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ASTM D2812-07(2021)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton

Standard Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for testing cotton for non-lint content is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since it is the best available procedure for obtaining objective data.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method gives data on the non-lint content of raw cotton which can be used as a basis for: (1) estimating the net amount of manufactured textile product obtainable from raw cotton; (2) predicting the quality of cotton textile products, particularly their aesthetic properties; (3) assembling and blending bales in a mix on a non-lint content basis; (4) adjusting ginning and textile processing machines for maximum efficiency in cleaning lint; and (5) relating non-lint content of cotton to end-product quality and processing efficiency.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the non-lint content of cotton using the Shirley Analyzer. The cotton may be in the form of (1) raw stock, that is, cotton fiber that has been separated from the seed by ginning; (2) partially processed cotton, such as picker lap or sliver; or (3) ginning or processing waste, such as obtained from ginning, opening and cleaning, picking, carding, or combing machines.  
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining non-lint content of cotton by use of the Shirley Analyser.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2020
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.11 - Cotton Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1441-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020
Refers
ASTM D7139-20 - Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020

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ASTM D2812-07(2021) - Standard Test Method for Non-Lint Content of CottonASTM D2812-07(2021) - Standard Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton
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ASTM D2812-07(2021) - Standard Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2812 − 07 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
1
Non-Lint Content of Cotton
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2812; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
foreign matter, invisible waste, lint, lint content, non-lint
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the non-
content, visible waste.
lint content of cotton using the Shirley Analyzer. The cotton
maybeintheformof(1)rawstock,thatis,cottonfiberthathas
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
been separated from the seed by ginning; (2) partially pro-
Terminology D123.
cessed cotton, such as picker lap or sliver; or (3) ginning or
processing waste, such as obtained from ginning, opening and
4. Summary of Test Method
cleaning, picking, carding, or combing machines.
4.1 Aknown mass of raw cotton, partially processed cotton,
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining
or waste is fed into the machine. The machine, operating on
non-lint content of cotton by use of the Shirley Analyser.
mechanical-pneumatic principles, separates the foreign matter
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
from the cotton and discharges the non-lint particles and lint
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
into separate chambers.
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
4.2 The amounts of lint and non-lint recovered are calcu-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
lated as a percentage of the original specimen mass.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Significance and Use
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Thistestmethodfortestingcottonfornon-lintcontentis
For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
shipments since it is the best available procedure for obtaining
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
objective data.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
2. Referenced Documents
assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are
D1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
D7139 Terminology for Cotton Fibers
testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be
compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a
3. Terminology
probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.11, Cotton Fibers,
found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
refer to Terminology D7139.
test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration
of the known bias.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
5.2 This test method gives data on the non-lint content of
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published January 2021. Originally
raw cotton which can be used as a basis for: (1) estimating the
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D2812 – 07(2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D2812-07R21.
net amount of manufactured textile product obtainable from
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
raw cotton; (2) predicting the quality of cotton textile products,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
particularly their aesthetic properties; (3) assembling and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. blen
...

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ASTM D2462-22(Test Method)
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5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
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ASTM D2525-22(Practice)
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5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
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ASTM D1576-22(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is useful in studying the relationship between fiber strength and product quality; results should be considered comparative rather than fundamental since the strength found will be lower than the sum of the strengths of the individual fibers present due to slight differences in tensioning.  
5.3 Elongation may be obtained also but the accuracy of elongation measurements is limited and their determination is, therefore, not included as a formal part of this test method.  
5.4 The basic differences between the procedures employed in this test method and those of Test Method D2524 are in the gage lengths employed and the methods of clamping. In Test Method D2524, specific clamps are required whereas in Test Method D1294, any conventional clamps may be used. Results for breaking load determined by Test Method D2524 average 30 % higher than ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
Note 1: For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
Note 2: This test method can be used for other fibers that lend themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating breaking tenacity.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2524-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Method— 18 in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.  
5.2 Values obtained from flat bundle tenacity show a good correlation with values obtained from single fiber tests and require much less time.  
5.3 The basic differences between the procedures described in Test Method D2524 and those described in Test Method D1294 lie in the manner of clamping the bundles and the shorter gage length employed. The special clamps used in this method allow quicker and easier bundle preparation; however, for Test Method D1294 no special clamps are required. Closer agreement with single fiber tenacity is also obtained with Test Method D2524 than when using the procedure in Test Method D1294.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking tenacity of wool fibers as a flat bundle with a 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) clamp separation.  
1.2 This test method is especially adapted to the fiber bundle clamps and strength testing instruments specified, but may be used on other tensile testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the prescribed clamps.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized fibers.  
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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