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ASTM F1993-99

(Classification)

Standard Classification of Human Search and Rescue Resources

Standard Classification of Human Search and Rescue Resources

SCOPE
1.1 This classification is intended to aid search and rescue (SAR) managers in ordering resources for search and rescue incidents and to aid in communicating the types of tasks for which search and rescue crews have been trained.
1.2 This classification is intended as a supplement to the resource typing specifications of the Incident Command System and specifically as a means of typing human resources used in search and rescue activities.
1.3 This classification is suitable for classifying search and rescue crews for a wide variety of emergency management purposes.
1.4 This classification does not attempt to classify individuals or put forth standards of performance or training for individuals, nor is it meant to convey certification, skill proficiency or other measures of the level of performance of the resource. These qualifications are the responsibility of the local agencies responsible for utilizing the resource.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-1999
ICS
13.200 - Accident and disaster control
Technical Committee
F32 - Search and Rescue
Drafting Committee
F32.02 - Management and Operations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F1993-99(2005) - Standard Classification of Human Search and Rescue Resources (Withdrawn 2014)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM F1422-08(2020) - Standard Guide for Using the Incident Command System Framework in Managing Search and Rescue Operations
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F3098-16 - Standard Guide for Training of Non-Wilderness Land Search Team Member
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F3175-16 - Standard Guide for Training and Equipping Search and Rescue Personnel Operating on Mountain Bikes (Mountain Bike SAR Endorsement)
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2751-16 - Standard Guide for Training of a Land Search and Rescue Team Member
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F3024-13(2022) - Standard Guide for Training of a Land Search and Rescue (SAR) Strike Team/Task Force Leader
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F3070-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Area Search Dog Crews or Teams
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F3144-15(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Trailing Search Dog Crews or Teams
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2852-19 - Standard Practice for Training a Land Search Tracker
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F3193-16 - Standard Guide for Training of a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F3028-18 - Standard Guide for Training of Search and Rescue Personnel Operating in the Alpine Environment (Alpine Endorsement)
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2209-20 - Standard Guide for Training of Land Search Team Member
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2954-19 - Standard Guide for Training for Intermediate Rope Rescuer Endorsement
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2685-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Training of a Land Search Team Leader (STL)
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2752-19 - Standard Guide for Training for Basic Rope Rescuer Endorsement
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999

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ASTM F1993-99 - Standard Classification of Human Search and Rescue ResourcesASTM F1993-99 - Standard Classification of Human Search and Rescue Resources
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ASTM F1993-99 - Standard Classification of Human Search and Rescue Resources
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F 1993 – 99
Standard Classification of
Human Search and Rescue Resources
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1993; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 wilderness, n—an uncultivated, uninhabited and natu-
ral area, usually but not necessarily, far from human civiliza-
1.1 This classification is intended to aid search and rescue
tions and trappings.
(SAR) managers in ordering resources for search and rescue
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Wilderness areas often include collec-
incidents and to aid in communicating the types of tasks for
tions of various environments such as forests, mountains,
which search and rescue crews have been trained.
deserts, natural parks, animal refuges, rain forests and so forth.
1.2 This classification is intended as a supplement to the
Depending upon terrain and environmental factors, a wilder-
resource typing specifications of the Incident Command Sys-
ness can be as little as a few minutes into the backcountry or
tem and specifically as a means of typing human resources
less than a few feet off the roadway. (NFPA 1670)
used in search and rescue activities.
1.3 This classification is suitable for classfying search and
4. Significance and Use
rescue crews for a wide variety of emergency management
4.1 Typing of human resources in SAR is based upon the
purposes.
building and deployment of crews and teams for specific tasks.
1.4 This classification does not attempt to classify individu-
Because of the wide variety of tasks which are performed
als or put forth standards of performance or training for
during SAR incidents, three common types of resources are
individuals, nor is it meant to convey certification, skill
acknowledged: search; rescue; and untrained resources.
proficiency or other measures of the level of performance of
4.2 Thenatureoftypicalsearchandrescueincidentsinlocal
the resource. These qualifications are the responsibility of the
jurisdictionsandthefinancialresourcesofthelocaljurisdiction
local agencies responsible for utilizing the resource.
will dictate which types and kinds of resources will be
2. Referenced Documents maintained by the jurisdictions. Not all types or kinds of
resources are expected to be available in all jurisdictions.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.3 Kind classifications of human resources are based upon
F 1633 Guide for Techniques in Land Search
the specific environments in which SAR crews are asked to
F 1848 Classification of Search and Rescue Dog Crews/
2 work. Specialties, of which there are many, within each of the
Teams
kindclassificationsarenotacknowledgedbythisclassification.
2.2 NFPA Standard:
It is up to the jurisdiction ordering resources to ascertain
NFPA 1670 Operation and Training for Technical Rescue
whether additional subcategories of kind classifications are
Incidents
appropriateforthetaskathand.Thesecategoriesmightinclude
2.3 International Fire Service Training Association Stan-
special capabilities for weather or terrain extremes, or for any
dard:
other unusual circumstances or requirements.
ICS 420 Incident Command System Field Operations
4.4 SAR crews may be classified as more than one kind but
Guide
not as more than one type.
3. Terminology
5. Classification of Human Search and Rescue Resource
3.1 Definitions—Terminology not defined in this guide but
Types
referenced in the text
...

