ASTM D381-12(2017)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The true significance of this test method for determining gum in motor gasoline is not firmly established. It has been proved that high gum can cause induction-system deposits and sticking of intake valves, and in most instances, it can be assumed that low gum will ensure absence of induction-system difficulties. The user should, however, realize that the test method is not of itself correlative to induction-system deposits. The primary purpose of the test method, as applied to motor gasoline, is the measurement of the oxidation products formed in the sample prior to or during the comparatively mild conditions of the test procedure. Since many motor gasolines are purposely blended with nonvolatile oils or additives, the heptane extraction step is necessary to remove these from the evaporation residue so that the deleterious material, gum, may be determined. With respect to aviation turbine fuels, large quantities of gum are indicative of contamination of fuel by higher boiling oils or particulate matter and generally reflect poor handling practices in distribution downstream of the refinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the existent gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form, (including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates and deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional information) at the time of test.
1.2 Provisions are made for the determination of the heptane insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D381 − 12 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
1
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D381; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheexistent
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor
gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form,
2. Referenced Documents
(including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional
D1655Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
information) at the time of test.
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
1.2 Provisionsaremadeforthedeterminationoftheheptane
Petroleum Products
insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3
standard. 2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP Standard Methods forAnalysis and Testing of Petroleum
1.3.1 TheacceptedSIunitofpressureisthePascal(Pa);the
accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius. Products
IP540Determinationoftheexistentgumcontentofaviation
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
turbine fuel – jet evaporation method
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
3. Terminology
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
3.1.1 existent gum, n—the evaporation residue of aviation
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
fuels, without any further treatment.
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
3.2 For non-aviation fuels, the following definitions apply.
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
3.3 solvent washed gum content, n—the residue remaining
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
when the evaporation residue (see 3.4) has been washed with
may be prohibited by law.
heptane and the washings discarded.
3.3.1 Discussion—For motor gasoline or non-aviation
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the gasoline, solvent washed gum content was previously referred
to as existent gum.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.4 unwashed gum content, n—the evaporation residue of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
the product or component under test, without any further
warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
treatment.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
4. Summary of Test Method
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.1 Whentestingeitheraviationormotorgasoline,a50mL
6 0.5mL quantity of fuel is evaporated under controlled
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D02.14 on on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Fuels. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2017.PublishedJuly2017.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
3
in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D381–12. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,
D0381-12R17. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D381 − 12 (2017)
TABLE 1 Schedule of Test Conditions
Vaporizing Operating Temperatur
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D381 − 12 D381 − 12 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
1
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D381; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the existent gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor
gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form, (including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates and
deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional information) at the time of test.
1.2 Provisions are made for the determination of the heptane insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware
that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum Products
IP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of aviation turbine fuel – jet evaporation method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 existent gum, n—the evaporation residue of aviation fuels, without any further treatment.
3.2 For non-aviation fuels, the following definitions apply.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.14 on Stability and Cleanlinesson Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved April 15, 2012July 1, 2017. Published May 2012July 2017. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 20092012 as
D381D381 – 12.–09. DOI: 10.1520/D0381-12.10.1520/D0381-12R17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIGW1G 7AR, U.K.U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D381 − 12 (2017)
3.3 solvent washed gum content, n—the residue remaining when the evaporation residue (see 3.4) has been washed with heptane
and the washings discarded.
3.3.1 Discussion—
TABLE 1 Sche
...
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