D35.03 - Permeability and Filtration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.  
5.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of specific on-site soils and geotextiles at the design stage of a project, or to provide qualitative data that may help identify causes of failure (for example, clogging, particle loss). It is not appropriate for acceptance testing of geotextiles. It is also improper to utilize the results from this test for job specifications or manufacturers' certifications.  
5.3 This test method is intended for site-specific investigation therefore is not an index property of the geotextile, and thus is not intended to be requested of the manufacturer or supplier of the geotextile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.  
1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigate soil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:  
1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.  
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, a silt barrier, or a silt curtain, for specific soil tested.  
5.2 This test method may be used for the design of the filtration component of a sediment retention device to meet requirements of regulatory agencies in filtering efficiency or flow rate for the specific soil tested.  
5.2.1 The designer can use this test method to determine the spacing between sediment retention devices.  
5.3 This test method is intended for performance evaluation, as the results will depend on the specific soil evaluated. Unless testing with the default soil is desired, it is recommended that the user or representative perform the test to pre-approve products, as sediment retention device manufacturers are not typically equipped to handle or test soil requirements.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of evaluating the filtration component of sediment retention devices with different soils under various conditions that simulate the conditions that exist in a sediment retention device installation. This test method may be used to simulate several storm events on the same sediment retention device specimen. Therefore, the number of times this test is repeated per specimen is dependent upon the user and the site conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and the flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, silt barrier, or inlet protector.  
1.1.1 The results are shown as a percentage for filtering efficiency and cubic metres per square metre per minute (m3/m2/min) or gallons per square foot per minute (gal/ft2/min) for flow rate.  
1.1.2 The filtering efficiency indicates the percent of sediment removed from sediment-laden water.  
1.1.3 The flow rate is the average rate of passage of the sediment-laden water through the filtration component of a sediment retention device.  
1.2 This test method requires several specialized pieces of equipment, such as an integrated water sampler and an analytical balance, or a vacuum filtration system. At the client’s discretion, the test soil is either a site-specific soil or a soil that is representative of a target default gradation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard, while the inch-pound units are provided for information. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significant opening size of geotextiles is usually determined using Test Method D4751, which involves sieving calibrated beads through specimens of the geotextile being evaluated. However, Test Method D4751 includes many risks of errors due to static electricity, precision of the glass beads, among other issues.5 This risk of error is even higher with knitted geotextiles which exhibit a very low tensile modulus. This test method is proposed as an alternate to Test Method D4751 using a nondestructive technique, where the stress conditions are controlled without manipulation of the specimen.  
5.2 This test method has been found to provide representative results for products exhibiting a planar structure, such as two-dimensional knits.  
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using ASTM D4751 Method A and this method, ASTM D4751 Method A shall be considered the referee method. However, data obtained using ASTM D4751 Method A should be reviewed considering the high risk of human error associated with the control of the stress condition of the geotextile.  
5.4 Equivalency with the other pore opening size determined using other standards (for example, ISO 12956 and CGSB 148.1 No. 10) can also be considered using adequate correlations with test results obtained with these standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore size characteristics of geotextiles using an optical method and image analysis.  
1.2 This method has been developed for determination of the Image Opening Size (IOS) of knitted geotextiles by image analysis. Other properties may be obtained based on the pore size distribution.  
1.3 The applicability of this test method must be assessed on a product-by-product basis, as it requires light to pass through its thickness to provide a useful observation. As a general rule, the tested product must be thin. Example of products which cannot be tested using this test method is thick needle-punched nonwoven and woven with a complex three-dimensional structure.  
1.4 This test method shows values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The thickness of a geotextile decreases with increase in the normal compressive stress. This decrease in thickness may result in the partial closing or the opening of the voids of geotextile depending on its initial structure and the boundary conditions.  
5.2 This test method measures the permittivity due to a change of void structure of a geotextile as a result of an applied compressive stress.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water permittivity behavior of geotextiles in a direction normal to the plane of the geotextile when subjected to specific normal compressive loads.  
1.2 Use of this test method is limited to geotextiles. This test method is not intended for application with geotextile-related products such as geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, and other geocomposites.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The asphalt retention is a test procedure for full-width paving fabrics. The use of this test method is to establish an index value by providing standard criteria and a basis for uniform reporting.  
5.2 This procedure is applicable for testing conditioned specimens (see 8.1). The results obtained may vary, depending on which type of asphalt cement is used for the test. Unless stated otherwise, use Grade PG 64-22 as defined in Specification D3381/D3381M or equivalent asphalt cement.  
5.3 This procedure is applicable whenever it is desired to determine an index asphalt retention of paving fabric.  
5.4 If it becomes necessary for the purchaser and the seller to use this test method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the purchaser's and seller's laboratories should be determined. Such comparison is to be based on specimens randomly drawn from the sample of geotextile being evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is an index test that covers a procedure for determining the asphalt retention for paving fabrics. Paving fabrics are used in a fabric membrane interlayer system in pavements before the placement of an asphaltic overlay.  
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a calculation method for determining the number of constrictions m of a non-woven geotextile (or of a layer of a composite material). This standard is not applicable to woven geotextiles, knitted geotextiles, heat-bonded geotextiles, or any other type of geosynthetic.  
5.2 The number of constrictions represents the number of “windows” delimited by three or more fibers, in which soil particles could migrate. This value has been found to be relevant to explain the different filtration behaviors of non-woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes but different structures for various soil conditions (see Appendix X1 for details).  
5.3 This value will be used in filtration research to evaluate the prediction of filtration efficiency and effectiveness of various non-woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes (Test Method D6767).  
5.4 Interpretation of the significance of m as calculated using this standard shall be done with care, as some non-woven structures may not reflect the hypothesis used to establish the proposed equation (see Appendix X1 for details).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure used along with existing test methods to determine the number of constrictions m of mechanically bonded non-woven geotextiles, based on thickness, mass per unit area, and fiber properties  
1.2 The number of constrictions is a property of non-woven geotextiles, which is complementary to opening size to predict their filtration behavior. It can be used to differentiate non-woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes but different structures (thickness, weight, fiber diameter, etc.). However, more research is needed to assess its significance when comparing two products with different opening sizes.  
1.3 Consideration of the number of constrictions is relevant in filtration applications where piping or clogging concerns are to be controlled with a high level of confidence, that is, for filter applications in critical soils.  
1.4 This standard is for design purposes only and is not intended for quality control purposes.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used as an aid to design geotextile container systems that contain fine-grained, high water content slurries such as dredged materials to meet special environmental or operational requirements. This test is often used to demonstrate the efficacy of geotextile dewatering to regulatory agencies in determining the amount of dredged material sediment passing through a geotextile and the flow rate for specific high water content materials.  
5.2 The designer can use this test method to assess the quantity of fine-grained dredged material sediment that may pass through the geotextile container into the environment.  