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ASTM F2890-17(2024)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Hazard Awareness for Search and Rescue Personnel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum level of training required to provide awareness-level knowledge for personnel operating in and around the areas and operations listed in 1.1.  
4.2 This guide may be used by individuals and AHJs that wish to identify the minimum training standards for land-based personnel operating in and around these areas and operations.  
4.3 A person trained to this guide is considered to be aware of the hazards and risks associated with these areas and operations.  
4.4 A person trained solely to this guide is not considered a “searcher,” “rescuer,” or both.  
4.5 This guide may be used to augment other training for a searcher and/or rescuer.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is only an outline of some of the topics required for training or evaluating a searcher and/or rescuer, although it can be used to develop a training document or program.  
4.7 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the depth or detail of training needed to meet its training requirements.  
4.8 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements.  
4.9 This guide does not stand alone but must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific minimum training needed by a ground searcher and/or rescuer operating in these areas.  
4.10 This guide can be used as a reference for training of searchers, rescuers, or both.  
4.11 The information presented in the following sections is not in any particular order and does not represent a training sequence.  
4.12 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the evaluation process to assess a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or some other means specified by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for training those who normally work in natural environments solely subject to terrain and weather-related risks who may be asked to respond to, or who may encounter, the operations defined in 1.2.  
1.2 This guide identifies and describes hazardous situations and environments, and the associated risks affecting search and rescue personnel who may be working on or around the following:  
1.2.1 Land search;  
1.2.2 Land rescue;  
1.2.3 Structural collapse;  
1.2.4 Rope rescues;  
1.2.5 Confined spaces;  
1.2.6 Water, both still and moving; and  
1.2.7 Trench or excavation collapse.  
1.3 The knowledge conveyed in this guide is intended to enable search and rescue (SAR) personnel to recognize situations that may require skills or capabilities they have not been trained to perform. This understanding will allow them to seek more knowledgeable personnel to mitigate the hazard and perform such rescues or other activities required to complete their mission.  
1.4 This guide is not intended to suggest that all search and rescue personnel must have the training identified within it. However, wherever the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) deems this training to be appropriate, this document can be used as a guide.  
1.5 The AHJ shall determine what level of training constitutes sufficient competence for search and rescue personnel to enter areas or carry out missions, which include the hazards described in this guide.  
1.6 This guide identifies some of the known disciplines of SAR and their associated hazards. It does not, however, attempt to list all hazards or risks of which a person must be aware to operate safely and effectively in and around any of the areas listed in 1.1.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of SAR personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.  
4.1.1 Mountain Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in mountainous terrain.  
4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Mountain Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.3 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefix “Mountain Endorsed” to their current training levels.  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in mountainous terrain as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 Mountain Endorsement only indicates that personnel are qualified to operate safely and effectively in mountainous terrain in their normal area of operations.  
4.3.1 A Mountain Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Mountain Endorsed individual, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate in the mountainous environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to conduct search and/or rescue in the mountainous environment.  
4.8 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards...
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1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and rescue personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.  
1.2 A Mountain Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the difficult conditions found in mountainous terrain, at altitudes that may have a negative impact on human physiology.  
1.3 Specifically, Mountain Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain.  
1.4 A Mountain Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.  
1.5 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in an alpine environment.  
1.6 A Mountain Endorsed individual may be a member of a Mountainous Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.7 Mountain Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
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Standard Classification System of Human Land Search and Rescue Resources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Classification of human land search and rescue resources is based upon the training of the personnel and their ability to perform specific tasks.  
4.2 Human search and rescue resources are classified by category, kind, and duration.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification is intended to identify the common functional units and single resources used in search and rescue operations; to aid search and rescue (SAR) managers and Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) in assembling or ordering resources for search, rescue, or search and rescue incidents; and to aid in identifying the tasks for which crews have been trained.  
1.2 This classification is intended as a supplement to the resource typing specifications of the Incident Command System and specifically as a means of typing human resources used in land search and rescue activities.  
1.3 This classification is suitable for classifying search and rescue crews for land search and rescue incidents.  
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1.5 This classification identifies human-based resources. Canine crew (or team) classifications are defined in Classification F1848.  
1.6 This classification does not classify air resources (Guides F2958 and F3026) or water resources (Guides F1739, F1783, and F1824).  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of SAR personnel who conduct operations in an alpine environment.  
4.1.1 Alpine Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in an alpine environment.  
4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Alpine Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.3 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefixes “Alpine Endorsed” and “Mountain Endorsed” to their current training levels.4  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in an alpine environment as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 An Alpine Endorsement indicates that a person is qualified to operate safely and effectively in the alpine environment in his or her normal area of operations.  
4.3.1 An Alpine Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an Alpine Endorsed individual, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate in the alpine environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
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1.2 An Alpine Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the extreme conditions of the alpine environment, at altitudes that are likely to have a negative impact on human physiology.  
1.2.1 Specifically, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in an alpine environment.  
1.2.2 In addition, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain alone.  
1.3 An Alpine Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined in this guide.  
1.4 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
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1.6 Alpine Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision as deemed appropriate by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Guide for Training of a Land Search and Rescue (SAR) Strike Team/Task Force Leader

