ASTM D5493-93(2003)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Permittivity of Geotextiles Under Load
Standard Test Method for Permittivity of Geotextiles Under Load
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water permittivity behavior of geotextiles in a direction normal to the plane of the geotextile when subjected to specific normal compressive loads.
1.2 Use of this test method is limited to geotextiles. This test method is not intended for application with geotextile-related products such as geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, and other geocomposites.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D 5493–93 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Permittivity of Geotextiles Under Load
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5493; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 geotextile, n—any permeable textile material used
with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water
engineering related material as an integral part of a manmade
permittivity behavior of geotextiles in a direction normal to the
project, structure, or system (see Terminology D 4439).
plane of the geotextile when subjected to specific normal
3.1.2 hydraulic gradient, i, n—the loss of hydraulic head
compressive loads.
per unit distance of flow, dh/dL (see Test Method D 4716).
1.2 Useofthistestmethodislimitedtogeotextiles.Thistest
-1
3.1.3 permittivity, (c), (T ), n—of geotextiles, the volumet-
method is not intended for application with geotextile-related
ric flow rate of water per unit cross-sectional area per unit head
products such as geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, and other
under laminar flow conditions, in the normal direction through
geocomposites.
a geotextile (see Terminology D 4439).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.4 For the definitions of other terms relating to geotex-
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
tiles, refer to Terminology D 4439. For the definitions of textile
information only.
terms, refer to Terminology D 123. For the definitions of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
coeffıcient of permeability, refer to Terminology D 653.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
water flow, in the normal direction through a known cross
2. Referenced Documents section of a single layer of a geotextile at predetermined
constant hydraulic heads over a range of applied normal
2.1 ASTM Standards:
compressive stresses.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textile Materials
4.2 Thepermittivityofageotextile, c,canbedeterminedby
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
measuring the flow rate of water, in the normal direction,
Fluids
through a known cross section of a geotextile at predetermined
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
constant water heads.
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
4.3 Waterflowthroughgeotextilescanbelaminar,transient,
D 4491 Test Method for Water Permeability of Geotextiles
or turbulent, and therefore permittivity cannot be taken as a
by Permittivity
constant.
D 4716 Test Method for Determining the (in-plane) Flow
Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a
5. Significance and Use
Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
5.1 The thickness of a geotextile decreases with increase in
3. Terminology the normal compressive stress. This decrease in thickness may
result in the partial closing or the opening of the voids of
3.1 Definitions:
geotextile depending on its initial structure and the boundary
conditions.
5.2 This test method measures the permittivity due to a
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-35 on
changeofvoidstructureofageotextileasaresultofanapplied
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-
compressive stress.
ability and Filtration.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 1993. Published January 1994.Originally
6. Apparatus
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D5493–93(1998).
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.1 The apparatus used for the normal permeability under
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
load test is shown in Fig. 1.The apparatus shall conformto one
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of the following arrangements:
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D 5493–93 (2003)
6.5 The geotextile specimen is installed in the cylinder (3)
in between two wire meshes (7) and balls layers (6) and upper
and lower perforated plates (5).
6.6 Once the specimen, the balls, and the plates are secured
in the cylinder (3), remaining parts must be assembled on the
apparatus, that is:
6.6.1 Piezometers (14) are used to measure hydraulic head
losses at geotextile interfaces;
6.6.2 Part (15) allows setting of the load on the piston (4);
6.6.3 A valve (16) allows a constant flow of deaired water;
and
6.6.4 Agraduated collection vessel (17) allows collecting of
the discharge water that flows through the specimen.
6.7 Certain required dimensions of the apparatus are shown
in Fig. 1.
7. Sampling
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
take at random the number of rolls of geotextile directed in an
applicable material specification or other agreement between
the purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of geotextile to
be the primary sampling units. If the specification requires
samplingduringmanufacture,selecttherollsforthelotsample
at uniformly spaced time intervals throughout the production
period.
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
NOTE—Not at scale.
between rolls of geotextile and between specimens from a swatch from a
FIG. 1 Schematic View of the Apparatus
roll of geotextile so as to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful
producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
quality level.
6.1.1 The apparatus must be capable of maintaining a
7.2 Laboratory Sample—Consider the units in the lot
constant head of water on the geotextile specimens being
sampleastheunitsinthelaboratorysample.Takeasamplethat
tested.
will exclude material from the outer wrap of the roll or the
6.1.2 The apparatus must not be the controlling factor for
inner wrap around the core unless the sample is taken at the
flow during the test. It will be necessary to establish a
production site, at which point the inner and outer wrap
calibration curve of flow rate versus hydraulic head for the
material may be used.
apparatus alone in order to establish compliance with this
requirement (see appendix).
8. Test Water Preparation
6.2 The apparatus consists of a stand (1) and a water tank
(2) on which sits a vertical cylinder (3), a piston (4) used for 8.1 De-air the test water to provide reproducible test results.
the application of the normal loads in the range from 2 to 200 8.2 De-air the water used for saturation.
kPa(0.28to28psig)withanaccuracyof 62µPa(60.28psig), 8.3 De-air the water under a vacuum of 710 mm (28 in.) of
two perforated plates used as water distributors (5), two glass mercury (Hg) for the period of time to bring the dissolved
orceramicballslayers(6),twolayersofwiremesh(7),awater oxygen content down to a maximum of 6 ppm.
inlet (8) connected to a reservoir containing deaired water (9), 8.4 Use dissolved oxygen meter or commercially available
overflow outlets at both the upper reservoir (10) and lower chemical kits to determine the dissolved oxygen content.
water tank (11), a drainage or discharge valve (12), a scale to 8.5 The deaired system may be a commercially available
measure changes of thickness of test specimen (13) and system, or one consisting of a vacuum pump capable of
piezometers (14). removing a minimum of 150 L/min of air in connection with a
6.3 The overflow (11) located in the water tank (2) must be non-collapsible storage tank with a large enough storage
located above the geotextile specimen installed in the cylinder capacity for the test series, or at least one specimen at a time.
(3). The recommended tubing diameter is 25 mm. Allow the deaired water to stand in closed storage under a
6.4 The reservoir (9) contains a number of overflow outlets slight vacuum until room temperature is attained.
to enable setting of different hydraulic heads. The range of 8.6 If water temperature other than 20°C is being used,
possiblehydraulicheadsshouldbebetween20to350mm.The make a temperature correction to the resulting value of
hydraulic head is defined as the difference between the water permittivity.
level at overflow (10) and the water level at the outlet overflow 8.7 Determine the temperature correction factor using the
(11). following equation:
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