5.3 This test method is intended for evaluation of a specific material, as the results will depend on the specific high water content slurry and geotextile evaluated and the location of the geotextile container below or above water. It is recommended that the user or a design representative perform the test because geotextile manufacturers are not typically equipped to handle or test fine-grained slurries.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of evaluating geotextile containers with different dredged materials or high water content materials under various conditions. The number of times this test is repeated depends on the users and the test conditions.  
5.5 This test method may not simulate site conditions and the user is cautioned to carefully evaluate how the results are applied.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the flow rate of water and suspended solids through a geosynthetic permeable closed bag used to contain high water content slurry such as dredged material.  
1.2 The results for the water and sediment that pass through the geotextile bag are shown as liters of water per time period, and the percent total suspended solids in milligrams per liter or parts per million.  
1.3 The flow rate is the average rate of passage of a quantity of solids and water through the bag over a specific time period.  
1.4 This test method requires several pieces of specified equipment such as an integrated water sampler, analytical balance, geotextile bag, stand clear PVC pipes, testing frame, and clean containers to collect the decant water and a representative sample of high water content material from the proposed dredge area or slurry source.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information which the regulator/permit officials, engineers, waste disposal operators, and others will find helpful to (1) understand and distinguish between the many choices available, (2) understand the performance feature considerations for living up to EPA regulations for landfill daily covers, and (3) understand the various requirements and differences for putting these covers into practice at landfills.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to assist specifiers and end users in assessing the different options available for sanitary landfill daily cover materials described as alternative (non-soil) daily covers (ADCs). Traditional daily cover consists of at least 6 in. (15 cm) of soil spread over the working faces of sanitary landfills. Alternative systems are attractive to landfill operations in order to conserve landfill disposal space, among other reasons.  
1.2 This guide assists in understanding different performance features of broad classifications of ADCs, and determining the extent and degree to which different ADCs are able to “control disease vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging, without presenting a threat to human health and the environment,” as intended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulations.  
1.3 This guide is not intended to provide cost information regarding the various ADCs. As a standard guide, it does not dictate a protocol for the practice and testing of ADCs, but rather provides valuable information, guidance, and recommendations to interested parties concerning the many options available.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—Metric units are used in 6.2.9.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for the acceptance of commercial shipments of vertical strip drains.  
5.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is any statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that as homogenous as possible, and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 Vertical strip drains are installed in areas where it is desired to increase the rate of soil consolidation. It has been shown that as the soil around the vertical strip drain consolidates, a crimp may form in the vertical strip drain due to the movement of the drain in the area of soil consolidation.  
5.3 This test method can be used to evaluate if there is any reduction in flow rate of water through the drain due to the crimping, and what effect, if any, this crimping may have on the rate of consolidation of the soil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a performance test that measures the effect crimping has on the ability of vertical strip drains to transmit water parallel to the plane of the drain.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to all vertical strip drains.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As this is a time-intensive test, it should not be considered as an acceptance test for commercial shipments of prefabricated vertical strip drains.  
5.2 Prior to the development of vertical strip drains, when it was desired to increase the rate of consolidation of a compressible soil on a construction project, large-diameter sand drains were installed. Vertical strip drains can be installed in areas where it is desired to increase the rate of soils consolidation in place of these large-diameter sand drains.  
5.3 This test method can be used to compare the performance of vertical strip drains to that of sand drains.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a performance test which measures the effectiveness of vertical strip drains on the time rates of consolidation of compressible soils from construction project sites.  
1.1.1 It is expected that the design agency will be responsible for performing this test. It is not intended to be a manufacturer-performed test.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to all vertical strip drains.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide installation guidance for designers, specifiers, installation contractors, regulatory agencies, owners, and inspectors who are involved in the planning and installation of geocomposite pavement edgedrains and underdrains. As with any standard practice, modification may be required for specific project conditions or for special local or regional conditions. Fig. 1 shows the proper horizontal alignment of the drain based on various trench conditions outlined in 9.2, and the vertical depth of placement of the drain needed for a geocomposite edge drain to function most effectively as both a collector and conduit.
FIG. 1 Typical Type and Arrangement of Drain  
5.2 Fig. 2 shows the typical type and arrangement of equipment used to install geocomposite highway edgedrains. The combination of these recommended installation conditions, techniques, and equipment are critical to the satisfactory long-term performance of these products.
FIG. 2 Proper Horizontal Alignment  
Note 1: Drain positioning gate should be located and adjusted to position, and hold the geocomposite drain against the trench wall, to prevent possible “J”-ing or “C”-ing of the drain during backfilling and compaction.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers recommendations and identifies pertinent areas of consideration for the installation of buried geocomposite drains used for highway edgedrains, under-drains, or other pavement drainage applications meeting the requirements of Specification D7001. These recommendations are intended as guidelines for developing a satisfactory construction and installation method to minimize installation-caused deformation or damage and to provide long-term performance of these products. It is also intended as a guideline for ensuring a stable underground environment for these materials under a wide range of service conditions. Because of the numerous and diverse product designs available and the inherent variability of natural ground conditions, achieving satisfactory performance of any one product may require review by the engineer and modification to provisions contained herein to meet specific project requirements.  
1.2 The scope of this practice necessarily excludes product performance criteria such as compressibility in any plane, flow capacity, inlet capacity, or geotextile selection and use. It is, therefore, incumbent upon the product manufacturer, specifier, and project engineer to verify that the product specified for an intended application, when installed according to procedures outlined in this practice, will provide satisfactory long-term performance according to criteria established by the owner for that application. A commentary of product performance and installation factors important in achieving a satisfactory installation is included in Appendix X1.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.1.2 When the dispute involves test results produced with either the Method B falling head test or the Method C air flow test, the Method A constant head test performed with a 50 mm head should be used as the referee method.  
5.1.3 When the dispute involves Method C, the actual water temperature used for the water flow tests must be recorded and the viscosity of water at the test temperature must be used in the conversion from the air flow to water flow as described in Section 16, without the application of the temperature correction.  
5.1.4 Permittivity is an indicator of the quantity of water that can pass through a geotextile in an isolated condition.  
5.1.5 As there are many applications and environmental conditions under which a geotextile may be used, care should be taken when...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are three procedures: the constant head and falling head methods using a water flow apparatus, and the air flow method using an air flow apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended either as an index test or as a performance test used to determine and compare the flow rate per unit width of one or several candidate geosynthetics under specific conditions.  
5.2 This test method may be used as an index test for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision of this test method is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 may be advisable.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests were conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, normal stress, seating period, hydraulic gradient, test water temperature, etc., then conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are formed from a lot of the material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the flow rate per unit width within the manufactured plane of geosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses and a constant head. The test is intended primarily as an index test but can be used also as a performance test when the hydraulic gradients and specimen contact surfaces are selected by the user to model anticipated field conditions.  
