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ASTM E2102-04a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater

SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means of measuring mass loss and ignitability, for screening purposes, from essentially planar materials, products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating, with or without an external ignitor. This test method is intended for screening purposes only.
1.2 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test method are those associated with mass loss from the specimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustained flaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, determined using thermopile measurements detailed in .
1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test are best used for comparisons between materials with some similarities in composition or structure.
1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat release depends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and no universal formula exists for calculation of heat release using mass loss measurements (see also additional limitations in 5.7).
1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in Test Method E 1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applications standards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The referenced test methods permit measurements of added fire-test-response characteristics.
1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by this test method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the material, product, or assembly.
1.6 This fire-test-response method does not provide information on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions other than those conditions specified in this test method. For additional limitations of this test method, see .
1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. See also Section 7.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2004
ICS
13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.21 - Smoke and Combustion Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2102-04 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Replaced By
ASTM E2102-08 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008
Referred By
ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2707-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration of Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impingement Exposure
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004

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ASTM E2102-04a - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant HeaterASTM E2102-04a - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
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ASTM E2102-04a - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:E2102–04a
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening
1
Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The screening fire-test-response method described in this standard uses a radiant energy source
similar to that used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E 1354. However, the test method apparatus
is much simpler, because it excludes measurements of oxygen consumption or of smoke obscuration,
which are incorporated into the cone calorimeter to measure heat and smoke release. A fire-test-
response standard describes a test method from which one or more fire-test-response characteristics
can be measured, as a result of exposure to a prescribed source of heat or flame, under controlled
conditions. There are many occasions, typically for initial research and development, when there is a
need for screening samples of materials, products, or assemblies, using a simple test. This allows the
user to verify whether certain fire-test-response characteristics of the sample fall within the expected
margins. Screening tests, as related to fire, are described in fire terminology as fire-response tests
performed to determine whether a material, product, or assembly (a) exhibits any unusual fire-related
characteristics, (b) has certain expected fire-related characteristics, or (c) is capable of being
preliminarily categorized according to the fire characteristic in question. Screening tests addressing
fire properties should be chosen so that the energy input (as heat or flame) is representative of that in
the fire test method for which screening is desired.
1. Scope universal formula exists for calculation of heat release using
masslossmeasurements(seealsoadditionallimitationsin5.7).
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means of
1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this
measuring mass loss and ignitability, for screening purposes,
test method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in Test
from essentially planar materials, products, or assemblies
Method E 1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applications
(including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels of
standards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The referenced test
radiant heating, with or without an external ignitor. This test
methodspermitmeasurementsofaddedfire-test-responsechar-
method is intended for screening purposes only.
acteristics.
1.2 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obtained
1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by this
from this test method are those associated with mass loss from
test method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and
the specimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustained
thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the
flaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, deter-
material, product, or assembly.
mined using thermopile measurements detailed in Annex A2.
1.6 This fire-test-response method does not provide infor-
1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from
mation on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire
this test are best used for comparisons between materials with
conditions other than those conditions specified in this test
some similarities in composition or structure.
method. For additional limitations of this test method, see 5.7.
1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat release
1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see
depends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and no
IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for
information only.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and
responseofmaterials,products,orassembliestoheatandflame
Combustion Products.
under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originally
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 2102 - 04.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2102–04a
3
all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the 2.2 ISO Standards:
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. ISO 3261 Fire Tests–Vocab
...

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5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials or products that emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materials with a total heat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat release rates of more than 200 kW/m2 for periods extending more than 10 s. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke production. These properties are determined on small size test specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use.  
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1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heat release when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external igniter.  
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1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, and development and research. Examples of material test specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
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1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a specimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniture specimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations of oxygen depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, and in particular in A4.1.2.  
5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics are measured, namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as they are also important in making decisions on fire safety.  
5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures, but fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.  
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholstered furniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health care facilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.  
5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flow rate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the case in California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximates the ignition propensity of five cru...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the burning behavior of upholstered furniture used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when the specimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well-ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior from a specific ignition source until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditions other than those conditions specified. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See X1.6 for further information.  
1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 for further information.  
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for further information.  
1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photographic or video recordings, whenever possible.  
1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is the SI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its us...

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ASTM
ASTM E3020-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ignition Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A variety of standard test methods, specifications, and regulations have been issued by a number of different standards developing organizations and regulatory authorities that contain ignition sources used to assess fire-test-response characteristics associated with flaming and non-flaming ignition. This practice describes such ignition sources and provides information on the standard method in which they are described.  
5.2 The ignition source to be chosen for any specific use needs to be relevant to the fire hazard associated with the intended application. Neither the scope of the standard containing the ignition source nor any other aspect of the standard has any bearing on the use of the ignition source for another application.  
5.3 This practice is not expected to be a fully comprehensive list of ignition sources. If additional ignition sources are identified they can be added to the practice.  
5.4 This practice does not describe test specimen preparation or detailed testing procedures for the materials or products.  
5.5 This practice does not address limitations associated with the ignition sources described in this practice.  
5.6 This practice does not necessarily address the latest edition of any standard referenced.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a series of ignition sources that have been used and that are potentially applicable to assessing fire-test-response characteristics resulting from the ignition of materials, products, or assemblies.  
1.2 This practice does not identify which of the ignition sources described is applicable to any specific use since that is a function of the associated fire hazard (see also 5.2).  
1.3 This practice is not necessarily comprehensive and it is possible that other applicable ignition sources exist (see also 5.3).  
1.4 This practice describes both flaming and non-flaming ignition sources, since the outcome of a non-flaming ignition can be the eventual flaming ignition of these materials or products (see also 4.2).  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 This practice contains notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard in referee decisions. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2032-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Extension of Data From Fire Resistance Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this practice relate to the extension of the fire resistance ratings obtained from particular fire tested specimens to constructions that have not been tested.  
4.2 Users of this practice must have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Method E119 including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance.  
4.3 In order to apply some of the principles described in this practice, reference to the original fire test report will be necessary.  
4.4 In Test Method E119, the specimens are subjected to specific laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Substitution of different test conditions or changes in the end use conditions have the ability to change the measured fire-test-response characteristics. Therefore, the extensions of data are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in Test Method E119,.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the extension of fire resistance ratings obtained from fire tests performed in accordance with Test Method E119 to constructions that have not been tested. Test Method E119 evaluates the duration for which test specimens will contain a fire, retain their standard integrity, or both during a predetermined test exposure.  
1.2 This practice is based on principles involving the extension of test data using simple considerations. The acceptance of these principles and their application is based substantially on an analogous worst case proposition.  
1.3 These principles are only applicable to temperature conditions represented by the standard time-temperature curve described in Test Method E119. Test Method E119 is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.4 The types of building constructions which are the subject of this practice are categorized as follows: beams; floor and roof assemblies; columns; and walls and partitions. Floor and roof assemblies include such assemblies with ceiling protective membranes.  
1.5 The extension of test data using numerical calculations based on empirical data or theoretical models is not covered in this practice.  
1.6 This practice does not cover the substitution of one proprietary material for another proprietary material, or materials for which fire test data are not presently available.  
1.7 This practice does not purport to be comprehensive in its treatment of non-proprietary modifications of tested constructions. Engineering evaluation or tests are recommended for assessing modifications not specifically covered in this practice.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard is used to determine certain fire-test responses of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions by using results obtained from fire-test-response standards. The results obtained from using this standard do not by themselves constitute measures of fire hazard or fire risk.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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