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
4.2 This guide is to be used by individuals and AHJs that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader.  
4.3 Every person who is identified as a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader shall have met the requirements in this guide.  
4.4 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the depth or detail of training needed to meet the requirements in this guide, and it may include additional requirements for its own members.  
4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader. It can, however, be used to develop or as part of a training document or program.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide specific information needed by a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader.  
4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order, and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.9 The AHJ will determine the evaluation process to assess a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or other means specified by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training for Land SAR Strike Team/Task Force Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.2 A Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leader is responsible for direct supervision, general leadership, wellness, and safety of multiple SAR teams and resources operating on all land and water environments, including intertidal areas, but not oceans or swiftwater.  
1.3 A Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leader may work in remote areas including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.4 Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leaders are eligible to be members of Category: Land Search, Category: Land Rescue, Category: Land Search and Rescue, and Category: Untrained, search teams or crews, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.4.1 Category: Land Search teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are:
1.4.1.1 Kind: Non-Wilderness;
1.4.1.2 Kind: Wilderness;
1.4.1.3 Kind: Mountainous;
1.4.1.4 Kind: Alpine;
1.4.1.5 Kind: Tracking;
1.4.1.6 Kind: Mounted;
1.4.1.7 Kind: Mountain Bike;
1.4.1.8 Kind: ATV-ROHV.  
1.4.2 Category: Land Rescue and Category: Land Search and Rescue teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are:
1.4.2.1 Kind: Non-Wilderness;
1.4.2.2 Kind: Wilderness;
1.4.2.3 Kind: Mountainous;
1.4.2.4 Kind: Alpine.  
1.5 Further training may be required depending on the regulations or policies of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Guide for Evaluating Trailing Search Dog Crews or Teams

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A trailing search dog crew or team is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this guide.  
4.1.1 A trailing search dog crew or team that meets the requirements of this guide is a Trailing Canine Search Resource, as defined in Classification F1848.  
4.2 Trailing search dogs that meet the requirements of this guide shall be tested by the AHJ using an aged trail of 6 to 12 h or as determined by the AHJ. Ages for competency trails shall take into consideration a minimum age, which should approximate the average response time for search dog crews.  
4.3 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a trailing search dog crew or team to perform trail searches. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a trailing search dog team or crew, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training trailing search dog crews or teams. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a dog crew or team to perform a trailing search.  
1.2 Trailing search dog crews or teams perform searches on the surface of the land, including open urban or wilderness areas, as well as mountainous terrain and alpine environments.  
1.2.1 Additional training shall be required for trailing search dog crews or teams that search in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, and in caves, mines, and tunnels.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, or on bodies of water, inland or oceanic.  
1.4 Trailing search dog crews or teams trained to meet the requirements of this guide may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.5 Trailing search dog crews or teams must work under qualified supervision deemed appropriate by the AHJ.  
1.6 Search dog crews or teams are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR crews or teams of the following Kinds, as defined in Classification F1993:  
1.6.1 Kind A (Wilderness);  
1.6.2 Kind B (Urban);  
1.6.3 Kind C (Mountainous);  
1.6.4 Kind G (Cave);  
1.6.5 Kind H (Mine);  
1.6.6 Kind I (Avalanche);  
1.6.7 Kind K (Aircraft); and  
1.6.8 Kind L (Unclassified).  
1.7 Further training may be required before a trailing search dog crew or team can fully participate on a particular Type and Kind of team or crew, based on specific local needs, regulations, or policies.  
1.8 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how a trailing search dog crew or team functions.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.3 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an area search dog team or crew, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.4 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training area search dog crews or teams. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.5 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in this guide are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.6 Though this guide establishes minimum training requirements, it does not imply that an area search dog team or crew is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed part of an organization.  
4.6.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its member ratings.  
4.7 An area search dog crew or team shall document training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision. Where proficiency in a skill or ability must be demonstrated, unless stated otherwise it shall be demonstrated for initial qualification, and then as often as required by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a dog crew or team to perform an area search.  
1.2 Area search dog crews or teams perform searches on the surface of the land, including open urban or wilderness areas, as well as mountainous terrain and alpine environments.  
1.2.1 Additional training shall be required for area search dog crews or teams that search in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, or underground.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, or on bodies of water, inland or oceanic.  
1.4 Area search dog crews or teams trained to meet the requirements of this guide may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.5 Area search dog crews or teams must work under qualified supervision deemed appropriate by the AHJ.  
1.6 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how an area search dog crew or team functions.  
1.7 Search dog crews or teams are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR crews or teams of the following Kinds, as defined in Classification F1993:  
1.7.1 Kind A (Wilderness),  
1.7.2 Kind B (Urban),  
1.7.3 Kind C (Mountainous),  
1.7.4 Kind G (Cave),  
1.7.5 Kind H (Mine),  
1.7.6 Kind I (Avalanche),  
1.7.7 Kind K (Aircraft), and  
1.7.8 Kind L (Unclassified).  
1.8 Further training may be required before an area search dog crew or team can fully participate on a particular Type and Kind of team or crew, based on specific local needs, regulations, or policies.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was develop...