1.2 This test method is limited to geosynthetics that allow continuous in-plane flow paths to occur parallel to the intended direction of flow.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 To properly evaluate prefabricated vertical drains, tests must be performed according to specific test methods and procedures. Failure to follow this practice can result in data not representative of the product's characteristics and performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for prefabricated vertical geocomposite drains (sometimes referred to as wick drains) used in geotechnical engineering applications to provide consistency in data reporting.  
1.2 This guide includes test methods for all types of prefabricated geocomposite drains manufactured in a plant and consisting of a polymeric core structure with a synthetic fabric (geotextile) jacket for filtration.  
1.3 This guide is intended to aid all personnel involved in the selection, manufacture, installation, or evaluation of prefabricated vertical drains.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to aid designers, purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, and agencies in establishing the minimum criteria to specify drainage geocomposites. Specifically, this guide presents a methodology for determining the allowable flow rate of a candidate drainage geocomposite. The resulting value is then compared to a required (or design) flow rate for a product-specific and site-specific factor of safety.  
4.2 It is recognized that there are other products that may achieve the same performance requirements but are not listed in this document. Manufacturers of such products are invited to implement this standard guide with the appropriate information.  
4.3 It should be recognized that parties, organizations, or representatives may perform additional tests other than those required in this guide. In this case, the more stringent project-specific tests will then take precedence.  
4.4 By simulating site-specific conditions (inclusive of site-specific liquids and temperatures except for load duration beyond 100 h, chemical/biological clogging, and geotextile intrusion), additional reduction factors need not be explicitly accounted for in certain products.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a guideline specifying a drainage geocomposite product; it specifically provides recommendations to determine the allowable flow rate of a candidate drainage geocomposite. The resulting value is then compared to a required (or design) flow rate for a product-specific and site-specific factor of safety.  
1.2 This guide is intended to aid designers, purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, and agencies in establishing minimum guidelines for drainage geocomposite materials. This guide is not to be used for manufacturer’s quality control purposes, nor is it a construction quality assurance specification.  
1.3 This guide does not address the required (or design) flow rate value, nor the subsequent factor of safety values, which are typically design specific.  
1.4 The procedures recommended in this guide use ASTM test methods.  
1.5 This guide is applicable to all types of drainage geocomposites regardless of their core configuration or geotextile type. It can also be used to evaluate thick, nonwoven geotextiles that provide drainage.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word ‘standard’ in the title of this guide means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM International consensus process.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil. This test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension available for soil to pass through.  
5.2 Test Methods D4751 for the determination of opening size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, between laboratories, have been established.  
5.3 Apparent opening test results obtained using Method A may differ from test results obtained with Method B. It is the intent of this test method to confirm the equivalency of the Method B results before permitting the use of this alternative. Laboratories electing the use of Method B must first determine any bias that exists between the two methods and document a reliable correlation in accordance with this test method.  
5.3.1 The correlation between the Method B results and the Method A results must be established and meet the requirements of this test method for every different geotextile product type tested with Method B. Geotextiles from different manufacturers or with different nominal unit weights are considered different products. A minimum of three test results must be compared with all three satisfying the established correlation.
Note 1: The correlation should be confirmed for a particular product by comparing a minimum of three test results when there are changes in the manufacturing of a specific pre-qualified geotextile.  
5.4 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D4751 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of ...
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile either by dry-sieving glass beads through a geotextile (Methods A1 and A2) or by using a capillary porometer (Method B).  
1.2 Method B will not be used in lieu of Method A unless the pre-qualification procedure specified in this standard is followed.  
1.3 These test methods show the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an index test to estimate and compare the in-plane hydraulic transmissivity of one or several candidate geosynthetics under specific gradient and stress conditions.  
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 are advisable.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this procedure for acceptance of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests have been conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, normal stress, hydraulic system gradient, etc. Comparative tests then should be conducted to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens should be assigned randomly to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the in-plane transmissivity of geosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses using a radial flow apparatus. The test is intended to be an index test used primarily for geotextiles, although other products composed of geotextiles and geotextile-type materials may be suitable for testing with this test method.  
1.2 This test method is based on the assumption that the transmissivity of the geosynthetic is independent of orientation of the flow and is, therefore, limited to geosynthetics that have similar transmissivity in all directions and should not be used for materials with oriented flow behavior.  
1.3 This test method has been developed specifically for geosynthetics that have transmissivity values on the order of or less than 2 × 10−4 m2/s. Consider using Test Method D4716/D4716M for geosynthetics with transmissivity values higher than 2 × 10−4 m2/s.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to:  
5.1.1 Determine the pore size distribution of a geotextile,  
5.1.2 Determine the maximum pore size of a geotextile,  
5.1.3 Determine the mean flow pore size of a geotextile,  
5.1.4 Determine the effect of processes such as calendaring or needle punching upon the pore size distribution,  
5.1.5 Determine the effect of compression upon the pore size distribution of a geotextile, if the test equipment allows, and  
5.1.6 Determine the gas flow rate of a geotextile, and thereby its gas flow capability.  
5.2 The pore size distribution test may also be used for research, material development, or to assess clogging on field-retrieved samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore size distribution of geotextile filters with pore sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 μm.
Note 1: The accuracy of this procedure has been verified up to a maximum pore size of 500 μm. Above this value, accuracy has been found to be equipment dependent and should be verified by the user through checks on materials with known opening sizes.  
1.2 The test method measures the entire pore size distribution in terms of a surface analysis of specified pore sizes in a geotextile, defined in terms of the limiting diameters.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thickness is one of the basic physical properties used to control the quality of many geosynthetics. Thickness values can be required for calculation of some geosynthetics properties such as permeability and tensile stress, among others.  
5.2 The thickness of some geosynthetics may vary considerably with the applied normal load. Specific pressures and surfaces on which they are applied are indicated in this method to ensure all results are comparable.  
5.3 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics for which this method is applicable (see 1.1).
Note 1: The user should be aware that the compressibility of some materials, their rebound characteristics, and other phenomenon will affect the thickness of some geosynthetics, following the time when they are rolled up, shipped, and stored.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the nominal thickness of geosynthetics, except textured and some structured geomembranes where the entire surface of the presser foot cannot come into complete contact with the geosynthetic surface.  
1.2 This test method does not provide thickness values for geosynthetics under variable normal compressive stresses. This test method determines nominal thickness, not necessarily minimum thickness.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used for measuring the hydraulic conductivity of water-saturated soil/geotextile systems.  
5.2 This test method is to be used as a design performance test, or as a comparative tool for evaluating the filtration behavior of soils with geotextiles. This test method is not intended for routine (index-style) testing, since the results will depend on the specific soil and hydraulic conditions that are evaluated. It is not appropriate to use the test results for job specifications or manufacturers' certifications.  
