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ASTM D1441-12(2020)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing

Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The reliability of the results of any test method depends primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the original source material or lot. Failure to provide a test specimen which accurately represents the lot from which it is drawn will produce misleading test results regardless of the accuracy and precision of the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample of cotton fibers, from a designated source (lot), and reducing the lot sample through a series of steps to produce test specimens that are representative of the source and suitable for the determination of fiber properties according to established procedures.  
1.2 This practice has been used extensively for commercial acceptance testing of cotton fibers as well as for arbitration testing and research.
Note 1: This practice is used in taking samples of cotton for testing by Test Methods D1440, D1442, D1445, D1447, D1448, D1464, D2480, D2812, D5866 and D5867.  
1.3 The procedures do not cover the selection of samples for the determination of moisture. Special handling and protection of the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required for samples taken for the determination of moisture are not provided for in this practice. See Test Method D2495.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2020
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.11 - Cotton Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1441-12 - Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020
Refers
ASTM D5867-12(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Properties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020
Refers
ASTM D7139-20 - Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020
Refers
ASTM D1464-12(2019) - Standard Practice for Differential Dyeing Behavior of Cotton
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019
Refers
ASTM D1440-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019
Refers
ASTM D1442-06(2019) - Standard Test Method for Maturity of Cotton Fibers (Sodium Hydroxide Swelling and Polarized Light Procedures)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019
Refers
ASTM D2495-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019
Refers
ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D123-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D123-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Refers
ASTM D7139-09(2013) - Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13ae1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13a - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Refers
ASTM D123-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
15-May-2013

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ASTM D1441-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1441 − 12 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers procedures for taking a lot sample
of cotton fibers, from a designated source (lot), and reducing D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
the lot sample through a series of steps to produce test
specimens that are representative of the source and suitable for Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
D1442 Test Method for Maturity of Cotton Fibers (Sodium
the determination of fiber properties according to established
procedures. Hydroxide Swelling and Polarized Light Procedures)
D1445 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
1.2 This practice has been used extensively for commercial
Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
acceptance testing of cotton fibers as well as for arbitration
D1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of
testing and research.
Cotton Fibers by Photoelectric Measurement
NOTE 1—This practice is used in taking samples of cotton for testing by
D1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton Fi-
Test Methods D1440, D1442, D1445, D1447, D1448, D1464, D2480,
D2812, D5866 and D5867. bers (Withdrawn 2020)
D1464 Practice for Differential Dyeing Behavior of Cotton
1.3 Theproceduresdonotcovertheselectionofsamplesfor
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
the determination of moisture. Special handling and protection
D2480 Test Method for Maturity Index and Linear Density
of the sample from the prevailing atmosphere required for
of Cotton Fibers by the Causticaire Method (Withdrawn
samples taken for the determination of moisture are not
1992)
provided for in this practice. See Test Method D2495.
D2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D2812 Test Method for Non-Lint Content of Cotton
standard. No other units of measure are included in this
D5866 Test Method for Neps in Cotton Fibers
standard.
D5867 Test Methods for Measurement of Physical Proper-
ties of Raw Cotton by Cotton Classification Instruments
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D7139 Terminology for Cotton Fibers
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.11, Cotton Fibers,
refer to Terminology D7139.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
laboratory sample, lot, in acceptance sampling of cotton, lot
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
sample, in cotton, and specimen.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Terminology D123.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesand contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2020. Published July 2020. Originally approved the ASTM website.
in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D1441 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
D1441-12R20. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1441 − 12 (2020)
4. Summary of Practice homogeneous, divide it into rational subgroups; for example,
individual bales in a commercial shipment.
4.1 Sampling procedures for obtaining samples from the lot
9.2.1 Takeportionsofcottonfiberfromdifferentpartsofthe
and for the reduction of the lot samples to the size required for
source carefully and at random to provide a composite lot
fiber test specimens are presented. Steps are outlined to secure
sample of sufficient size.Approximately 100 g is sufficient for
reduction of the amount of cotton fibers to be handled at
most tests.
various stages, so that the reduced sample continues to be
representative of the lot. Provision is made for the omission of
10. Laboratory Sample
intermediate steps in the reduction of the lot sample in cases
where this is desirable or necessary (see 13.1).
10.1 Acceptance Testing:
10.1.1 For bales, take a 100 g subsample of cotton from
5. Significance and Use
opposite sides of each bale in the lot and combine the two
5.1 The reliability of the results of any test method depends
subsamples into a single laboratory sample weighing 200 g.
primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the
10.1.2 For sliver, beginning with the first material from the
original source material or lot. Failure to provide a test
lead end of the package that has a clean, uniform appearance,
specimen which accurately represents the lot from which it is
take a length weighing at least 100 g as the laboratory sample.
drawn will produce misleading test results regardless of the
If the shipping containers in the lot sample contain multiple
accuracy and precision of the test method.
packages, take a laboratory sample from one package drawn at
random for each container.
6. Apparatus
10.2 Other Testing—From each unit in the lot sample, take
6.1 Mechanical Fiber Blender, designed especially for cot-
a single lab
...

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ASTM D2462-22(Test Method)
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5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
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ASTM D2525-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
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ASTM D1576-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying

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5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.  
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5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.  
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ASTM D2130-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing procedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test Method D2968.  
5.2 Test Method D2130 for testing wool and other animal fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel's hair, etc. (Note 1) in their various forms.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for melt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; also it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and correction factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used for other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table 5 in Test Methods D629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.
Note 2: In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool” also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.
Note 3: For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohair top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991 and D3992, Specification D2252, Test Method D2816.  
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ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is useful in studying the relationship between fiber strength and product quality; results should be considered comparative rather than fundamental since the strength found will be lower than the sum of the strengths of the individual fibers present due to slight differences in tensioning.  
5.3 Elongation may be obtained also but the accuracy of elongation measurements is limited and their determination is, therefore, not included as a formal part of this test method.  
5.4 The basic differences between the procedures employed in this test method and those of Test Method D2524 are in the gage lengths employed and the methods of clamping. In Test Method D2524, specific clamps are required whereas in Test Method D1294, any conventional clamps may be used. Results for breaking load determined by Test Method D2524 average 30 % higher than ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
Note 1: For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
Note 2: This test method can be used for other fibers that lend themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating breaking tenacity.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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