ASTM D938-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum Waxes, Including Petrolatum
Standard Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum Waxes, Including Petrolatum
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Congealing point is a wax property that is of interest to many petroleum wax consumers. The procedure described here measures the temperature at which a sample being cooled develops a “set” or resistance to flow. At that temperature, the wax may be at or close to the solid state, or it may be semisolid and quite unctuous, depending on the composition of the wax or petrolatum being tested. In the case of petrolatums, congealing property is associated with the formation of a gel structure as the sample cools.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the congealing point of petroleum waxes, including petrolatum.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1—This test method is an alternative to Test Method D127. Results obtained are usually lower than the results obtained by Test Method D127 – IP 133, the amount of the deviation varying with the nature of the petroleum wax.
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Designation: D938 − 12 British Standard 5088
Designation: 76/70(95)
Standard Test Method for
Congealing Point of Petroleum Waxes, Including
1
Petrolatum
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D938; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D127 Test Method for Drop Melting Point of Petroleum
Wax, Including Petrolatum
1.1 This test method covers determination of the congealing
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
point of petroleum waxes, including petrolatum.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3. Terminology
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1 Definitions:
only.
3.1.1 congealing point, n—of petroleum wax, that tempera-
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
ture at which molten petroleum wax, when allowed to cool
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
under prescribed conditions, ceases to flow.
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
3.1.2 thermometer, n—a device for determining temperature
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
using one of a variety of different principles.
materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and
3.1.2.1 Discussion—A thermometer has two important ele-
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
ments: the temperature sensor, within which some physical
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
change occurs with temperature (for example, the bulb of a
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
liquid-in-glass thermometer, or a thermistor in an electronic
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
thermometer), plus some means of converting this change into
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
a numerical value (for example, the scale on a liquid-in-glass
may be prohibited by law.
thermometer, or a digital readout in the case of an electronic
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
thermometer).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 A sample of wax is melted and a droplet is made to
adhere to the bulb of a thermometer. Using a prewarmed flask
NOTE 1—This test method is an alternative to Test Method D127.
as an air jacket, the droplet on the bulb is allowed to cool at a
Results obtained are usually lower than the results obtained by Test
Method D127 – IP 133, the amount of the deviation varying with the
fixed rate until it congeals.The congealing point is observed as
nature of the petroleum wax.
the temperature at which the droplet ceases to flow as the
thermometer is turned.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Congealing point is a wax property that is of interest to
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
many petroleum wax consumers.The procedure described here
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
measures the temperature at which a sample being cooled
D02.10.0A on Physical/Chemical Properties.
develops a “set” or resistance to flow. At that temperature, the
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published February 2013. Originally
wax may be at or close to the solid state, or it may be semisolid
approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D938–05. DOI:
10.1520/D0938-12.
and quite unctuous, depending on the composition of the wax
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
or petrolatum being tested. In the case of petrolatums, congeal-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ing property is associated with the formation of a gel structure
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. as the sample cools.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D938 − 12
6. Apparatus horizontal axis. Use a steady and even rate for each continuous
full revolution, and complete each revolution in not less than 2
6.1 Thermometer, covering the range of 20 to 100°C (68 to
s, nor more
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D938 − 05 D938 − 12 British Standard 5088
Designation: 76/70(95)
Standard Test Method for
Congealing Point of Petroleum Waxes, Including
1
Petrolatum
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D938; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers determination of the congealing point of petroleum waxes, including petrolatum.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware
that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—This test method is an alternative to Test Method D127. Results obtained are usually lower than the results obtained by Test Method
D127 – IP 133, the amount of the deviation varying with the nature of the petroleum wax.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D127 Test Method for Drop Melting Point of Petroleum Wax, Including Petrolatum
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 congealing point, n—of petroleum wax, that temperature at which molten petroleum wax, when allowed to cool under
prescribed conditions, ceases to flow.
3.1.2 thermometer, n—a device for determining temperature using one of a variety of different principles.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.10.0A
on Physical/Chemical Properties.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005Dec. 1, 2012. Published November 2005February 2013. Originally approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 20042005
as D938–04.–05. DOI: 10.1520/D0938-05.10.1520/D0938-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor, within which some physical change occurs with temperature
(for example, the bulb of a liquid-in-glass thermometer, or a thermistor in an electronic thermometer), plus some means of
converting this change into a numerical value (for example, the scale on a liquid-in-glass thermometer, or a digital readout in the
case of an electronic thermometer).
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D938 − 12
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A sample of wax is melted and a droplet is made to adhere to the bulb of a thermometer. Using a prewarmed flask as an
air jacket, the droplet on the bulb is allowed to cool at a fixed rate until it congeals. The congealing point is observed as the
temperature at which the droplet ceases to flow as the thermometer is turned.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Congealing point is a wax property that is of interest to many petroleum wax consumers. The procedure described here
measures the temperature at which a sample being cooled develops a “set” or resistance to flow. At that temperature, the wax may
be at or close to the solid state, or it may be semisolid and quite unctuous, depending on the composition of the wax or petrolatum
being tested. In th
...
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