5.3 This test method applies to the permeation of porous materials with water. Permeation with other liquids, such as chemical wastes, can be accomplished using procedures similar to those described in this test method. However, this test method is intended to be used only when water is the permeant liquid.  
5.4 The mathematical concepts (primarily Darcy's law) used in this test method were originally developed for one-dimensional, laminar flow of water within porous materials, which is often the case with soil and geotextiles. When flow conditions are laminar and one-dimensional, the hydraulic conductivity is unaffected by hydraulic gradient. However, when flow occurs through some soil/geotextile systems, a change in hydraulic gradient could cause movement of soil particles, thereby changing the structure of the test specimen and hence, changing the hydraulic conductivity of the soil/geotextile system. The mathematical expressions given by Darcy's law are still appropriate for application to this situation; however, it is therefore imperative that the hydraulic gradient be controlled carefully in the HCR test to simulate field conditions.  
5.5 This test method provides a means of determining hydraulic conductivity at a controlled level of effective stress. Hydraulic conductivity varies with void ratio, which in turn varies with effective stress. The hydraulic conductivity of the test specimen will probably change if the vo...
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1.1 This test method covers laboratory measurement of the hydraulic conductivity of water-saturated porous materials with a flexible-wall permeameter.  
1.2 This test method may be used with undisturbed or compacted soil specimens that have a hydraulic conductivity less than or equal to 5 × 10−2 cm/s.  
1.3 The filtration behavior of soils with hydraulic conductivities greater than 5 × 10−2 cm/s may be determined by the gradient ratio test (Test Method D5101).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, although other units are provided for information and clarification purposes.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacturing and test requirements for geosynthetic storm sewer inlet filters used in highway drainage, roadway, residential, commercial, and industrial applications. The inlet filter is comprised of a rigid frame and a removable geosynthetic sediment bag. The sediment bag hangs suspended from the rigid frame and includes a bypass that shall allow water flow into the drainage structure if the bag is completely filled with sediment. Water flow through the bypass shall equal or exceed the design flow of the inlet required at a specified drainage location. The filter can be used with round, rectangular, gutter, rolled curb, and curb inlet types. The rigid frame shall be designed to support the design load on the frame, and must be capable of supporting the full design load without deformation when the grate is removed. The frame shall not interfere with or elevate the grate more than 1/8 in. The sediment bag shall be manufactured from a geotextile material or a composite of geotextile and geosynthetic reinforcement. When used for removal of trash or large debris only, the geosynthetic sediment bag may be constructed of open-weave geosynthetic. The requirements of this specification are intended to provide an inlet filter system to collect sediment, trash, leaves, and other storm water contaminants from surface storm water runoff at drainage inlet locations during temporary site construction.
This specification also covers ordering information and product marking.
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1.1 This specification covers geosynthetic storm sewer inlet filters used in highway drainage, roadway, residential, commercial, and industrial applications. The inlet filter is comprised of a rigid frame and a removable geosynthetic sediment bag. The sediment bag hangs suspended from the rigid frame and includes a bypass that shall allow water flow into the drainage structure if the bag is completely filled with sediment. Water flow through the bypass shall equal or exceed the design flow of the inlet required at a specified drainage location.  
1.2 The requirements of this specification are intended to provide an inlet filter system to collect sediment, trash, leaves, and other storm water contaminants from surface storm water runoff at drainage inlet locations during temporary site construction.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significant opening size of geotextiles is usually determined using Test Method D4751, which involves sieving calibrated beads through specimens of the geotextile being evaluated. However, Test Method D4751 includes many risks of errors due to static electricity, precision of the glass beads, among other issues.5 This risk of error is even higher with knitted geotextiles which exhibit a very low tensile modulus. This test method is proposed as an alternate to Test Method D4751 using a nondestructive technique, where the stress conditions are controlled without manipulation of the specimen.  
5.2 This test method has been found to provide representative results for products exhibiting a planar structure, such as two-dimensional knits.  
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using ASTM D4751 Method A and this method, ASTM D4751 Method A shall be considered the referee method. However, data obtained using ASTM D4751 Method A should be reviewed considering the high risk of human error associated with the control of the stress condition of the geotextile.  
5.4 Equivalency with the other pore opening size determined using other standards (for example, ISO 12956 and CGSB 148.1 No. 10) can also be considered using adequate correlations with test results obtained with these standards.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Image Opening Size (IOS) of a geotextile by image analysis.  
1.2 This test method shows values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil. This test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension available for soil to pass through.  
5.2 Test Methods D4751 for the determination of opening size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, between laboratories, have been established.  
5.3 Apparent opening test results obtained using Method A may differ from test results obtained with Method B. It is the intent of this test method to confirm the equivalency of the Method B results before permitting the use of this alternative. Laboratories electing the use of Method B must first determine any bias that exists between the two methods and document a reliable correlation in accordance with this test method.  
5.3.1 The correlation between the Method B results and the Method A results must be established and meet the requirements of this test method for every different geotextile product type tested with Method B. Geotextiles from different manufacturers or with different nominal unit weights are considered different products. A minimum of three test results must be compared with all three satisfying the established correlation.
Note 1: The correlation should be confirmed for a particular product by comparing a minimum of three test results when there are changes in the manufacturing of a specific pre-qualified geotextile.  
5.4 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D4751 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of ...
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile either by dry-sieving glass beads through a geotextile (Method A) or by using a capillary porometer (Method B).  
1.2 Method B will not be used in lieu of Method A unless the pre-qualification procedure specified in this standard is followed.  
1.3 These test methods show the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to aid designers, purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, and agencies in establishing the minimum criteria to specify drainage geocomposites. Specifically, this guide presents a methodology for determining the allowable flow rate of a candidate drainage geocomposite. The resulting value is then compared to a required (or design) flow rate for a product-specific and site-specific factor of safety.  
4.2 It is recognized that there are other products that may achieve the same performance requirements but are not listed in this document. Manufacturers of such products are invited to implement this standard guide with the appropriate information.  
4.3 It should be recognized that parties, organizations, or representatives may perform additional tests other than those required in this guide. In this case, the more stringent project-specific tests will then take precedence.  
4.4 By simulating site-specific conditions (inclusive of site-specific liquids and temperatures except for load duration beyond 100 h, chemical/biological clogging, and geotextile intrusion), additional reduction factors need not be explicitly accounted for in certain products.
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1.1 This guide presents a guideline specifying a drainage geocomposite product; it specifically provides recommendations to determine the allowable flow rate of a candidate drainage geocomposite. The resulting value is then compared to a required (or design) flow rate for a product-specific and site-specific factor of safety.  
1.2 This guide is intended to aid designers, purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, and agencies in establishing minimum guidelines for drainage geocomposite materials. This guide is not to be used for manufacturer’s quality control purposes, nor is it a construction quality assurance specification.  
