. When the CTA film is measured using a strip measurement device with a narrow distance interval (for example, 2 mm), it can provide high resolution results in a linear direction.  
4.4 CTA is used to measure relative dose such as depth dose profiles in electron beam and reference phantom tests to assess irradiator changes in gamma.  
4.5 When CTA is used as a routine monitoring dosimeter the user must take into consideration the effects of the multiple influence quantities that can affect the result and use appropriate techniques, as discussed herein, for characterizing and mitigating such influences and understanding their contribution to measurement uncertainty. Without such effort the dosimetry system may not meet the user’s requirements for dosimetric release of some types of products (for example, health care products).
SCOPE
1.1 This is a practice for using a cellulose triacetate (CTA) dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons or electrons in terms of absorbed dose to water. CTA is used as a routine dosimetry system or used for relative dose measurements (that is, non-traceable dose measurements).  
1.2 The CTA dosimeter is classified as a type II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities on its response (see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628).  
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM 52628 “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing” for a CTA dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628.  
1.4 This practice covers the use of CTA dosimetry systems under the following conditions:  
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is 10 kGy to 300 kGy.
Note 1: The dosimeter film irradiated to doses exceeding 200 kGy becomes brittle to some degree and must be handled with care. This may limit the practical dose range depending on the type of testing and handling required.  
1.4.2 The absorbed-dose rate range is 3 Gy/s to 4 ×1010 Gy·s (1).2  
1.4.3 The photon energy range is 0.1 to 50 MeV.  
1.4.4 The electron energy range is 0.2 to 50 MeV.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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