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ASTM F2685-14(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Training of a Land Search Team Leader (STL)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Land Search Team Leader. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Land Search Team Leader shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals, organizations, and agencies that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search Team Leader.  
4.3.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for team members is the responsibility of the AHJ.  
4.3.2 The AHJ shall determine the depth or detail of training required to meet these needs.  
4.3.3 Nothing in this standard precludes an AHJ from requiring additional knowledge, skills, or abilities for its members.  
4.4 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide specific information needed by an STL or AHJ.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content meets the necessary topics for training an STL. Likewise, the guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search Team Leader.  
4.7 The knowledge, skills, and abilities defined in this guide are not presented in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.8 A Land Search Team Leader shall document his or her training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision.  
4.9 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficiency in a skill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then as often as required by the AHJ.  
4.10 Except where a physical skill or ability must be demonstrated, the AHJ shall determine the best way to evaluate a person’s knowledge. This may be by writ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for Land Search Team Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search-specific knowledge, skills, and experience.  
1.2 A Land Search Team Leader searches on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.  
1.3 This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for searching in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.4 No knots, rope, litter, or other rescue skills are required of a Land Search Team Leader.  
1.5 A Land Search Team Leader can be utilized as a field team leader, a single resource for sign cutting, a support person for a canine search team, and to establish search area boundaries in the field.  
1.6 A Land Search Team Leader is eligible to supervise Type II search teams or crews as defined in Classification F1993. Type II teams which may utilize personnel trained to this standard are:  
1.6.1 Kind A (wilderness);  
1.6.2 Kind B (urban);  
1.6.3 Kind C (mountainous);  
1.6.4 Kind J (evidence/cadaver);  
1.6.5 King K (missing aircraft).  
1.7 Further training may be required before a Land Search Team Leader can participate on a particular kind of search team, depending on the AHJ’s regulations or policies.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued b...

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ASTM F1847-14(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Minimum Training of Search Dog Crews or Teams

SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training of search dog crews or teams as it relates to their general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities specific to their use in Search and Rescue (SAR) operations.  
1.2 Search dog crews perform searches on the surface of the land, including in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, and on inland water bodies.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), in mountainous terrain, in an alpine environment, or on the water.  
1.4 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how a search dog crew operates; rather it describes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a search dog crew to function safely and effectively.  
1.5 A search dog crew is able to respond into the field and back country to locate subjects in the wilderness environment.  
1.6 A search dog crew is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this guide.  
1.7 Search dog crews are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR teams or crews as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.7.1 Personnel trained in accordance with this guide may be members of Type I and II teams or crews of Kind A (Wilderness), Kind B (Urban), Kind C (Mountainous), Kind D (Disaster/collapsed structure), Kind E (Inland water), Kind I (Avalanche), and Kind J (Evidence/human remains), and may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.8 Further training may be required before a search dog crew can fully participate on a particular type and kind of team or crew, based on specific local need, regulations, or policies.  
1.9 Search dog crews shall work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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