1.3 This guide does not address the required (or design) flow rate value, nor the subsequent factor of safety values, which are typically design specific.  
1.4 The procedures recommended in this guide use ASTM test methods.  
1.5 This guide is applicable to all types of drainage geocomposites regardless of their core configuration or geotextile type. It can also be used to evaluate thick, nonwoven geotextiles that provide drainage.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word ‘standard’ in the title of this guide means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM International consensus process.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.1.2 When the dispute involves test results produced with either the Method B falling head test or the Method C air flow test, the Method A constant head test performed with a 50 mm head should be used as the referee method.  
5.1.3 When the dispute involves Method C, the actual water temperature used for the water flow tests must be recorded and the viscosity of water at the test temperature must be used in the conversion from the air flow to water flow as described in Section 16, without the application of the temperature correction.  
5.1.4 Permittivity is an indicator of the quantity of water that can pass through a geotextile in an isolated condition.  
5.1.5 As there are many applications and environmental conditions under which a geotextile may be used, care should be taken when...
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are three procedures: the constant head and falling head methods using a water flow apparatus, and the air flow method using an air flow apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil. This test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension available for soil to pass through.  
5.2 Test Methods D4751 for the determination of opening size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, between laboratories, have been established.  
5.3 Apparent opening test results obtained using Method A may differ from test results obtained with Method B. It is the intent of this test method to confirm the equivalency of the Method B results before permitting the use of this alternative. Laboratories electing the use of Method B must first determine any bias that exists between the two methods and document a reliable correlation in accordance with this test method.  
5.3.1 The correlation between the Method B results and the Method A results must be established and meet the requirements of this test method for every different geotextile product type tested with Method B. Geotextiles from different manufacturers or with different nominal unit weights are considered different products. A minimum of three test results must be compared with all three satisfying the established correlation.
Note 1: The correlation should be confirmed for a particular product by comparing a minimum of three test results when there are changes in the manufacturing of a specific pre-qualified geotextile.  
5.4 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D4751 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile either by dry-sieving glass beads through a geotextile (Method A) or by using a capillary porometer (Method B).  
1.2 Method B will not be used in lieu of Method A unless the pre-qualification procedure specified in this standard is followed.  
1.3 These test methods show the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to:  
5.1.1 Determine the pore size distribution of a geotextile,  
5.1.2 Determine the maximum pore size of a geotextile,  
5.1.3 Determine the mean flow pore size of a geotextile,  
5.1.4 Determine the effect of processes such as calendaring or needle punching upon the pore size distribution,  
5.1.5 Determine the effect of compression upon the pore size distribution of a geotextile, if the test equipment allows, and  
5.1.6 Determine the gas flow rate of a geotextile, and thereby its gas flow capability.  
5.2 The pore size distribution test may also be used for research, material development, or to assess clogging on field-retrieved samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore size distribution of geotextile filters with pore sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 μm.
Note 1: The accuracy of this procedure has been verified up to a maximum pore size of 500 μm. Above this value, accuracy has been found to be equipment dependent and should be verified by the user through checks on materials with known opening sizes.  
1.2 The test method measures the entire pore size distribution in terms of a surface analysis of specified pore sizes in a geotextile, defined in terms of the limiting diameters.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil. This test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension available for soil to pass through.  
5.2 Test Methods D4751 for the determination of opening size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, between laboratories, have been established.  
5.3 Apparent opening test results obtained using Method A may differ from test results obtained with Method B. It is the intent of this test method to confirm the equivalency of the Method B results before permitting the use of this alternative. Laboratories electing the use of Method B must first determine any bias that exists between the two methods and document a reliable correlation in accordance with this test method.  
5.3.1 The correlation between the Method B results and the Method A results must be established and meet the requirements of this test method for every different geotextile product type tested with Method B. Geotextiles from different manufacturers or with different nominal unit weights are considered different products. A minimum of three test results must be compared with all three satisfying the established correlation.
Note 1: The correlation should be confirmed for a particular product by comparing a minimum of three test results when there are changes in the manufacturing of a specific pre-qualified geotextile.  
5.4 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D4751 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile either by dry-sieving glass beads through a geotextile (Method A) or by using a capillary porometer (Method B).  
1.2 Method B will not be used in lieu of Method A unless the pre-qualification procedure specified in this standard is followed.  
1.3 These test methods show the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.1.2 When the dispute involves test results produced with either the Method B falling head test or the Method C air flow test, the Method A constant head test performed with a 50 mm head should be used as the referee method.  
5.1.3 When the dispute involves Method C, the actual water temperature used for the water flow tests must be recorded and the viscosity of water at the test temperature must be used in the conversion from the air flow to water flow as described in Section 16, without the application of the temperature correction.  
5.1.4 Permittivity is an indicator of the quantity of water that can pass through a geotextile in an isolated condition.  
5.1.5 As there are many applications and environmental conditions under which a geotextile may be used, care should be taken when...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are three procedures: the constant head and falling head methods using a water flow apparatus, and the air flow method using an air flow apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.1.2 When the dispute involves test results produced with either the Method B falling head test or the Method C air flow test, the Method A constant head test performed with a 50 mm head should be used as the referee method.  
5.1.3 When the dispute involves Method C, the actual water temperature used for the water flow tests must be recorded and the viscosity of water at the test temperature must be used in the conversion from the air flow to water flow as described in Section 16, without the application of the temperature correction.  
5.1.4 Permittivity is an indicator of the quantity of water that can pass through a geotextile in an isolated condition.  
5.1.5 As there are many applications and environmental conditions under which a geotextile may be used, care should be taken when...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are three procedures: the constant head and falling head methods using a water flow apparatus, and the air flow method using an air flow apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended either as an index test or as a performance test used to determine and compare the flow rate per unit width of one or several candidate geosynthetics under specific conditions.  
5.2 This test method may be used as an index test for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision of this test method is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 may be advisable.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests were conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, normal stress, seating period, hydraulic gradient, test water temperature, etc., then conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are formed from a lot of the material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the flow rate per unit width within the manufactured plane of geosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses and a constant head. The test is intended primarily as an index test but can be used also as a performance test when the hydraulic gradients and specimen contact surfaces are selected by the user to model anticipated field conditions.  
1.2 This test method is limited to geosynthetics that allow continuous in-plane flow paths to occur parallel to the intended direction of flow.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to:  
5.1.1 Determine the pore size distribution of a geotextile,  
5.1.2 Determine the maximum pore size of a geotextile,  
5.1.3 Determine the mean flow pore size of a geotextile,  
5.1.4 Determine the effect of processes such as calendaring or needle punching upon the pore size distribution,  
5.1.5 Determine the effect of compression upon the pore size distribution of a geotextile, if the test equipment allows, and  
5.1.6 Determine the gas flow rate of a geotextile, and thereby its gas flow capability.  
5.2 The pore size distribution test may also be used for research, material development, or to assess clogging on field-retrieved samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore size distribution of geotextile filters with pore sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 μm.
Note 1: The accuracy of this procedure has been verified up to a maximum pore size of 500 μm. Above this value, accuracy has been found to be equipment dependent and should be verified by the user through checks on materials with known opening sizes.  
1.2 The test method measures the entire pore size distribution in terms of a surface analysis of specified pore sizes in a geotextile, defined in terms of the limiting diameters.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil. This test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension available for soil to pass through.  
5.2 Test Methods D4751 for the determination of opening size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, between laboratories, have been established.  
5.3 Apparent opening test results obtained using Method A may differ from test results obtained with Method B. It is the intent of this test method to confirm the equivalency of the Method B results before permitting the use of this alternative. Laboratories electing the use of Method B must first determine any bias that exists between the two methods and document a reliable correlation in accordance with this test method.  
5.3.1 The correlation between the Method B results and the Method A results must be established and meet the requirements of this test method for every different geotextile product type tested with Method B. Geotextiles from different manufacturers or with different nominal unit weights are considered different products. A minimum of three test results must be compared with all three satisfying the established correlation.
Note 1: The correlation should be confirmed for a particular product by comparing a minimum of three test results when there are changes in the manufacturing of a specific pre-qualified geotextile.  
5.4 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D4751 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile either by dry-sieving glass beads through a geotextile (Method A) or by using a capillary porometer (Method B).  
1.2 Method B will not be used in lieu of Method A unless the pre-qualification procedure specified in this standard is followed.  
1.3 These test methods show the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to aid designers, purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, and agencies in establishing the minimum criteria to specify drainage geocomposites. Specifically, this guide presents a methodology for determining the allowable flow rate of a candidate drainage geocomposite. The resulting value is then compared to a required (or design) flow rate for a product-specific and site-specific factor of safety.  
4.2 It is recognized that there are other products that may achieve the same performance requirements but are not listed in this document. Manufacturers of such products are invited to implement this standard guide with the appropriate information.  
4.3 It should be recognized that parties, organizations, or representatives may perform additional tests other than those required in this guide. In this case, the more stringent project-specific tests will then take precedence.  
4.4 By simulating site-specific conditions (inclusive of site-specific liquids and temperatures except for load duration beyond 100 h, chemical/biological clogging, and geotextile intrusion), additional reduction factors need not be explicitly accounted for in certain products.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a guideline specifying a drainage geocomposite product; it specifically provides recommendations to determine the allowable flow rate of a candidate drainage geocomposite. The resulting value is then compared to a required (or design) flow rate for a product-specific and site-specific factor of safety.  
1.2 This guide is intended to aid designers, purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, and agencies in establishing minimum guidelines for drainage geocomposite materials. This guide is not to be used for manufacturer’s quality control purposes, nor a construction quality assurance specification.  
1.3 This guide does not address the required (or design) flow rate value, nor the subsequent factor of safety values, which are typically design specific.  
1.4 The procedures recommended in this guide use ASTM test methods.  
1.5 This guide is applicable to all types of drainage geocomposites regardless of their core configuration or geotextile type. It can also be used to evaluate thick, nonwoven geotextiles that provide drainage.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word ‘standard’ in the title of this guide means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM International consensus process.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, a silt barrier, or a silt curtain, for specific soil tested.  
5.2 This test method may be used for the design of the filtration component of a sediment retention device to meet requirements of regulatory agencies in filtering efficiency or flow rate for the specific soil tested.  
5.2.1 The designer can use this test method to determine the spacing between sediment retention devices.  
5.3 This test method is intended for performance evaluation, as the results will depend on the specific soil evaluated. Unless testing with the default soil is desired, it is recommended that the user or representative perform the test to pre-approve products, as sediment retention device manufacturers are not typically equipped to handle or test soil requirements.  
5.4 This test method provides a means of evaluating the filtration component of sediment retention devices with different soils under various conditions that simulate the conditions that exist in a sediment retention device installation. This test method may be used to simulate several storm events on the same sediment retention device specimen. Therefore, the number of times this test is repeated per specimen is dependent upon the user and the site conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the filtering efficiency and the flow rate of the filtration component of a sediment retention device, such as a silt fence, silt barrier, or inlet protector.  
1.1.1 The results are shown as a percentage for filtering efficiency and cubic metres per square metre per minute (m3/m2/min) or gallons per square foot per minute (gal/ft2/min) for flow rate.  
1.1.2 The filtering efficiency indicates the percent of sediment removed from sediment-laden water.  
1.1.3 The flow rate is the average rate of passage of the sediment-laden water through the filtration component of a sediment retention device.  
1.2 This test method requires several specialized pieces of equipment, such as an integrated water sampler and an analytical balance, or a vacuum filtration system. At the client’s discretion, the test soil is either a site-specific soil or a soil that is representative of a target default gradation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard, while the inch-pound units are provided for information. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to aid designers, purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, and agencies in establishing the minimum criteria to specify drainage geocomposites. Specifically, this guide presents a methodology for determining the allowable flow rate of a candidate drainage geocomposite. The resulting value is then compared to a required (or design) flow rate for a product-specific and site-specific factor of safety.  
4.2 It is recognized that there are other products that may achieve the same performance requirements but are not listed in this document. Manufacturers of such products are invited to implement this standard guide with the appropriate information.  
4.3 It should be recognized that parties, organizations, or representatives may perform additional tests other than those required in this guide. In this case, the more stringent project-specific tests will then take precedence.  
4.4 By simulating site-specific conditions (inclusive of site-specific liquids and temperatures except for load duration beyond 100 h, chemical/biological clogging, and geotextile intrusion), additional reduction factors need not be explicitly accounted for in certain products.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a guideline specifying a drainage geocomposite product; it specifically provides recommendations to determine the allowable flow rate of a candidate drainage geocomposite. The resulting value is then compared to a required (or design) flow rate for a product-specific and site-specific factor of safety.  
1.2 This guide is intended to aid designers, purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, and agencies in establishing minimum guidelines for drainage geocomposite materials. This guide is not to be used for manufacturer’s quality control purposes, nor a construction quality assurance specification.  
1.3 This guide does not address the required (or design) flow rate value, nor the subsequent factor of safety values, which are typically design specific.  
1.4 The procedures recommended in this guide use ASTM test methods.  
1.5 This guide is applicable to all types of drainage geocomposites regardless of their core configuration or geotextile type. It can also be used to evaluate thick nonwoven geotextiles that provide drainage.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word ‘standard’ in the title of this guide means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM International consensus process.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.  
5.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of specific on-site soils and geotextiles at the design stage of a project, or to provide qualitative data that may help identify causes of failure (for example, clogging, particle loss). It is not appropriate for acceptance testing of geotextiles. It is also improper to utilize the results from this test for job specifications or manufacturers' certifications.  
5.3 This test method is intended for site-specific investigation therefore is not an index property of the geotextile, and thus is not intended to be requested of the manufacturer or supplier of the geotextile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.  
1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigate soil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:  
1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.  
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.1.2 When the dispute involves test results produced with either the Method B falling head test or the Method C air flow test, the Method A constant head test, performed with a 50-mm head should be used as the referee method.  
5.1.3 When the dispute involves Method C, the actual water temperature used for the water flow tests must be recorded and the viscosity of water at the test temperature must be used in the conversion from the air flow to water flow as described in Section 16, without the application of the temperature correction.  
5.1.4 Permittivity is an indicator of the quantity of water that can pass through a geotextile in an isolated condition.  
5.1.5 As there are many applications and environmental conditions under which a geotextile may be used, care should be taken whe...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are three procedures: the constant head and falling head methods using a water flow apparatus, and the air flow method using an air flow apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to:  
5.1.1 Determine the pore size distribution of a geotextile,  
5.1.2 Determine the maximum pore size of a geotextile,  
5.1.3 Determine the mean flow pore size of a geotextile,  
5.1.4 Determine the effect of processes such as calendaring or needle punching upon the pore size distribution,  
5.1.5 Determine the effect of compression upon the pore size distribution of a geotextile, if the test equipment allows,  
5.1.6 Determine the gas flow rate of a geotextile, and thereby its gas flow capability.  
5.2 The pore size distribution test may also be used for research, material development or to assess clogging on field-retrieved samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore size distribution of geotextile filters with pore sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 μm.
Note 1: The accuracy of this procedure has been verified up to a maximum pore size of 500 μm. Above this value accuracy has been found to be equipment dependent and should be verified by the user through checks on materials with known opening sizes.  
1.2 The test method measures the entire pore size distribution in terms of a surface analysis of specified pore sizes in a geotextile, defined in terms of the limiting diameters.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.1.2 When the dispute involves test results produced with either the Method B Falling Head Test or the Method C Air Flow Test, the Method A Constant Head Test, performed with a 50-mm head should be used as the referee method.  
5.1.3 When the dispute involves Method C, the actual water temperature used for the water flow tests must be recorded and the viscosity of water at the test temperature must be used in the conversion from the air flow to water flow as described in Section 16, without the application of the temperature correction.  
5.1.4 Permittivity is an indicator of the quantity of water that can pass through a geotextile in an isolated condition.  
5.1.5 As there are many applications and environmental conditions under which a geotextile may be used, care should be taken whe...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are three procedures: the constant head and falling head methods using a water flow apparatus, and the air flow method using an air flow apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using a geotextile as a medium to retain soil particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent soil. This test method is used to indicate the apparent opening size in a geotextile, which reflects the approximate largest opening dimension available for soil to pass through.  
5.2 Test Methods D4751 for the determination of opening size of geotextiles is acceptable for testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles. Current estimates of precision, between laboratories, have been established.  
5.3 Apparent Opening Test results obtained using Method A may differ from test results obtained with Method B. It is the intent of this test method to confirm the equivalency of the Method B results before permitting the use of this alternative. Laboratories electing the use of Method B must first determine any bias that exists between the two methods and document a reliable correlation in accordance with this test method.  
5.3.1 The correlation between the Method B results and the Method A results must be established and meet the requirements of this test method for every different geotextile product type tested with Method B. Geotextiles from different manufacturers or with different nominal unit weights are considered different products. A minimum of three test results must be compared with all three satisfying the established correlation.
Note 1: The correlation should be confirmed for a particular product by comparing a minimum of three test results when there are changes in the manufacturing of a specific pre-qualified geotextile.  
5.4 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4751 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of t...
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile either by dry-sieving glass beads through a geotextile (Method A) or by using a capillary porometer (Method B).  
1.2 Method B will not be used in lieu of Method A unless the prequalification procedure specified in this standard is followed.  
1.3 These test methods show the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide installation guidance for designers, specifiers, installation contractors, regulatory agencies, owners, and inspectors who are involved in the planning and installation of geocomposite pavement edgedrains and underdrains. As with any standard practice, modification may be required for specific project conditions or for special local or regional conditions. Fig. 1 shows the proper horizontal alignment of the drain based on various trench conditions outlined in 9.2, and the vertical depth of placement of the drain needed for a geocomposite edge drain to function most effectively as both a collector and conduit.  
Note 1: Drain positioning gate should be located and adjusted to position, and hold the geocomposite drain against the trench wall, to prevent possible “J”ing or “C”ing of the drain during backfilling and compaction.
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1.1 This practice covers recommendations and identifies pertinent areas of consideration for the installation of buried geocomposite drains used for highway edgedrains, under-drains, or other pavement drainage applications meeting the requirements of Specification D7001. These recommendations are intended as guidelines for developing a satisfactory construction and installation method to minimize installation-caused deformation or damage and to provide long-term performance of these products. It is also intended as a guideline for ensuring a stable underground environment for these materials under a wide range of service conditions. Because of the numerous and diverse product designs available and the inherent variability of natural ground conditions, achieving satisfactory performance of any one product may require review by the engineer and modification to provisions contained herein to meet specific project requirements.  
1.2 The scope of this practice necessarily excludes product performance criteria such as compressibility in any plane, flow capacity, inlet capacity, or geotextile selection and use. It is, therefore, incumbent upon the product manufacturer, specifier, and project engineer to verify that the product specified for an intended application, when installed according to procedures outlined in this practice, will provide satisfactory long term performance according to criteria established by the owner for that application. A commentary of product performance and installation factors important in achieving a satisfactory installation is included in Appendix X1.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a calculation method for determining the number of constrictions m of a non-woven geotextile (or of a layer of a composite material). This standard is not applicable to woven geotextiles, knitted geotextiles, heat-bonded geotextiles or any other type of geosynthetic.  
5.2 The number of constriction represents the number of “windows” delimited by three or more fibers, in which soil particles could migrate. In that regard, it can be basically defined by the following equation:  where t is the thickness and dc the average distance between two constrictions. This value has been found to be relevant to explain the different filtration behaviors of non-woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes but different structures for various soil conditions (see Appendix X1 for details).  
5.3 This value will be used in filtration research to evaluate the prediction of filtration efficiency and effectiveness of various non-woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes (Test Method D6767).  
5.4 Interpretation of the significance of m as calculated using this standard shall be done with care as some non-woven structures may not reflect the hypothesis used to establish the proposed equation (see Appendix X1 for details).
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1.1 This practice describes the procedure used along with existing test method to determine the number of constrictions  m of mechanically bonded non-woven geotextiles, based on thickness, mass per unit area and fiber properties  
1.2 The number of constrictions is a property of non-woven geotextiles, which is complementary to opening size to predict their filtration behavior. It can be used to differentiate non-woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes but different structures (thickness, weight, fiber diameter, etc.). However, more research is needed to assess its significance when comparing two products with different opening sizes.  
1.3 Consideration of the number of constriction is relevant in filtration applications where piping or clogging concerns are to be controlled with a high level of confidence, that is, for filters applications in critical soils.  
1.4 This standard is for design purposes only and is not intended for quality control purposes.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a calculation method for determining the number of constrictions m of a non-woven geotextile (or of a layer of a composite material). This standard is not applicable to woven geotextiles, knitted geotextiles, heat-bonded geotextiles or any other type of geosynthetic.  
5.2 The number of constriction represents the number of “windows” delimited by three or more fibers, in which soil particles could migrate. In that regard, it can be basically defined by the following equation:  where t is the thickness and dc the average distance between two constrictions. This value has been found to be relevant to explain the different filtration behaviors of non-woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes but different structures for various soil conditions (see Appendix X1 for details).  
5.3 This value will be used in filtration research to evaluate the prediction of filtration efficiency and effectiveness of various non-woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes (Test Method D6767).  
5.4 Interpretation of the significance of m as calculated using this standard shall be done with care as some non-woven structures may not reflect the hypothesis used to establish the proposed equation (see Appendix X1 for details).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure used along with existing test method to determine the number of constrictions  m of mechanically bonded non-woven geotextiles, based on thickness, mass per unit area and fiber properties  
1.2 The number of constrictions is a property of non-woven geotextiles, which is complementary to opening size to predict their filtration behavior. It can be used to differentiate non-woven geotextiles with similar opening sizes but different structures (thickness, weight, fiber diameter, etc.). However, more research is needed to assess its significance when comparing two products with different opening sizes.  
1.3 Consideration of the number of constriction is relevant in filtration applications where piping or clogging concerns are to be controlled with a high level of confidence, that is, for filters applications in critical soils.  
1.4 This standard is for design purposes only and is not intended for quality control purposes.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 To properly evaluate prefabricated vertical drains, tests must be performed according to specific test methods and procedures. Failure to follow this practice can result in data not representative of the product's characteristics and performance.
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1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for prefabricated vertical geocomposite drains (sometimes referred to as Wick Drains) used in geotechnical engineering applications to provide consistency in data reporting.  
1.2 This guide includes test methods for all types of prefabricated geocomposite drains manufactured in a plant and consisting of a polymeric core structure with a synthetic fabric (geotextile) jacket for filtration.  
1.3 This guide is intended to aid all personnel involved in the selection, manufacture, installation, or evaluation of prefabricated vertical drains.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The thickness of a geotextile decreases with increase in the normal compressive stress. This decrease in thickness may result in the partial closing or the opening of the voids of geotextile depending on its initial structure and the boundary conditions.  
5.2 This test method measures the permittivity due to a change of void structure of a geotextile as a result of an applied compressive stress.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water permittivity behavior of geotextiles in a direction normal to the plane of the geotextile when subjected to specific normal compressive loads.  
1.2 Use of this test method is limited to geotextiles. This test method is not intended for application with geotextile-related products such as geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, and other geocomposites.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.1.2 When the dispute involves test results produced with either the Method B Falling Head Test or the Method C Air Flow Test, the Method A Constant Head Test, performed with a 50-mm head should be used as the referee method.  
5.1.3 When the dispute involves Method C, the actual water temperature used for the water flow tests must be recorded and the viscosity of water at the test temperature must be used in the conversion from the air flow to water flow as described in Section 16, without the application of the temperature correction.  
5.1.4 Permittivity is an indicator of the quantity of water that can pass through a geotextile in an isolated condition.  
5.1.5 As there are many applications and environmental conditions under which a geotextile may be used, care should be taken whe...
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are three procedures: the constant head and falling head methods using a water flow apparatus, and the air flow method using an air flow apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification presents the types, physical properties, and dimensions of rigid cellular polystyrene (RCPS) intended for use as geofoam. This specification, however, does not address the layout, placement, and workmanship for proper installation and performance of the geofoams. RCPS geofoams shall be formed by the expansion of polystyrene resin beads or granules in a molding process (EPS), or by the expansion of polystyrene base resin in an extrusion process (XPS). They may also be manufactured with reprocessed polystyrene foam (regrind). The RCPS geofoams shall meet combustibility and curing requirements and, when tested, shall adhere to physical property requirements such as dimensions and density, compressive resistance, flexural strength, and oxygen index. Final products should also meet surface damage, volume damage, and UV degradation limits.
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1.1 This specification covers the types, physical properties and dimensions of rigid cellular polystyrene intended for use as geofoam.  
1.2 This specification does not cover the layout, placement and workmanship for proper installation and performance of rigid cellular polystyrene geofoam.  
1.3 Rigid cellular polystyrene geofoam covered by this specification may need protection from certain chemicals, environmental exposure, and concentrated loads. Additional design considerations may include thermal conductivity and buoyancy. Guidelines regarding these end use considerations are included in Appendix X1.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to:  
5.1.1 Determine the pore size distribution of a geotextile,  
5.1.2 Determine the maximum pore size of a geotextile,  
5.1.3 Determine the mean flow pore size of a geotextile,  
5.1.4 Determine the effect of processes such as calendaring or needle punching upon the pore size distribution,  
5.1.5 Determine the effect of compression upon the pore size distribution of a geotextile, if the test equipment allows,  
5.1.6 Determine the gas flow rate of a geotextile, and thereby its gas flow capability.  
5.2 The pore size distribution test may also be used for research, material development or to assess clogging on field-retrieved samples.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore size distribution of geotextile filters with pore sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 μm.
Note 1: The accuracy of this procedure has been verified up to a maximum pore size of 500 μm. Above this value accuracy has been found to be equipment dependent and should be verified by the user through checks on materials with known opening sizes.  
1.2 The test method measures the entire pore size distribution in terms of a surface analysis of specified pore sizes in a geotextile, defined in terms of the limiting diameters.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.1.2 Permittivity is an indicator of the quantity of water that can pass through a geotextile in an isolated condition.  
5.1.3 As there are many applications and environmental conditions under which a geotextile may be used, care should be taken when attempting to apply the results of these test methods to the field performance of a geotextile.  
5.2 Since there are geotextiles of various thicknesses in use, evaluation in terms of their Darcy coefficient of permeabilities can be misleading. In many instances, it is more significant to evaluate the quantity of water that would pass through a geotextile under a given head over a particular cross-sectional area; this is expressed as permittivity.  
5.3 If the permeability of an individual geotextile is of importance, a nominal coefficien...
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are two procedures: the constant head method and the falling head method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units stated in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.